Physiology Exam #1 Notes PDF

Physiology: study of nature Pathophysiology: study of how disease affects physiology Quantitative Measurements - - - Pharmaceutical Drugs (10+ years) - - - - - - - - - History: - - - - - - - - - - - Negative Feedback Loop 1....

Physiology: study of nature Pathophysiology: study of how disease affects physiology Quantitative Measurements - - - Pharmaceutical Drugs (10+ years) - - - - - - - - - History: - - - - - - - - - - - Negative Feedback Loop 1. 2. 3. 4. - Positive Feedback Loop: action of effectors amplifies the changes that stimulated the loop - Maintain homeostasis 1. 2. Histology: study of tissues 1. - - - 2. - - - - - 3. - - - - - - - 1. - 2. 3. - - - - 1. 2. 3. - - - 1. 2. 3. Exocrine Glands - - 1. 2. 3. A. - B. - - - - - 4\. Connective Tissue: extracellular matrix (ECM) 1. A. - B. - C. - - - Organ = structure composed of at least 2 primary tissue types - - - - Chapter 6: Cell Communication Extracellular Environment = everything outside cell - - - Integrins = glycoproteins → extend from cytoskeleton and bind to ECM 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. - 2. - 1. - - 2. - Solution = A solvent (typically water) and solute (molecules dissolved) - A. B. C. D. - Mean diffusion time = average time it takes for a solute to diffuse - - Rate of diffusion = \# of diffusing particles per unit of time A. B. C. D. - - - - - - - - Osmoreceptors: neurons in hypothalamus detect changes in body's osmolality - - - - 1. 2. Carrier Proteins 1. 2. 3. - Glucose: facilitated diffusion - - - - - - - - Primary Active Transport: hydrolysis of ATP → ATP and H20 = ADP, phosphate, and energy - - 1. 2. - - 3. - 1. 2. 3. Secondary Active Transport aka "Coupled Transport" - - - Transport Across Epithelial Membranes - - - - Bulk Transport - - Membrane Potential: extent to which each ion contributes potential difference - - - - - 1. 2. Resting Membrane Potential (RMP): any cell not currently producing impulses 1. 2. Cell Signaling 1. 2. 3. 4. Receptor Proteins: specific proteins that will react to paracrine regulators, NTs, hormones, other regulators - - Secondary Messengers - - 1. 2. 3. 4. - 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. - Chapter 7- Nervous System 1. 2. - Neuroglial cells → supporting cells - - Neurons - 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. - 1. - - 2. - 3. - - - - - - - - - - - - 1/28/25 Functional Classification - 1. 2. - - - - 3. Structural Classification - 1. - 2. - 3. - - Nerves: bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) Track: bundle of axons in the central nervous system (CNS) Neuroglial Cells - 1. 2. - 1. 2. - - 3. - 4. - - - - - - Regeneration of a Cut Axon - - 1. 2. 3. Astrocytes: most abundant glial cells in CNS - - Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) = structures and cells selectively prevent molecules from entering CNS - - - - - Altering of Membrane Potential - - - - - - Ion Gating in Axons - 1. 2. - - 1. 2. 3. 4. - - - Refractory Periods - 1. 2. - - - - - 1. 2. - - - Synapse: functional connection between a neuron and 2nd cell - - - - - - - Electrical Synapses - Chemical Synapses - - - - -