Physical Science Grade 11 Catalyst Module PDF

Physical Science Quarter 1 – Module 9: Catalyst Personal Development Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1 – Module 9: Catalyst First Edition 2020 Republic Act 8293, Section 176 states that “no copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior app...

Physical Science Quarter 1 – Module 9: Catalyst Personal Development Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1 – Module 9: Catalyst First Edition 2020 Republic Act 8293, Section 176 states that “no copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.” Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio Development Team of the Module Writer: X-handi B. Fallarna Editors: Robert G. Yumul Felipa A. Morada Reviewers: Ramonito O. Elumbaring, Angelica J. Macaraeg Felipa A. Morada Illustrator: Francis Victor A. Medrano Layout Artist: Mary Grace L. Asa, Pamela A. Lalusin Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral Job S. Zape Jr. Eugenio S. Adrao Elaine T. Balaogan Susan DL. Oribiana Lorna R. Medrano Edita T. Olan Printed in the Philippines by ________________________ Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro Cainta, Rizal 1800 Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487 E-mail Address: [email protected] Physical Science Quarter 1 – Module 9: Catalyst Introductory Message For the facilitator: Welcome to the Physical Science Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Catalyst! This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling. This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances. In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the module: Notes to the Teacher This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help you in guiding the learners. As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module. ii For the learner: Welcome to the Physical Science 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Catalyst! The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands! This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner. This module has the following parts and corresponding icons: What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or competencies you are expected to learn in the module. What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to check what you already know about the lesson to take. If you get all the answers correct (100%), you may decide to skip this module. What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current lesson with the previous one. What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to you in various ways such as a story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity or a situation. What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This aims to help you discover and understand new concepts and skills. What’s More This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify your understanding and skills of the topic. You may check the answers to the exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the module. What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank sentence/paragraph to be filled into process what you learned from the lesson. What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will help you transfer your new knowledge or iii  skill into real life situations or concerns. Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery in achieving the learning competency. Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson learned. This also tends retention of learned concepts. Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the module. At the end of this module you will also find: References This is a list of all sources used in developing this module. The following are some reminders in using this module: 1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises. 2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities included in the module. 3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task. 4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers. 5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next. 6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it. If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone. We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it! iv  What I Need to Know This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you to define catalyst and describe how it affects reaction rate. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using. The module contains discussion about catalyst as one of the factors affecting the reaction rate. After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. describe the concept of catalyst; 2. present catalyst as an effective means of affecting the reaction rate; and 3. realize the importance of catalyst and how it affects your life. 1  What I Know Pre-Assessment Modified TRUE or FALSE. Directions: On the space at the left, write TRUE if the statement is true. If the statement is false, change the italicized word to make it correct. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. ____________________ 1. A catalyst is a substance that can be added to a reaction to increase the reaction rate without getting consumed in the process. ____________________ 2. Heat is not a catalyst since it can’t be taken out of the reaction in the same amount it was inputted into the reaction. ____________________ 3. Catalysts increase the rates of chemical reactions by raising the activation energy of the reactions. ____________________ 4. Collisions only result in a reaction if the particles collide with a certain maximum energy called the activation energy of the reaction. ____________________ 5. A chemical reaction may be energetically favorable (i.e. exothermic), and so if the activation barrier is high (i.e. the activation energy is high), the reaction rate may be extremely slow. ______________________6. Decreasing the concentration of reactants increases the collision frequency between reacting particles. ______________________7. Increasing the concentration of a substance increases the kinetic energy of the particles that make up the substance. ______________________8. Raising the temperature of a reaction increases the rate of the reaction by increasing the energy of the collisions between reacting particles. ______________________9. Lowering the surface area of a reactant increases the rate of the reaction. 