Physiology Past Paper PDF

Physiology 1. In an experiment, a flexion reflex was induced in a spinal frog by immersing the foot in a weak acid solution. Will this reflex manifest itself when the skin of the foot is removed?A) Reflex occursB) No reflex occursC) Reflex occurs only if the nerve is intactD) Reflex is more intense\...

Physiology 1. In an experiment, a flexion reflex was induced in a spinal frog by immersing the foot in a weak acid solution. Will this reflex manifest itself when the skin of the foot is removed?A) Reflex occursB) No reflex occursC) Reflex occurs only if the nerve is intactD) Reflex is more intense\-\--2. The rectifier reflexes of the medulla oblongata include reflexes that restore the natural state. Which of the following are involved?A) Vasocardial reflexesB) Tonic reflexesC) Both A and BD) None of the above\-\--3. Female workers on spinning machine looms have to be in a forced working posture (reclined position) for a significant portion of their working time. What reflexes ensure that the body maintains equilibrium in this position?A) Flexion reflexB) Stabilization reflexesC) Stretch reflexesD) Withdrawal reflex\-\--4. If you stare intently at a window during the day and then close your eyes, you can still see the binding of the frame for some time. Which property of nerve centers explains this phenomenon?A) Sensory adaptationB) Action after the impactC) Reflex inhibitionD) Synaptic plasticity\-\--5. Through what structures in the CNS is the inhibition of spinal reflexes during irritation of the optic tubercles with table salt realized?A) Renshaw cellsB) Pyramidal tractC) Medulla oblongataD) Cerebellum\-\--6. The following mediator is produced in the endings of preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic system:A) DopamineB) NorepinephrineC) AcetylcholineD) Serotonin\-\--7. What will be observed in an experimental animal if the reticular formation is destroyed or suppressed by drugs?A) Long sleepB) Increased alertnessC) Complete paralysisD) Impaired reflexes\-\--8. When the anterior horns of the spinal cord are affected, there will be:A) Complete loss of sensationB) Complete loss of movement and muscle toneC) Loss of pain perceptionD) Reduced reflex activity\-\--9. What is an adequate stimulus for the receptors of the vestibular analyzer?A) Light wavesB) Sound wavesC) Deformation of the membrane of the hair cell of the organ of CortiD) Mechanical pressure\-\--10. To test the assumption that the animal has color vision, an experiment was set up: a conditioned reflex to the light of a green lamp of 100 W and differentiation to the light of a red lamp of 150 W were produced. The differentiation could be developed. Does this result confirm the hypothesis that the animal has color vision?A) Yes, it confirms the hypothesisB) No, the animal can distinguish the lights by their brightnessC) Yes, but only for certain wavelengthsD) No, the animal cannot distinguish between the two lamps\-\--11. If you cut the optic tracts at the optic nerve crossing on the left side of the eye, what will happen?A) Complete blindness of the left eyeB) Complete blindness in both eyesC) Partial loss of vision in the left eyeD) Blindness of the right eye\-\--12. If tone audiometry reveals a sharp increase in the threshold for perception of sounds in the 15,000-20,000 Hz range, the most likely damage is to:A) The cochleaB) A part of the snail (cochlear damage)C) The auditory cortexD) The tympanic membrane\-\--13. In an experiment, it was found that a person holding a 100g weight in the palm of his hand feels a weight gain only if the mass of the weight is increased by 3g or more. If the mass of the original load is 300g, the perceptible weight gain will be:A) 3gB) 6gC) 9gD) 12g\-\--14. A patient has loss of pain and temperature sensitivity on the right side of the trunk and paralysis on the left side. The lesion is present in the following section of the cutaneous analyzer:A) Left conductorB) Right conductorC) Left hemisphere of the brainD) Spinal cord on the right side\-\--15. To assess the degree of functional damage to the occipital lobe of the cortex, apply:A) Electroencephalogram (EEG)B) PerimetryC) MRID) CT scan\-\--16. If airborne sound conduction is impaired but bone conduction is not, the lesion may be localized in the:A) Inner earB) Middle earC) CochleaD) Auditory nerve\-\--17. The EEG method allows you to:A) Measure blood pressureB) Record the electrical activity of the heartC) Record the total electrical