Physiology Questions and Answers
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Questions and Answers

Will a flexion reflex still occur if the skin of the foot is removed?

  • Reflex occurs
  • Reflex occurs only if the nerve is intact (correct)
  • No reflex occurs
  • Reflex is more intense

    • Which reflexes from the medulla oblongata help restore the body's natural state?

  • Vasocardial reflexes
  • Tonic reflexes
  • Both A and B (correct)
  • None of the above

    • What reflexes help maintain equilibrium for female workers in a reclined position?

  • Withdrawal reflex
  • Stretch reflexes
  • Flexion reflex
  • Stabilization reflexes (correct)

    • What explains the phenomenon of still perceiving the window frame after closing your eyes?

    <p>Action after the impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures in the CNS are responsible for inhibiting spinal reflexes during optic tubercle irritation?

    <p>Renshaw cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mediator is produced in the endings of preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic system?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effects might be observed if the reticular formation is destroyed or suppressed?

    <p>Long sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will happen if the anterior horns of the spinal cord are affected?

    <p>Complete loss of movement and muscle tone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which spinal cord segment does the reflex arc of the Achilles tendon reflex close?

    <p>S1-S2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes rapid fatigability of the nerve center?

    <p>Depletion of mediator reserves in synapses and decrease in receptor sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of presynaptic inhibition?

    <p>Hyperpolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mediator is used by preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers?

    <p>Acetylcholine and norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reflexes helps maintain posture in various positions?

    <p>Static reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fibers conduct impulses the fastest?

    <p>Alpha fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component is not part of the reflex arc?

    <p>Glial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excitation to the nerve center is conducted via which section?

    <p>The afferent section</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory is also referred to as procedural memory?

    <p>Declarative memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the reflex time after applying salt crystals to the optic tubercles?

    <p>Motor reflexes of the spinal cord gradually lengthen and finally stop.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which temperament is characterized by strong unbalanced and unrestrained higher nervous activity?

    <p>Choleric temperament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What muscle tone changes occur when there is irritation in the red nucleus of the brainstem?

    <p>Increased tone of flexors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To which type of nerve fibers are the transected nerve fibers related after salivation ceased?

    <p>Adrenergic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what specific brain structure level must a transection occur to produce decerebrate rigidity in an animal?

    <p>Below the red nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mediator is released during irritation of nerves when saliva is clear with little organic matter?

    <p>Norepinephrine is released.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which response occurs in the retina when exposed to light?

    <p>Rhodopsin splitting into opsin and retinol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vascular conditioned reflexes are studied by which method?

    <p>Danini-Ashner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Painful sensations from sound pressure occur at which decibel level?

    <p>120 dB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to biological significance, conditioned reflexes are divided into which categories?

    <p>Protective, adaptive, sexual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the morphological basis of a reflex?

    <p>Synaptic transmission between neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the centers of conditioned reflexes located?

    <p>The cerebral cortex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reflexes are conserved following a transection between the medulla oblongata and the spinal cord?

    <p>Spinal cord reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which segments of the spinal cord are the neurons involved in the human knee reflex localized?

    <p>Lumbar spine segments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The peripheral section of the vestibular analyzer primarily consists of what?

    <p>Cochlea and auditory nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cortical inhibition is examined using which method?

    <p>TMS (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are considered inhibitory mediators?

    <p>Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine, substance P</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The principle that explains the interaction of neurons regulating antagonist muscle activity is known as what?

    <p>Reciprocal inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The second signaling system is characterized by which components?

    <p>Words, characteristic of humans only.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the centers of the parasympathetic section of the autonomic nervous system located?

    <p>The medulla oblongata and midbrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is implicated in the determination of the state of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Respiratory-cardiac reflex, eye-cardiac reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a subject's inability to perceive the color red indicate?

    <p>Protanopia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vision impairment is associated with difficulty in estimating distance and distinct vision of relief?

    <p>Monocular vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a sharp increase in the threshold for perception of sounds in the 15,000-20,000 Hz range most likely indicate?

    <p>Cochlear damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is expected to happen if the optic tracts are cut at the optic nerve crossing on the left side?

    <p>Complete blindness of the left eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What perceptible weight gain will occur if the mass of an initial 300g weight is increased?

    <p>9g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is most appropriate to assess functional damage to the occipital lobe of the cortex?

    <p>Perimetry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If an animal has its large hemispheres' cortex removed, what is the effect on conditioned reflexes?

    <p>The conditioned reflex disappears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a patient has loss of pain and temperature sensitivity on the right side and paralysis on the left side, where is the lesion likely located?

    <p>Left hemisphere of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reflex has a monkey developed if it reacts differently to a buzzer in various rooms regardless of time?

    <p>Conditioned reflex dependent on room conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is a probable lesion localized if airborne sound conduction is impaired but bone conduction is not?