2 ______________________10. Catalysts permit reactions to proceed along a higher energy path. ______________________11. Smaller particle size allows for a larger surface area to be exposed for the reaction. ______________________12. Temperature is the measure of how much area of an object is exposed. ______________________13. Grains of sugar have a greater surface area than a solid cube of sugar of the same mass, and therefore will dissolve quicker in water. ______________________14. Decreasing the temperature causes the particles (atoms or molecules) of the reactants to move more quickly so that they collide with each other more frequently and with more energy. _____________________15. Catalyst describes the idea that atoms, ions, and molecules must collide in order to react. 3 Lesson 1 Catalyst Reaction rates generally increase with increasing reactant concentration, increasing temperature, and the addition of a catalyst. Physical properties such as high solubility also increase reaction rates. Solvent polarity can either increase or decrease the rate of reaction, but increasing solvent viscosity generally decreases reaction rates. This information is obtained by studying the chemical kinetics of a reaction, which depend on various factors: reactant concentrations, temperature, physical states and surface areas of reactants, and solvent and catalyst properties if either are present. What’s In Activity 1 Word Search Directions: Copy the table on a separate sheet of paper. Search and encircle to unlock the pool of words in the box then use them by filling in the blanks to complete the passage. Write your answer on another sheet of paper. A C T I V A T I O N E N E R G Y M G B W D N B M L Y L M A W D M T M Q Y R T A C P A R T I C L E S I Z E Z E N S I T A S I E A R T V E N D T T N D Y T R N R R M Q A B N D Q G R M Z A L L E G E Y P T M O V K Z E V C Y C A C J M S M E X I D C L I O V Y M T T L O T P P R T O I D N T D B L E I A T Q M I E A C M T H Y O Y L R S V C O N C E N T R A T I O N D B B P A N Z E L I O U A B L P E L D P Q L I K R D X Y H R I T M P Z R W M T R I P Y O K T M E I X U N S N M B N R Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction 4  Concentration Activation energy Catalyst Temperature Particle Size Enzyme Increasing the ___________ of a system increases the average kinetic energy of its constituent particles. As the average kinetic energy increases, the particles move faster and collide more frequently per unit time and possess greater energy when they collide. When the ___________ of all the reactants increases, more molecules or ions interact to form new compounds, and the rate of reaction increases. When solids and liquids react, increasing the surface area of the solid will increase the reaction rate. A decrease in ___________ causes an increase in the solid’s total surface area. Collisions only result in a reaction if the particles collide with a certain minimum energy called the ___________ for the reaction. The position of activation energy can be determined on a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. To increase the rate of a reaction, the number of successful collisions must be increased. One possible way of doing this is to provide an alternative way for the reaction to happen which has a lower activation energy. Adding ___________ has this effect on activation energy. It provides an alternative route for the reaction with a lower activation energy. Catalysts are everywhere! Many biochemical processes, such as the oxidation of glucose, are heavily dependent on ___________, proteins that behave as catalysts. 5  Notes to the Teacher A Word of Caution! Care must be taken when discussing how a catalyst operates. A catalyst provides an alternative route for the reaction with a lower activation energy. It does not "lower the activation energy of the reaction". There is a subtle difference between the two statements with a simple analogy. Suppose there is a mountain between two valleys such that the only way for people to get from one valley to the other is over the mountain. Only the most active people will manage to get from one valley to the other. Now suppose a tunnel is cut through the mountain. Many more people will now manage to get from one valley to the other by this easier route. It could be said that the tunnel route has a lower activation energy than going over the mountain, but the mountain itself is not lowered. The tunnel has provided an alternative route but has not lowered the original one. The original mountain is still there, and some people still choose to climb it. In chemical terms, if particles collide with enough energy, they can still react in exactly the same way as if the catalyst was not there; it is simply that the majority of particles will react via the easier catalyzed route. 6  What’s New Excellent! You are good in analyzing information. As a reward, I will share a story with you. Wow, I do love hearing stories. Can’t wait any longer Professor X. I am more than glad and happy hearing that from you. I’ll just get my book and read it for you. It was the final performance task for the Grade 11 students, Maria and Anna, under the TVL Track. Their teacher asked them to bake a bread that’s worth ₱15.00. They both managed to bake Enzymada Bread as their product. Maria added cheese and sprinkled sugar on top of it while Anna made the old style recipe of Enzymada with margarine and sprinkled sugar. Both tasted great and were presented very well. However Anna’s Enzymada looked a half bigger than Maria’s giving it an approval for the proposed price. 