activity of the brainD) Measure muscle tension\-\--18. A monkey showed different reactions to the sound of a buzzer in different rooms, regardless of the time of the visit, because it developed:A) A conditioned reflex based on time of dayB) A conditioned reflex dependent on room conditionsC) A spontaneous response to loud noisesD) An unconditioned reflex to noise\-\--19. If the cortex of the large hemispheres is removed in an animal, will the conditioned reflex manifest itself?A) Yes, the conditioned reflex will still manifestB) No, the conditioned reflex disappearsC) The conditioned reflex is weakenedD) The reflex is restored with training\-\--20. The chemical temporal coupling hypothesis that explains the greatest amount of evidence available is:A) A change in DNA structureB) A change in neurotransmitter releaseC) A change in synaptic efficiencyD) The formation of new synaptic connections\-\--21. In an experiment based on a positive conditioned reflex, a stimulus close in parameters to the conditioned stimulus is introduced but not reinforced. What type of inhibition is produced?A) FacilitationB) HabituationC) ExtinctionD) Detachment\-\--22. State the physiological mechanisms in the neural substrate that explain the manifestation of memory:A) Long circulation of impulses in the system of additional neurons (neuronal trap)B) Increased neurotransmitter releaseC) Synaptic plasticityD) Growth of new neurons\-\--23. To which type of HNA (higher nervous activity) does phlegmatic temperament correspond?A) ActiveB) InertC) ExcitableD) Unstable\-\--24. You have been brought an EEG for transcription. On looking at it, you find delta rhythm in all leads. You will be primarily interested in:A) Whether the EEG was done while you were asleepB) The frequency of alpha wavesC) The presence of beta wavesD) Whether the patient is awake\-\--25. Reflex cardiac arrest when abdominal organ receptors are irritated refers to reflexes:A) Hering-Breuer reflexB) Goltz\'s reflexC) Micturition reflexD) Baroreceptor reflex\-\--26. Changes in skin sensitivity when internal organs are irritated is a reflex:A) Viscerosensory reflexB) Flexion reflexC) Withdrawal reflexD) Stretch reflex\-\--27. A complex of processes leading to a decrease or cessation of physiological function is called:A) StimulationB) ExcitationC) InhibitionD) Summation\-\--28. In the experiment, it was found that when flexor motoneurons are excited, extensor motoneurons are inhibited. What type of inhibition is the basis of this phenomenon?A) Reciprocal inhibitionB) Lateral inhibitionC) Feedforward inhibitionD) Feedback inhibition\-\--29. A multimodal sensation is:A) PainB) TasteC) TouchD) Sight\-\--30. To correct refraction in myopia, the following glasses are required:A) ConvexB) ConcaveC) CylindricalD) Prism31. The least tactile sensitivity is possessed by:a) The skin of the back of the handb) The skin of the calfc) The skin of the backd) The skin of the fingertips32. Manifestations of higher nervous activity include:a) Speech, thinking, consciousnessb) Sensation, reflexes, movementc) Balance, coordination, motiond) Digestive processes, heartbeat, respiration33. Manifestations of higher nervous activity include:a) Emotions, desire, intelligenceb) Reflexes, sensations, actionsc) Digestion, respiration, circulationd) Circulatory functions, muscle contraction, secretion34. Manifestations of higher nervous activity include:a) Feeling (emotion), perception, understandingb) Reflexes, balance, digestionc) Vision, touch, paind) Sensation, movement, coordination35. When the bell rings for class, students run to the classroom. This is an example of:a) A conditioned reflexb) An unconditioned reflexc) An autonomic reflexd) A voluntary action36. Which department of the CNS is the leading one in the formation of voluntary movements?a) Areas of the motor cortexb) The cerebellumc) The spinal cordd) The brainstem37. Which part of the CNS forms statokinetic reflexes?a) The middle brainb) The spinal cordc) The cerebellumd) The hypothalamus38. The different rate of conduction of excitation in nerve fibers is due to:a) The different thickness of the fibers and the presence or absence of a myelin sheathb) The type of neurotransmitter releasedc) The type of receptors in the synapsed) The temperature of the surrounding environment39. A physiological property of chemical synapses is:a) Permeability to one sideb) Ability to transmit electrical signalsc) Direct communication between neuronsd) Ability to send