Phycology Notes - Algae - علم دراسة الطحالب PDF

Phycology Lec. (1) "phycos" meaning= algae and "ology" meaning sCience. - The algae an organism a chloropy earing carry out photosynthesis - may be prokaryotic (only cyanopnyta) or eukaryotic ogy - may be autotrophic &s...

Phycology Lec. (1) "phycos" meaning= algae and "ology" meaning sCience. - The algae an organism a chloropy earing carry out photosynthesis - may be prokaryotic (only cyanopnyta) or eukaryotic ogy - may be autotrophic &some times heterotrophic Any photosvnthetic organism (aurorophic) must contain chl a. - Phycobiliproteins are pigment molecules found in cyanophyta (blue green algac) & Rhodophyta (red algae) - Phycobiliproteins are (Phycocyanin- C, Phycocy anin- R, phycoerythrin & Allophycocyanin) thallus Undifferentiated mass of cells root-like, stem- like, leaf-like. - having thalloid form (i.e. they are thallophytes plants lacking roots, stems, and leaves) and lack a sterile covering of cells around the reproductive cells. Micromole (um) - Algae are maeroscopic algae (marine algac) ayysl lsand microscopic algae (fresh water algae). - Most of algae are microalgae. Light energy 6H;0 + CO, (CGH;0%n Chl.a  Occurrence: Habit: and - Algae have a wide Habitat (Ecologv) of Algae (Lec. (2) range of habitats 8. moist soils. freshwater (ponds, lakes, rivers, etc.), brackish or marine water (sea and ocean). - growing in the snow, on bare rocks, in desert soils, in hot springs. T'hey tolerate a broad range of pH, " Planktonic, temperature, turbidity, 02 and I CO2 concentration. unicellular species, living susnernded throughout lighied reglons water.. Benthic. living attached to the bottom or living within sediments. According to the habitat, the algae may be classified as follows: 1. Aquatic algae (common & usual habitat) 2. Terrestrial algae (live in moist soil) 3. Aerophytes (drive moisture from air) 4. Cryophytes = psychrophytes psychrophilic = cold loving (live in ice or snow) Algae grow or proliferate or tolerate ice 5. Thermophytes Algae grow or tolerate elevated temperature. 6. Algae of unusual habitats conc. Of NaCL(salt loving) As halophiles live in high salinity or high of plants Epiphytic algae on upper surface plants Endophvtic algae inside cells of upper surface ofarnimals Epizoic algae on animals Endozoic inside cells of algae autotrophic Producers = photosynthetic = Consumers = heterotrophic Food chain = food web  General Characters / Distinctive (Salient):features of Algae: 1- They are thalli organisms bearing chlorophyll (autotrophic). 2- Have different types of pigments e.g. Chl a, Chl b, carotene..*. 3-The sex organs mainly unicellular S (exceptr few species) o b s g 4- All the sex organs not surrounded by a sterile jacket (sterile cells). Q) Sex organs in all algae are unicellular (x) 5- There is no embryo after gameue union, 1.e. zygote don't grow into muliceuial structure, but it's remain (as it is) nside the female sex organs, O) Algal reproduction contains embryo stage Classification of algae (Lec. 3) Kingdom: Plantae Subkingdom 1: Subkingdom 2: Subkingdom 3: Protophyta Thallophyta Embryophyta (primitive, no true nucleus) Eucaryotic Eucaryotic thallos : undifferentiated; = embryo present Procaryotic e.g. Higher plants e.g. Bacteria - Virus phyton : plant Cyanophyta e.g Algae (Autotrophic) Gymnosperms -blue green algae Fungi (Heterotrophic) Angiosperms cyanobacteria Lower plants with no vascular - Myxophyta system  Autotrophic: Sun light CO2 Chlorophyll Catb ohydrate (Starch) Heterotrophic: robiold Saprophytic - Parasitic - Symbiotic The standard botanical classification system is used in the systematics of the algae: Division /Phylum- phyta Class - phyceae Order - ales Family - aceae Genus Species The basic characteristics for algal classification (based on) nucleus in the cell. 1. Presence or absence of defined organized 2. Pigment constitution of the cell. 3. Chenical nature of stored food. 4. Kind, number. insertion and length of the flagella on the motile cells. wall. 5. Chemical composition ofthe cel  pigmens) and other algal divisions "Pmentation (types of characters oof some Algal Divisions Cyanophyta (Blue-green Chlorophyta (Green algae) Bacillariophyta Phaeophyta (Brown algae) (Diatoms) algae) Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Nucleus Eukaryotic Cell wall Pectin Silicified C.W. Cellulose, aliginic hemicellulose acid and fucocinic and acid mucopeptide Pigment Chl a (green) Chl a, C, Chl a, carotene, and carotene carotene, Xanthophyll and (yellow) Fucoxanthín £nd fucoxanthin Diatothanthin (yellow) ellow) Plastids (true No plastids Chloroplast Chromatophores Chromatophores organelle) Pyrenoid Absent Pyrenoid with a Naked pyrenoid Naked pyrenoid starch sheath Food storage Cyanophycean True Starch Oil, Laminarin, Photosynthetic starch found in chrysolaminarin, mannitol, oil products chromoplasn leucosin. Flagella Absent 2or 4- Equal, One, anterior Only in (No. and Type) anterior, (only reproductive cells, in male gamete 2, unequal, lateral, Whiplash of some), Tinsel whiplash and Tinsel Sexual Absent Isogamy, aniso-, Present(all Present (all types) Reproduction types) and oogamy  Types of nutritioniin algae. Most algal groups are CO2 as the carbon CO2 photoautotrophscar,bohydrates source to produce Sun light using sunlight as the source of energy, and and ATP. " Most algal divisions Chl contain orophyl Carbohydrate (Starch) carbon