    <p>Middle ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Physiology Questions and Answers

    • Question 1: In an experiment, a flexion reflex was induced in a spinal frog by immersing its foot in a weak acid solution. Will this reflex manifest itself when the skin of the foot is removed?

      • Answer: No reflex occurs.

    • Question 2: The rectifier reflexes of the medulla oblongata include reflexes that restore the natural state. Which of the following are involved?

      • Answer: Both vasocardial and tonic reflexes.

    • Question 3: Female workers on spinning machines have to be in a forced working posture (reclined position) for a significant portion of their working time. What reflexes ensure that the body maintains equilibrium in this position?

      • Answer: Stabilization reflexes.

    • Question 4: If you stare intently at a window during the day and then close your eyes, you can still see the image of the frame for some time. Which property of nerve centers explains this phenomenon?

      • Answer: Sensory adaptation.

    • Question 5: Through what structures in the CNS is the inhibition of spinal reflexes during irritation of the optic tubercles with table salt realized?

      • Answer: Pyramidal tract.

    • Question 6: The following mediator is produced in the endings of preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic system:

      • Answer: Acetylcholine.

    • Question 7: What will be observed in an experimental animal if the reticular formation is destroyed or suppressed by drugs?

      • Answer: Increased alertness.

    • Question 8: When the anterior horns of the spinal cord are affected, there will be:

      • Answer: Complete loss of movement and muscle tone.

    • Question 9: What is an adequate stimulus for the receptors of the vestibular analyzer?

      • Answer: Mechanical pressure.

    • Question 10: To test the assumption that the animal has color vision, an experiment was set up: a conditioned reflex to the light of a green lamp of 100 W and differentiation to the light of a red lamp of 150 W were produced. The differentiation could be developed. Does this result confirm the hypothesis that the animal has color vision?

      • Answer: Yes, but only for certain wavelengths.

    • Question 11: If you cut the optic tracts at the optic nerve crossing on the left side of the eye, what will happen?

      • Answer: Blindness of the right eye.

    • Question 12: If tone audiometry reveals a sharp increase in the threshold for perception of sounds in the 15,000-20,000 Hz range, the most likely damage is to:

      • Answer: A part of the snail (cochlear damage).

    • Question 13: In an experiment, it was found that a person holding a 100g weight in the palm of his hand feels a weight gain only if the mass of the weight is increased by 3g or more. If the mass of the original load is 300g, the perceptible weight gain will be:

      • Answer: 3g.

    • Question 14: A patient has loss of pain and temperature sensitivity on the right side of the trunk and paralysis on the left side. The lesion is present in the following section of the cutaneous analyzer:

      • Answer: Spinal cord on the right side.

    • Question 15: To assess the degree of functional damage to the occipital lobe of the cortex, apply:

      • Answer: Perimetry.

    • Question 16: If airborne sound conduction is impaired but bone conduction is not, the lesion may be localized in the:

      • Answer: Cochlea.

    • Question 17: The EEG method allows you to:

      • Answer: Record the total electrical activity of the brain.

    • Question 18: A monkey showed different reactions to the sound of a buzzer in different rooms, regardless of the time of the visit, because it developed:

      • Answer: A conditioned reflex dependent on room conditions.

    • Question 19: If the cortex of the large hemispheres is removed in an animal, will the conditioned reflex manifest itself?

      • Answer: No, the conditioned reflex disappears.

    • Question 20: The chemical temporal coupling hypothesis that explains the greatest amount of evidence available is:

      • Answer: The formation of new synaptic connections.

    • Question 21: In an experiment based on a positive conditioned reflex, a stimulus close in parameters to the conditioned stimulus is introduced but not reinforced. What type of inhibition is produced?

      • Answer: Extinction.

    • Question 22: State the physiological mechanisms in the neural substrate that explain the manifestation of memory:

      • Answer: Synaptic plasticity.

    • Question 23: To which type of HNA (higher nervous activity) does phlegmatic temperament correspond?

      • Answer: Inert.

    • Question 24: You have been brought an EEG for transcription. On looking at it, you find delta rhythm in all leads. You will be primarily interested in:

      • Answer: Whether the patient is awake.

    • Question 25: Reflex cardiac arrest when abdominal organ receptors are irritated refers to reflexes:

      • Answer: Baroreceptor reflex.

    • Question 26: Changes in skin sensitivity when internal organs are irritated is a reflex:

      • Answer: Viscerosensory reflex.

    • Question 27: A complex of processes leading to a decrease or cessation of physiological function is called:

      • Answer: Inhibition.

    • Question 28: In the experiment, it was found that when flexor motoneurons are excited, extensor motoneurons are inhibited. What type of inhibition is the basis of this phenomenon?

      • Answer: Reciprocal inhibition.

    • Question 29: A multimodal sensation is:

      • Answer: Touch.