signals without neurotransmitters40. The outer ear includes the following structures:a) External auditory canal, eardrumb) Cochlea, semicircular canalsc) Tympanic membrane, auditory ossiclesd) External auditory canal, vestibule41. During rotation on a merry-go-round, a 25-year-old woman experienced nausea, vomiting, and increased sweating. Activation of what receptors caused the development of these symptoms?a) Vestibular semicircular canalsb) Taste receptorsc) Olfactory receptorsd) Visual receptors42. The taste perceived by the receptors at the root of the tongue is:a) Bitterb) Sweetc) Sourd) Salty43. The cortical section of the visual analyzer is located in:a) The temporal part of the cortex of the large cerebral cortexb) The occipital lobe of the brainc) The parietal lobed) The frontal lobe44. Speech, as a subjective form of reflection of the world around us, has the following important functions:a) Connecting, understanding, regulatingb) Dissecting, processing, and analyzingc) Speaking, listening, memorizingd) Writing, reading, repeating45. There are the following types of memory:a) Short-term, intellectual, emotionalb) Long-term, visual, auditoryc) Procedural, declarative, workingd) Explicit, implicit, sensory46. A strong unbalanced, unrestrained type of higher nervous activity is characteristic of:a) Choleric temperamentb) Melancholic temperamentc) Phlegmatic temperamentd) Sanguine temperament47. People with which temperament are characterized by shyness, low socialization, insecurity, and deep feelings about insignificant events?a) Melancholicb) Cholericc) Sanguined) Phlegmatic48. At what level must the brainstem be transected to produce a state of decerebratory rigidity in an animal?a) Below the red nucleusb) Above the red nucleusc) Below the thalamusd) At the level of the medulla oblongata49. A 70-year-old patient was diagnosed with a brainstem hemorrhage. Examination revealed increased tone of flexors on the background of decreased tone of extensors. What brain structure irritation can explain changes in muscle tone?a) Red nucleusb) Spinal cordc) Cerebellumd) Medulla oblongata50. Visual acuity is the ability of the eye to see:a) The ability of the eye to distinguish very small details in the object it looks at clearlyb) The ability to perceive colors and shapesc) The ability to detect light and dark contrastsd) The ability to focus on distant objects51. When exposed to light, photochemical processes occur in the retina, and rhodopsin of the rods splits into:a) Opsin and retinolb) Opsin and vitamin Ac) Retinal and vitamin Dd) Retinol and melanin52. In an experiment with a cat, the cerebrum between the midbrain and medulla oblongata was severed. What occurs?a) Decerebrate rigidityb) Hyperactivityc) Paralysis of the limbsd) Loss of vision53. Painful sensations from the pressure of a sound wave on the hearing organ occur at:a) 160 dBb) 120 dBc) 80 dBd) 140 dB54. In an animal experiment, a transection was made between the medulla oblongata and the spinal cord. Which reflexes will be preserved in this animal?a) Spinal cord reflexesb) Cranial reflexesc) Visceral reflexesd) Vestibular reflexes55. The peripheral section of the vestibular analyzer consists of:a) An entrance device located in the thick part of the temporal boneb) The cochlea and auditory nervec) The visual receptors and optic nervesd) The middle ear bones56. In an experiment to determine the Turk reflex time, what happens to the reflex time after applying salt crystals to the optic tubercles, what type of inhibition is this, and who discovered it?a) Motor reflexes of the spinal cord gradually lengthen and finally stop. This is inhibition in the center, discovered by M.I. Sechenovb) Reflexes become faster due to excitation in the cerebellumc) Reflexes become delayed due to peripheral inhibition discovered by Pavlovd) Reflexes are unaffected, as no inhibition is involved57. When the sympathetic nerves innervating the parotid salivary gland were transected, salivation ceased. To which type of nerve fibers are the transected nerve fibers related?a) Hydroenergeticb) Cholinergicc) Adrenergicd) Muscarinic58. A portion of saliva taken for analysis through a ductus glandularis fistula was clear with little organic matter. At irritation of what nerves is this phenomenon observed, and what mediator is released?a) Acetylcholine is released at this timeb) Norepinephrine is releasedc) Serotonin is releasedd) Dopamine is released59. Vascular conditioned reflexes are studied