Phonetic Notes PDF

I remember there were two sections. Section focuses on LO1 - knowledge. So questions for short answers. Transcriptions needed and explanation for differences maybe in pronunciation Section 2 focusses on LO2/3 - problem solving based on the data provided. Analysis and explanation. Phonetic- the stud...

I remember there were two sections. Section focuses on LO1 - knowledge. So questions for short answers. Transcriptions needed and explanation for differences maybe in pronunciation Section 2 focusses on LO2/3 - problem solving based on the data provided. Analysis and explanation. Phonetic- the study of speech sounds (Physically grounded) Phonology- studies how speech sounds are organised in our mind (mental phenomenon) Vowels in english Height Front Central Back Close i (heed), ɪ (hid) ɨ (rare, unstressed) u (who'd), ʊ (hood) (high) Close-mi e (hey) ɘ (sofa, o (hoe) d unstressed) Open-mid ɛ (head) ɜ (heard), ə (sofa) ɔ (hawed) Open æ (had) ɐ (cut) ɑ (hard) (low) Airstream mechanism Lungs (pulmonic airstream)- English sounds uses this mainly Tongue and soft palate (velaric airstream) Glottis (glottalic airstream) Direction: Ingressive (incoming air) Egressive (outgoing air) Organ of speech Articulatory - Supraglottal Phonatory - Larynx/ glottis Respiratory - Subglottal Respiratory system Pulmonic egressive airstream (common way of making speech sounds) Pulmonic ingressive airstream (non-speech sounds; gasping, slurping) Articulatory system Throat (pharyngeal cavity) Mouth (oral cavity) Nose (nasal cavity) Articulators: Active articulators: articulator that move - Lips - Tongue (tip, blade, front,back, root) Passive articulators: non-moving parts - Upper lip, Teeth - Root of the mouth (alveolar ridge, hard and soft palate,uvula) - Pharynx Places of Articulation in English Consonants Place Description Example Sounds Bilabial Both lips come together /p, b, m, w/ (pat, bat, mat, wet) Labiodental Lower lip touches upper teeth /f, v/ (fan, van) Dental Tongue touches upper teeth /θ, ð/ (thin, this) Alveolar Tongue tip touches the alveolar ridge /t, d, s, z, n, l/ (top, dip, sip, zip, nap, lap) Post-alveol Tongue near the back of the alveolar /ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/ (she, measure, chip, ar ridge judge) Retroflex Tongue curls back slightly /ɹ/ (red) Palatal Tongue body touches the hard palate /j/ (yes) Velar Tongue back touches the soft palate /k, g, ŋ/ (cat, go, sing) (velum) Glottal Sound produced at the glottis (vocal /h, ʔ/ (hat, uh-oh [ʔ is the glottal cords) stop]) Manner of Articulation in English Consonants Manner Description Example Sounds Plosive (Stop) Complete closure of airflow, /p, b, t, d, k, g/ (pat, bat, tap, dam, then sudden release cat, gap) Nasal Air escapes through the nose /m, n, ŋ/ (man, nice, sing) Fricative Airflow is partially blocked, /f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h/ (fan, van, thin, creating friction this, sip, zip, she, measure, hat) Affricate A stop followed by a fricative /tʃ, dʒ/ (chip, judge) in quick succession Approximant Narrowing of the vocal tract /w, j, ɹ/ (we, yes, red) without friction Lateral Air escapes around the sides /l/ (lip) Approximant of the tongue Glottal Stop Complete closure of the vocal /ʔ/ (uh-oh) cords Voicing refers to whether the vocal cords vibrate during the production of a consonant sound. Voiceless sounds: Vocal cords do not vibrate (e.g., /p, t, k/). Voiced sounds: Vocal cords vibrate (e.g., /b, d, g/). Here’s a table categorizing English consonants by voicing: Manner Voiceless Sounds Voiced Sounds Plosive (Stop) /p/ (pat), /t/ (tap), /k/ (cat) /b/ (bat), /d/ (dog), /g/ (go) Nasal N/A (all nasals are voiced) /m/ (man), /n/ (nice), /ŋ/ (sing) Fricative /f/ (fan), /θ/ (thin), /s/ (sip), /ʃ/ /v/ (van), /ð/ (this), /z/ (zip), /ʒ/ (she), /h/ (hat) (measure) Affricate /tʃ/ (chip) /dʒ/ (judge) Approximant N/A (all are voiced) /w/ (we), /j/ (yes), /ɹ/ (red) Lateral N/A (always voiced) /l/ (lip) Approximant Glottal Stop /ʔ/ (uh-oh) N/A Differences in pronunciation; Pit vs spit P in “Pit” used the aspirated p [ph ] P in spit used the plain p Eel vs Lee The L in Eel velarized /l/ (Tongue back touches the soft palate) The L in Lee is Palatalized /l/ (Tongue body touches the hard palate) Phonemes (is the alphabet macam /l/ /p/ ) - Not physical sounds - Abstract mental representation of the sound Allophones - The sound macam Pit dia punya /p/ tu phonemes tapi dia punya allophones is [ph] In phonological features, sounds can be classified using binary features like [±sonorant] and [±continuant] to describe their acoustic and articulatory properties. 1. [±Sonorant] (Sonorancy) This feature distinguishes between sounds that have spontaneous voicing (sonorants) and those that do not (obstruents). [+sonorant] → Sounds that are naturally voiced and have an open vocal tract. ○ Examples: Vowels, nasals (/m, n, ŋ/), approximants (/w, j, ɹ, l/). [−sonorant] → Sounds that involve significant constriction in the vocal tract (obstruents). ○ Examples: Stops (/p, t, k, b, d, g/), fricatives (/f, v, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, θ, ð, h/), affricates (/tʃ, dʒ/). 2. [±Continuant] (Continuity) This feature distinguishes between sounds where the airflow is continuously flowing versus those that have a complete closure at some point. [+continuant] → Sounds where air flows continuously through the oral cavity. ○ Examples: Vowels, fricatives (/f, v, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, θ, ð, h/), approximants (/w, j, ɹ, l/). [−continuant] → Sounds that involve a full closure of airflow at some point (stops, nasals, affricates). ○ Examples: Stops (/p, t, k, b, d, g/), nasals (/m, n, ŋ/), affricates (/tʃ, dʒ/). Summary Table: [±Sonorant] and [±Continuant] Features Sound Type [±Sonorant] [±Continuant] Examples Vowels +sonorant +continuant /i, e, æ, u, o, a/ Nasals +sonorant −continuant /m, n, ŋ/ Approximants +sonorant +continuant /w, j, ɹ, l/ Stops −sonorant −continuant /p, t, k, b, d, g/ Fricatives −sonorant +continuant /f, v, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, θ, ð, h/ Affricates −sonorant −continuant (at first, then Vowel Features (less complicated) [i, ɪ] [+ high, - back] [u, ʊ] [+ high, + back] [e, o] [- high, -low, + tense] [a] [+ low, + back] The structure of a syllable Onset: consonants before the nucleus Rhyme: comprises of both the nucleus and the coda(s) (if any) Nucleus: syllabic segments Coda: consonants after the nucleus Syllable Building Rules 1) Project nucleus (usually the vowel) 2) Build core syllable: CV 3) Incorporate codas (if codas are allowed)