Physics Study Guide PDF

Physics Study Guide # **Physics Study Guide** ## **Chapter 1: Concepts of Motion** ### **1.1 Motion and Position** - **Motion**: Change in an object's position over time. - **Position (Deltax)**: Location relative to a reference point. - **Displacement (Deltax)**: Change in position, calculated as...

Physics Study Guide # **Physics Study Guide** ## **Chapter 1: Concepts of Motion** ### **1.1 Motion and Position** - **Motion**: Change in an object's position over time. - **Position (Deltax)**: Location relative to a reference point. - **Displacement (Deltax)**: Change in position, calculated as final position ### **1.2 Motion Diagrams** - **Uniform Motion**: Equal displacement per time interval. - **Accelerated Motion**: Increasing or decreasing displacement per time in - **Graph Representation**: - **Position vs. Time**: Slope = velocity. - **Velocity vs. Time**: Slope = acceleration. ### **1.3 Scalars and Vectors** - **Scalars**: Magnitude only (e.g., speed, distance, mass). - **Vectors**: Magnitude and direction (e.g., velocity, displacement, force). --- ## **Chapter 2: Kinematics in One Dimension** ### **2.1 Velocity and Acceleration** - **Velocity (v)**: Rate of change of position. v = Deltax / Deltat - **Acceleration (alpha)**: Rate of change of velocity. a = Deltav / Deltat ### **2.2 Equations of Motion (Constant Acceleration)** 1. v = v0 + at 2. x = x0 + v0t + ½at^2 3. v^2 = v0^2 + 2a(x - x0) ### **2.3 Free Fall** - Motion under gravity alone: a = g = 9.8 m/s^2. - Equations remain the same, with acceleration replaced by g. Example: A ball is dropped from a height of 20 m. Find the time to hit the ground. y = y0 + v0t + ½ g t^2 0 = 20 + 0 + ½(-9.8)t^2  t = sqrt(2(20)/9.8) ? 2.02 s --- ## **Chapter 3: Vectors and Motion in Two Dimensions** ### **3.1 Vector Components** - Any vector can be decomposed into components: A? = A costheta, A? = A sintheta ### **3.2 Adding Vectors** - Graphically: Tip-to-tail method. - Algebraically: R? = A? + B?, R? = A? + B? R = sqrt(R?^2 + R?^2), theta = tan?¹ (R? / R?) ### **3.3 Projectile Motion** - Horizontal motion: x = v0?t - Vertical motion: y = v0?t - ½ g t^2 - Time of flight: t = (2v0?) / g Example: A ball is thrown at 20 m/s at a 30-degree angle. Find its range. R = (v0^2 sin 2theta) / g R = (20^2 sin 60) / 9.8 ? 35.3 m --- ## **Chapter 4: Newton's Laws of Motion** ### **4.1 Newton's First Law (Inertia)** - An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion un ### **4.2 Newton's Second Law (Force & Acceleration)** - F = ma - SI unit: Newton (N), where 1N = 1 kg·m/s^2 ### **4.3 Newton's Third Law (Action-Reaction)** - For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. ### **4.4 Free Body Diagrams** - Illustrate all forces acting on an object. - Steps: 1. Identify object. 2. Draw force vectors. 3. Break forces into components. 4. Apply Newton's laws. Example: A 5 kg block is pushed with a 10 N force. Find its acceleration. a = F / m = 10 / 5 = 2 m/s^2 --- ## **Graphs and Visual Representations** - **Position vs. Time Graphs**: Slope = velocity. - **Velocity vs. Time Graphs**: Slope = acceleration, Area = displacement. - **Acceleration vs. Time Graphs**: Area = change in velocity. --- ## **Conclusion** This study guide covers fundamental motion concepts, kinematic equation