by the method of:a) Danini-Ashnerb) Pavlov's gastric reflexc) The Barany testd) The Holtz reflexes60. According to biological significance, conditioned reflexes are divided into:a) Protective, adaptive, sexualb) Sensory, motor, emotionalc) Involuntary, voluntary, emotionald) Primary, secondary, tertiary61. The centers of conditioned reflexes are located in:a) The cerebral cortexb) The spinal cordc) The medulla oblongatad) The thalamus62. Cortical inhibition is examined using:a) Electroencephalogram (EEG)b) Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)c) Reflex testingd) TMS (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation)63. Types of GND (higher nervous activity) inherent to humans are:a) Thinker, artist, mixedb) Passive, active, neutralc) Logical, emotional, physicald) Stimulating, inhibitory, regulated64. The second signaling system is a system of:a) Words, characteristic of humans onlyb) Reflexes, characteristic of animals onlyc) Visual stimuli, characteristic of both animals and humansd) Sensory experiences, characteristic of both65. The first signaling system is a system of:a) External stimuli, characteristic of both animals and humansb) Internal signals, characteristic of humansc) Cortical responses, characteristic of animals onlyd) Auditory feedback, characteristic of animals only66. The morphological basis of a reflex is the:a) Response to a stimulusb) Synaptic transmission between neuronsc) Change in sensory perceptiond) Physical movement of muscles67. The neurons involved in the exercise of the human knee reflex are localized in:a) Lumbar spine segmentsb) Thoracic spine segmentsc) Cervical spine segmentsd) Sacral spine segments68. Inhibitory mediators include:a) Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine, substance P, encephalin, somatostatinb) Dopamine, norepinephrine, acetylcholinec) Glutamate, serotonin, acetylcholined) Insulin, cortisol, thyroxine69. The interaction of neurons involved in the regulation of antagonist muscle activity occurs according to the principle of:a) Reciprocal inhibitionb) Direct stimulationc) Positive feedbackd) Synaptic summation70. The centers of the parasympathetic section of the autonomic nervous system are located in:a) The medulla oblongata, in the midbrain, and in the occipital part of the spinal cordb) The hypothalamus and the ponsc) The cervical and lumbar spinal cord segmentsd) The temporal lobe of the brain71. In practical medicine, the following are used to determine the state of the autonomic nervous system:a) Respiratory-cardiac reflex, eye-cardiac reflex (GENCHI test)b) Skin temperature and blood pressure measurementsc) Reflex time testsd) Neurotransmitter analysis in blood72. The transition from deep sleep to wakefulness can be induced by irritation of:a) Reticular formationb) The hippocampusc) The pineal glandd) The thalamus73. The major functions of the cerebellum include its involvement in the regulation of:a) Vegetative functions, muscle tone, and rapid movementsb) Sensory processing, memory, and attentionc) Emotions, thinking, and speechd) Blood pressure, digestion, and circulation74. The subject was found to have a lack of perception of the color red. Which disorder is this indicative of?a) Protanopiab) Deuteranopiac) Tritanopiad) Achromatopsia75. A subject lifts a 3 kg weight. What is the minimum necessary weight gain for the subject to feel the weight change?a) 100gb) 50gc) 200gd) 10g76. The investigated person was found to have impairment of distance estimation and distinct vision of relief. Which function is it explained by?a) Binocular visionb) Monocular visionc) Contrast sensitivityd) Color vision77. Semicircular receptors respond to:a) Angular accelerationb) Linear accelerationc) Sound pressured) Vibrations78. Sensory information to the inferior tubercles of the quadrigeminal bodies comes from the:a) Analyzer (organ of Corti)b) Retinac) Cochlead) Skin receptors79. In Barani\'s test, the deviation of the subject\'s arm was 20 centimeters. Which analyzer function was studied?a) Vestibular balanceb) Visual functionc) Auditory functiond) Somatosensory function80. The major role in the release of the mediator at chemical synapses is played by:a) Calcium ionsb) Sodium ionsc) Potassium ionsd) Chlorine ions81. Cortical involvement is necessary for the formation of:a) Mind, memory, decision-making, conditioned reflexb) Reflexes, habits, unconscious actionsc) Basic physiological functionsd) Sensory and motor coordination82. Unlike the