7 That sound’s interesting and appetizing! What makes their bread size different? In baking, Baker's yeast is the common name for the strains of yeast commonly used in baking bread and bakery products, serving as a leavening agent which causes the bread to rise (expand and become lighter and softer) by converting the fermentable sugars present in the dough into carbon dioxide and ethanol. The yeast act as the catalyst in the process. It increases the rate of reaction without itself being consumed. There are also some fruits that are affected by catalysts. Activity 1.1 So, apples go brown when their flesh reacts with air. In the pictures below, which apple will go brown the quickest? Why? (Use a separate sheet of paper for your answer.) __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________. A B C D Figure 2: Apple set ups in different sizes. What is It Key Terms Activation energy: the minimum energy required for a reaction to occur. Catalysis: the increase in the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering its activation energy. Transition state: an intermediate state during a chemical reaction that has a higher energy than the reactants or the products. Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution: a probability distribution used for describing the speeds of various particles within a stationary container at a specific temperature. The distribution is often represented with a graph, with the y-axis defined as the number of molecules and the x-axis defined as the speed. 8 The Effect of a Catalyst on Rate of Reaction This part explains how adding a catalyst affects the rate of reaction. It assumes familiarity with basic concepts in the collision theory of reaction rates, and with the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular energies in a gas. A catalyst is a substance which speeds up a reaction, but is chemically unchanged at its end. When the reaction has finished, the mass of catalyst is the same as at the beginning. Several examples of catalyzed reactions and their respective catalysts are given below: Reaction Catalyst Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide manganese(IV) oxide, MnO2 Nitration of benzene concentrated sulfuric acid Manufacture of ammonia by the Haber iron Process Conversion of SO2 into SO3 during the vanadium(V) oxide, V2O5 Contact Process to make sulfuric acid Hydrogenation of a C=C double bond nickel The Importance of Activation Energy Collisions only result in a reaction if the particles collide with a certain minimum energy called the activation energy for the reaction. The position of activation energy can be determined on a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution: The number of particles represented by Only the number of particles represented the area under this part of the curve by the area under this part of the curve don’t have enough energy to react. have high enough energies to react. Number of particles Activation energy Only those particles represented by the area to the right of the activation energy will react when they collide. The majority do not have enough energy, and will simply bounce apart. 9  To increase the rate of a reaction, the number of successful collisions must be increased. One possible way of doing this is to provide an alternative way for the reaction to happen which has a lower activation energy. In other words, to move the activation energy to the left on the graph: Now all these extra particles have enough energy to Originally, only the Number of react as well. number of particles particles represented by the area under this part of the curve had high enough energies to react. particles which don’t have enough energy to react Energy new activation energy original activation energy Adding a catalyst has this effect on activation energy. A catalyst provides an alternative route for the reaction with a lower activation energy. This is illustrated on the following energy profile: 10  What’s More Activity 1.2 Guide Questions Catalyst is one of the factors that can affect the rate of reaction along with concentration, temperature, and size of the particles as discussed on the previous module. The video links below show a simple experiment and a discussion on how catalyst react with substances, hence affecting its rate. Answer the guide questions below after watching each video. Link 1: “What Are Catalysts? | Reactions | Chemistry | FuseSchool”. Accessed May 23, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_9bpZep1QM&t=41s Link 2: “Demonstration of a Catalyst | Experiment”. Accessed May 23, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5JpGbhAP3ZE Link 1: Guide Questions 1. What is a catalyst? 2. How does catalyst work? 3. In the video, where are catalysts used in everyday life? Link 2: Guide Questions 1. What substance in the experiment contains catalyst that helps in the reaction? 2. What happens when the yeast is added to the hydrogen peroxide? 3. What enzyme catalyst was produced by the substance? 4. How would you differentiate catalyst from temperature as a factor affecting the rate of reaction? 5. What is the significance of putting flame on the solution in the experiment? 11  What I Have Learned Activity 1.3 Critical Thinking Complete the group of words to form relevant ideas about the lesson. Do this in a separate sheet of paper. A catalyst is… An enzyme… Activation energy is related to rate of reaction because… Without catalyst, life is What I Can Do Activity 1.4 Acrostic Poem Now that you have learned the nature of catalyst, make an acrostic poem using the word CATALYST. In making the poem you may also write the importance of catalyst in our daily life. Do this in a separate sheet of paper. C- A- T- A- L- Y- S- T- 12  Assessment Post-Test Multiple Choice Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write it on a separate sheet of paper. 1. How does a catalyst work in speeding up a reaction? a. by lowering the activation energy or reaction. b. by giving them more energy. c. by making them more available. d. none of these. 