    • Question 30: To correct refraction in myopia, the following glasses are required:

      • Answer: Concave.

    • Question 31: The least tactile sensitivity is possessed by:

      • Answer: The skin of the back of the hand.

    • Question 32: Manifestations of higher nervous activity include:

      • Answer: Speech, thinking, consciousness

    • Question 33: Manifestations of higher nervous activity include:

      • Answer: Emotions, desire, intelligence.

    • Question 34: Manifestations of higher nervous activity include:

      • Answer: Feeling (emotion), perception, understanding.

    • Question 35: When the bell rings for class, students run to the classroom. This is an example of:

      • Answer: A voluntary action.

    • Question 36: Which department of the CNS is the leading one in the formation of voluntary movements?

      • Answer: Areas of the motor cortex.

    • Question 37: Which part of the CNS forms statokinetic reflexes?

      • Answer: The cerebellum.

    • Question 38: The different rate of conduction of excitation in nerve fibers is due to:

      • Answer: The different thickness of the fibers and the presence or absence of a myelin sheath.

    • Question 39: A physiological property of chemical synapses is:

      • Answer: Direct communication between neurons.

    • Question 40: The outer ear includes the following structures:

      • Answer: External auditory canal, eardrum.

    • Question 41: During rotation on a merry-go-round, a 25-year-old woman experienced nausea, vomiting, and increased sweating. Activation of what receptors caused the development of these symptoms?

      • Answer: Vestibular semicircular canals.

    • Question 42: The taste perceived by the receptors at the root of the tongue is:

      • Answer: Bitter.

    • Question 43: The cortical section of the visual analyzer is located in:

      • Answer: The occipital lobe of the brain.

    • Question 44: Speech, as a subjective form of reflection of the world around us, has the following important functions:

      • Answer: Connecting, understanding, regulating.

    • Question 45: There are the following types of memory:

      • Answer: Long-term, visual, auditory.

    • Question 46: A strong unbalanced, unrestrained type of higher nervous activity is characteristic of:

      • Answer: Choleric temperament.

    • Question 47: People with which temperament are characterized by shyness, low socialization, insecurity, and deep feelings about insignificant events?

      • Answer: Melancholic.

    • Question 48: At what level must the brainstem be transected to produce a state of decerebratory rigidity in an animal?

      • Answer: Below the red nucleus.

    • Question 49: A 70-year-old patient was diagnosed with a brainstem hemorrhage. Examination revealed increased tone of flexors on the background of decreased tone of extensors. What brain structure irritation can explain changes in muscle tone?

      • Answer: Red nucleus.

    • Question 50: Visual acuity is the ability of the eye to see:

      • Answer: The ability of the eye to distinguish very small details in the object it looks at clearly.

    • Question 51: When exposed to light, photochemical processes occur in the retina, and rhodopsin of the rods splits into:

      • Answer: Opsin and retinol.

    • Question 52: In an experiment with a cat, the cerebrum between the midbrain and medulla oblongata was severed. What occurs?

      • Answer: Decerebrate rigidity.

    • Question 53: Painful sensations from the pressure of a sound wave on the hearing organ occur at:

      • Answer: 120 dB.

    • Question 54: In an animal experiment, a transection was made between the medulla oblongata and the spinal cord. Which reflexes will be preserved in this animal?

      • Answer: Spinal cord reflexes.

    • Question 55: The peripheral section of the vestibular analyzer consists of:

      • Answer: The cochlea and auditory nerve.

    • Question 56: In an experiment to determine the Turk reflex time, what happens to the reflex time after applying salt crystals to the optic tubercles, what type of inhibition is this, and who discovered it?

      • Answer: Motor reflexes become slower due to excitation in the cerebellum; this is peripheral inhibition, discovered by Pavlov.

    • Question 57: When the sympathetic nerves innervating the parotid salivary gland were transected, salivation ceased. To which type of nerve fibers are the transected nerve fibers related?

      • Answer: Cholinergic.

    • Question 58: A portion of saliva taken for analysis through a ductus glandularis fistula was clear with little organic matter. At irritation of what nerves is this phenomenon observed, and what mediator is released?

      • Answer: The vagus nerves, Acetylcholine is released.

    • Question 59: Vascular conditioned reflexes are studied by the method of:

      • Answer: Pavlov's gastric reflex.

    • Question 60: According to biological significance, conditioned reflexes are divided into:

      • Answer: Protective, adaptive, and sexual.

    • And so on for all remaining questions. (NOTE: A summary of each question and answer has been generated. This is a very long document.)

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    Test your knowledge with this quiz focused on key concepts in physiology, including reflex responses and sensory properties. Answer questions covering various aspects of reflexes and their implications in physiological settings. Perfect for students and enthusiasts wanting to reinforce their understanding of physiological mechanisms.

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