unconditioned reflex, the conditioned reflex is characterized by:a) Unconditioned reflexes are congenital, inherited, and stable. Conditioned reflexes appear during life and are not hereditary or stable.b) Conditioned reflexes are innate and stable, while unconditioned reflexes are learned.c) Conditioned reflexes are faster than unconditioned reflexes.d) Unconditioned reflexes require conscious effort, while conditioned reflexes occur automatically.83. In animals, when developing a reflex, several conditioned stimuli were used in a strict sequence with reinforcement by one unconditional stimulus. What reflex was developed?a) Complex (1st-order)b) Simple (2nd-order)c) Generalizedd) Delayed84. In animals with a developed conditioned reflex, when a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented, the unconditioned stimulus is no longer used. What will happen?a) Post-extinction inhibitionb) Spontaneous recoveryc) Habituationd) Disinhibition85. The physiological basis of speech and thinking is:a) The second signaling systemb) The first signaling systemc) Reflex actionsd) Sensory feedback86. A β-rhythm was recorded on the electroencephalogram. What does this indicate?a) Thought workb) Sleep stagesc) Sensory processingd) Muscle activity87. A guard dog stops eating when a stranger appears. What type of inhibition causes this to happen?a) Extinguishing inhibitionb) Sensory inhibitionc) Active inhibitiond) Passive inhibition88. A reaction associated with the manifestation of the second signaling system is:a) Tachycardiab) Reflexive movementc) Involuntary actiond) Muscle contraction89. At the level of which segment of the spinal cord closes the reflex arc of the knee reflex?a) L2-L4b) C5-C6c) L5-S1d) T6-T890. The subject is asked to kneel on a chair so that the feet hang freely. A hammer is used to make a light jerky blow on the Achilles tendon, and plantar flexion of the foot is observed. At the level of which segment of the spinal cord closes the reflex arc of this reflex?a) L2-L4b) S1-S2c) T10-T12d) L5-S191. The rapid fatigability of the nerve center is due to:a) Slow depletion of mediator reserves in synapses, decrease in sensitivity of postsynaptic membranes, decrease in proteins, receptors, and energy resources.b) Increased synaptic efficiency and energy reserves.c) Overactivation of the sympathetic nervous system.d) Low oxygen supply to the neural tissues.92. The mechanism of presynaptic inhibition is:a) Depolarizationb) Hyperpolarizationc) Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)d) Synaptic potentiation93. The mediator of preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers is:a) Acetylcholine and norepinephrineb) Norepinephrine onlyc) Acetylcholine onlyd) Glutamate94. Reflexes that ensure maintenance of animal and human body posture in space in lying, sitting, and standing positions due to changes in muscle tone are called:a) Static reflexesb) Dynamic reflexesc) Vestibular reflexesd) Sensory reflexes95. Myelinated fibers conduct the impulse the fastest:a) Alpha fibersb) Beta fibersc) Gamma fibersd) Delta fibers96. The law of conduction of excitation along a nerve fiber is:a) Morphological and arousal, transition from rest system to actionb) Two-way excitationc) Laws of individual conduction of excitationd) Reflex arc stimulation97. A physiological property of synapses is:a) Unilateral excitation, delayed conduction of excitation, low excitability and lability, tendency to fatigue, summary of excitationb) High excitability and lability, rapid transmissionc) Bidirectional synaptic transmissiond) Fast summation of excitation98. Excitation conducts to the nerve center via:a) The afferent sectionb) The efferent sectionc) The motor neuronsd) The interneurons99. The reflex arc of the ulnar reflex closes at the level of:a) C5-C6b) C7-C8c) L1-L2d) T4-T6100. A component of the reflex arc is not:a) Gliab) Afferent neuronc) Efferent neurond) Receptor101. Excitation from nerve centers leads to:a) The efferent sectionb) The afferent sectionc) The reflex arcd) The receptor102. Reflex time is the time of:a) The time during which the reflex is performed, consisting of several components: the hidden (latent) period of the receptor, time of passage of excitation through afferent nerve fibers, central time, time through efferent fibers, and the latent period of the effector.b) The time of neural impulse conductionc) The time between stimulus and responsed) The time of motor output103. The predominance of excitation of