by dissolved colorless heterotrophic species that can obtain organic substances " by engulfing bacteria: (Osmotrophy) and other living cells as prey (Phagotrophy), " Auxotrophic Algae that cannot synthesize essential components such as the ofthe B12 complex or fatty acids or amino acjds also vitams ex0st, and have to import hem. " Mixotrophy algae use a complex spectrum of nuitional strategies, combining photoautotrophy and heterotrophy = (2 modes of nutrition) " Nitrogen fixing algae by nitrogenase enzyme build nitrogenous compounds from nitrogen as Nostoc increasing soil fertility. Types of nutrition found in the algae Type of nutrition Principle source of Principal source of (C) energy for growth for grow th Autotrophic Carbon dioxide Photoautotrophic Light Oxidation of organic Carbon dioxide Chemoautotrophic compounds (glucose) Heterotrophic Light Organic compounds Photoheterotrophic Oxidation of organic Organic compounds Chemoheterotrophic compounds  4s (lec, 4) polysaccharides, Food reserves in algae accumulated which as reserves in the formof classificationof materials - The food tO group and useful dato for the preliminary however, vary from group algae. of only two algal Chlorophyta and True starch is typical divisions. namely Charophyta & higher plants. and kinds of characteristic starches are cyanophycean starch The two other floridean starch. starch starchis characteristic of division Cyanophyta and floridean - cyanophycean of division Rhodophyta. are " The three other important polvsaceharides which accumulate as a reserve food 1- laminarin found in the brown algae, Euglenoids 2- paramylon characteristic for 3- leucosin peculiar to Xanthophyta, Bacillariophyta and Chrysophyta. Besides, a proteinaceous compound cyanophycin is found only in the cells of the blue-green algae. Mannitol which is a unique to the brown algae has been recently reported to occur in a few red algae. Fats, occur as a reserve food in appreciable amounts in the cells of Xanthophyta, Bacillariophyta and Chrysophyta. (Production of Biodiesel) In summarvi Reserve food in algae is basically polysaccharides (starch) and fats. " True starch found in Chlorophyta and Charophyta. "Two other kinds, cyanophycean starch and floridean starch are found in Cyanophyta and Rhodophyta. Thrèe othet polysaccharides accumulated as reserve food whicn are: Laminarin ---- found in Phacophyta Paramylon --- in Euglenophyta Leucosin ----- in Bacillariophyta. Xanthophyta. and Chrysophyta  Thallus organization in algae. The algae exhibit a great diversity in the Organization of the plant body. Algae species found in different forms e.g. unicellular. colonialL. filamentous, etc. 1- Unicellular: monoid (motile, has Chlamydomonas) or coccoid (non motile), e.g. Chlorella locomotion Organ e·g. 1093 Chlamydomonas sp. Chlorella 2-Colonies: They may be: "which are aggregation of unicellular forms. Regular colony: the cells of the colony are arranged in a definite or regular shape A- Pediastrum (Chlorophyta, flat or hollow e.g. Merismopedia (Cyanophyta). Volvox, division). plate, respectively (2 planes of Microcvstis aranged in a regular manner e.g. B- Irregular colony: the cells are not (Cyanophyla). motile Colong1nay be motile as Pandorina, Eudorina, Pleodorina or non as - Pediastrum &Hydrodictyon Motile coenobium Non-motile coenobium of Pedlastrum Irregular colony of Microcystis sp. Reguiar colony of of VolvoN Merlsmopedia sp.  functions colonies) performboth multicellular aleal forms (as their cells may " Some developed. (Vegetative - reproduction) or special reproductive cells organ may be are definite in which the number Organization of cells " Coenobium: is a colony adult stagc. trom young stage to 3- Filamnentous: (usually multicellular) ((one plane of division) of the ivision in the plane perpendicular to the axis Filaments result from cell consisting of daughter cells connected to each other by filament and have cell chains their end wall. variation A- Simple Filaments as in Oscillatona (Cyanophyta), Spirogvra there is no girdle in function of vegetative cells, or Ulothrix (Chlorophyta) marine alga with shaped chloroplast & the last cell mutated into hold fast for fixation so, the is variation in function of vegetative cells or Oedogonium cells responsible for fixation, sexual reproduction, photosynthesis. B- False branched filaments as in Scytonema. Tolypothrix (Cyanophyta). C- True branched filament as in Cladophora each main filament gives branching (Chlorophyta). Simple fillament Simple filament of Osollatorla Simple of Mament Spirogyra of Ulothrix  Eslse branched ) filament of Soytoeme False branched True branched filament of Tolypothrix flament of Cladoohora Filaments of Stigonema ocellatum (Cyanoplhyta) consist of a single layer of cells and are called uniseriate, and those of Stigonemamamillosum (Cyanophyta) made up of multiple layers are called multiseriate. Prof Uniseriate filement of Multiseriate filament of Stigonems0oelatum Stlgoneme mamilloosum 4 Siphonaceous: Thallus develops from tubular, aseptate (coen0cvtic) branched and multinuclear filaments. e.g. Codium, Vaucheria. Botrydium 5- Parenchymatous: Cellular divisions in different planes, convert a parenchy1natous body, where daughter cells fused together. e.g. Ulva (Chlorophyta), Laminaria. Sarga_sum (Phacophyta). Siphonous thallus of Siphonous thallus of Paren Codium Vavoherta sessilia thellue Pro