2. What is the name given to a catalyst in the human body? a. Biology c. Catalyst b. Chemical d. Enzyme 3. How is catalyst different from a reactant? a. Adding more catalyst speeds up the rate of reaction. b. Adding more catalyst slows down the rate of reaction. c. The catalyst is not used up in the reaction. d. The catalyst increases the activation energy of the reaction. 4. The rate of a chemical reaction is NOT affected by which of the following? a. Temperature c. Concentration b. Particle size d. All of these affect reaction rate 5. Which of the following will lower the rate of reaction? a. Adding an enzyme to the reaction. b. Decreasing the temperature from 40oC to 10oC. c. Breaking a chunk of calcium up into smaller pieces. d. Increasing the amount of solute dissolved in solution. 6. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a catalyst? a. It participates in the reaction. c. It enhances the equilibrium rate. b. It activates equilibrium. d. It initializes the reaction. 7. What must happen before a chemical reaction can begin? a. The activation energy must be exceeded. b. The activation energy must be reached. c. The concentration of reactant molecules must be reduced. d. The concentrations of products and reactants must be equal. 8. Which factor/s help/s explain why so many collisions fail to produce products? Choose all that apply. a. Number of collisions c. Orientation b. Activation energy d. Energy released by reaction 9. Which of the following is a/are way/s to increase the speed of reaction? Choose all that apply. a. Raise the temperature. c. Add a catalyst. b. Add more reactants. d. Add more products. 13  10. Pick two (2) options that will INCREASE the rate of reaction. a. reducing heat c. adding catalyst b. adding heat d. removing catalys 11. The minimum amount of energy needed for colliding particles to react is called the a. Activation Energy c. Kinetic Energy b. Chemical Energy d. Potential Energy 12. A substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being used up during the reaction is called a a. Catalyst c. Reactant b. Product d. Solute 13. Catalysts permit reactions to proceed along a ___________energy path. a. higher c. restricted b. lower d. none of these. 14. Products will form faster if______________. a. the particle size of the reactants are larger. b. temperature is decreased. c. concentration of the reactants are increased. d. the reaction is not is not stirred. 15. Smaller particle size allows for a ______________ surface area to be exposed for the reaction. a. larger c. Smaller b. rectangular d. Spherical Additional Activities Activity 1.5 In your daily living, list (five) 5 activities and its acting catalysts that you observe affecting the reaction rate. It can be present when you are eating, washing clothes and others. Do this in a separate sheet of paper. 14  15 What's More What’s New Link 1: 1. Apple D will go brown the quickest. 1. It speeds up the reaction but not used up in the Since apple’s flesh reaction. reacts to air, it 2. It provides an alternative pathway for the reaction to makes apple B,C,D occur. This has a lower activation energy. to go brown slower 3. Used in the haber process, contact process and than A. And by catalytic converters. applying the factors Link 2: affecting the rate of reaction, it will be 1. It is the yeast. the one with the 2. It produces bubbles as a result of the release of oxygen. smallest surface 3. Catalase area, hence letter D. 4. It is not consumed during the reaction. The process of the 5. To test if combustion is possible due to the presence of reaction that takes oxygen. place here when an enzyme reacts to air is enzymatic browning. What’s In What I Know Words Search 1. TRUE 2. TRUE 3. Lowering 4. Minimum 5. TRUE 6. Increasing 7. TRUE 8. TRUE 9. TRUE 10. Lower 11. TRUE 12. Surface area 13. TRUE 14. Increasing Passage. 15. Collision theory 1. Temperature 2. Concentration 3. Particle size 4. Activation energy 5. Catalyst 6. enzymes Answer Key  16 Assessment What I Have Learned 1. A 1. A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a 2. D chemical reaction, but is not consumed by 3. C the reaction; hence a catalyst can be 4. D recovered chemically unchanged at the end 5. B of the reaction it has been used to speed up, 6. A or catalyze. 7. B 2. Enzymes are biological molecules (typically 8. C and D proteins) that significantly speed up the rate 9. A, B and C of virtually all of the chemical reactions that 10. B and C take place within cells. 11. A 3. The activation energy of a chemical reaction 12. A is closely related to its rate. Specifically, the 13. B higher the activation energy, the slower the 14. C chemical reaction will be. This is because 15. A molecules can only complete the reaction once they have reached the top of the activation energy barrier. 4. Answers may vary. References Boone, Silvester. “Slideplayer”. Rates of Reaction. Accessed May 23, 2020, https://slideplayer.com/slide/8382648/ “Chemistry Libretexts”. Factors that Affect Reaction Rates. Accessed May 23, 2020, https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemist ry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chem istry)/Kinetics/Reaction_Rates/Factors_That_Affect_Reaction_Rates Clark, Jim. “Chemistry Libretexts”. The Effect of a Catalyst on Rate of Reaction. Accessed May 23, 2020, https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Modules_an d_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Catalysis/The_Effect_of_a_Catalyst_on_R ate_of_Reaction “Khan Academy”. Types of Catalysts. Accessed May 23, 2020, https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chem- kinetics/arrhenius-equation/a/types-of-catalysts For inquiries or feedback, please write or call: Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR) Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600 Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985 Email Address: [email protected] * [email protected] 17