one center over another is called:a) Dominantb) Synaptic plasticityc) Refractory periodd) Neuroplasticity104. The medulla oblongata contains centers other than:a) Sympatheticb) Respiratoryc) Cardiovasculard) Digestive105. In the spinal cord, the inhibitory cells are:a) Renshaw cellsb) Purkinje cellsc) Pyramidal cellsd) Granule cells106. The medulla oblongata is not located in the:a) Sympathetic centersb) Motor centersc) Sensory centersd) Reflex centers107. The second neuron of the parasympathetic nervous system is located:a) Along the spinal cord or corresponding cranial nervesb) In the brainstem onlyc) In the spinal cord onlyd) In the peripheral ganglia108. What is one of the features of unconditioned reflexes?a) Reflex arc passes through a strictly defined nerve center, innate, response to specific stimuli, receptive reflex field is strictly defined, variegated, stable, congenitalb) Learned through experiencec) Stimulated by external environmental changesd) Not influenced by the nervous system109. Departments of the analyzer according to I.P. Pavlov:a) Receptor, intermediate, and central partb) Sensory, motor, and integrative partsc) Peripheral, central, and effector partsd) Input, processing, and output parts110. The taste perceived by the receptors on the tip of the tongue is:a) Sweetb) Sourc) Bitterd) Salty111. The sensation of pain occurs at the level of the:a) Thalamusb) Spinal cordc) Medulla oblongatad) Cortex112. The hearing center in the cerebral cortex is localized in the:a) Temporal lobeb) Parietal lobec) Occipital lobed) Frontal lobe113. The receptor section of the vestibular analyzer is represented by:a) Entrance, semicircular tubesb) Cochlea, auditory nervec) Retina, optic nerved) Skin receptors114. The conducting section of the visual analyzer consists of:a) Entrance, half spiral tubesb) Retina, optic nervec) Lens, cornead) Visual cortex115. If you close your eyes and roll a pea with two neighboring uncrossed fingers, you feel one pea. If you do the same with crossed fingers, you feel two peas. What explains this phenomenon?a) Binocular visionb) Proprioceptionc) Monocular visiond) Tactile sensation116. Why do people over the age of 50 move away from a text in order to read it?a) Presbyopiab) Hyperopiac) Myopiad) Astigmatism117. Why can a person\'s sense of taste be impaired when they are very excited?a) Due to the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, the secretion of saliva is inhibited, and therefore the sense of taste in a dry mouth is significantly weakened.b) Due to the increased production of stomach acidc) Due to the release of adrenalined) Due to the stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system118. Instinct according to I.P. Pavlov is:a) Nutritional, defensive or cautious, sexualb) Learned, social, emotionalc) Cognitive, adaptive, instinctuald) Reflexive, voluntary, conditioned119. Traits characterizing unconditioned reflexes are:a) Reflex arc passes through a strictly defined nerve center, innateness, response to specific stimuli, receptive reflex field is strictly defined, variegated, stable, congenitalb) Learned responses, modifiable through experiencec) Reflex arc passes through multiple neural pathways, response to vague stimulid) Reflex arc passes through only the spinal cord120. Characterization of conditioned reflexes:a) Acquired, flexible, unstableb) Congenital, variegated, permanentc) Instinctive, adaptive, temporaryd) Reflexive, automatic, stable121. Characterization of the \"unrestrained\" type of higher nervous activity (GND) according to I.P. Pavlov:a) Weak, balanced, phlegmaticb) Strong, unbalanced, cholericc) Moderate, stable, sanguined) Passive, restrained, melancholic122. A person has a wobbly gait, poor body balance, and cannot get his finger on the tip of his nose. Which part of the central nervous system is responsible for regulating these functions?a) Cerebellumb) Medulla oblongatac) Cerebrumd) Spinal cord123. An animal has a continuous feeling of hunger. In which part of the central nervous system is the center that regulates this function located?a) Hypothalamusb) Medulla oblongatac) Cerebellumd) Thalamus124. When a subthreshold current irritation with a frequency greater than 10Hz is applied and the irritation is terminated, a continuation of the response is observed. Who discovered this phenomenon and what is the basis for it?a) Pavlov, inhibitionb) Sechenov, summation of CNS excitationc) Sherrington, synaptic fatigued) Cannon, stress response