Physiology 1 Exam - Version A - June 2024 PDF

# Original Physiology 1 Exam ## Version A June 13, 2024 1. The peripheral chemoreceptors in respiratory control: - A) They are especially important in detecting changes in O2 in the blood - B) They are located preferentially in the renal arteries - C) They transmit signal to the respi...

# Original Physiology 1 Exam ## Version A June 13, 2024 1. The peripheral chemoreceptors in respiratory control: - A) They are especially important in detecting changes in O2 in the blood - B) They are located preferentially in the renal arteries - C) They transmit signal to the respiratory center in the brain to help regulate respiratory activity - D) They are especially important to detect changes of CO in the blood 2. The chemosensitive area of the respiratory center: - A) is located in the pons - B) It is highly sensitive to local changes in H+ concentration - C) It is affected by oxygen concentration in the blood - D) Changes in H+ concentration in the blood influence this area to a higher degree compared with changes in blood CO2 3. The factors that can reduce the gas permeability of the alveolocapillary membrane are the following - A) The increased diffusion coefficient of the gas in the substance of the membrane - B) The increased partial pressure difference of the gas between the two sides of the membrane - C) The fibrosis of the lung - D) The presence of edema fluid in the interstitial spaces and in the alveoli 4. The physiologic dead space: - A) Induces the alveoli in ventilated but not perfused area of the lungs - B) The gas included in the physiologic dead space participate to the gas exchange through the alveolocapillary membrane - C) It includes alveoli overventilated relative to the amount of perfusion - D) It is smaller than the anatomic dead space 5. The anatomic dead space represents: - A) The volume of the air present in the large conductive airways - B) Include the volume of air that participate to the gas exchange trough the alveolocapillary membrane - C) It is called dead space because it contains cellular debris and death cells - D) The air from the dead space does not participate to the gas exchange 6. The net diffusion of the gas in the fluids depends on: - A) the solubility of the gas in the fluid - B) The solubility of the gas through the cellular membranes - C) The solubility of the gas through the lipids - D) The molecular weight of the gas 7. Pulmonary edema is produced by factors that: - A) Decrease fluid filtration out of the pulmonary capillaries - B) Increase pulmonary lymphatic function - C) Increase pulmonary capillary pressure - D) Decrease in pulmonary venous pressure 8. Decreased alveolar oxygenation: - A) Causes systematic vasoconstriction with increased systemic blood pressure - B) Causes vasoconstriction of adjacent arterioles and diverts blood flow to alveoli that are well ventilated - C) Cause vasodilation of adjacent arterioles in the alveoli that are not well ventilated - D) Stimulate the release in the local circulation of vasoconstrictor substances such as endothelin and reactive oxygen species 9. The cardiac pathology can influence the pulmonary circulators as follows - A) Right side heart failure cause blood to darn up in the pulmonary circulation - B) The effect is mediated trough systemic circulatory effects that increase the arterial blood pressure - C) Increased resistance to blood flow through the tricuspid valve increase the pulmonary pressure - D) Left side heart failure increase the pulmonary blood volume 10. The cough reflex: - A) Is produced by irritations in the nasal passageway - B) The afferent impulses pass through the fifth cranial nerve to the medulla - C) The afferent impulses pass through the vagus (X) nerve to the medulla - D) It is initiated in the bronchi and trachea by slight amounts of foreign matter that cause irritation 11. Pleural pressure: - A) Is a slightly negative pressure - B) It becomes more negative during expiration - C) It becomes more positive during inspiration - D) Is the pressure of the fluid between the lung pleura and the chest pleura 12. Heavy breathing is achieved through: - A) Elastic recoil of the thoracic cage - B) Elastic recoil of the lungs - C) Elastic recoil of the abdominal wall - D) Contraction of the abdominal muscles 13. The most important anticoagulant factors are: - A. C-ractive protein (CRP) - B. Antithrombin III - C. Thrombin - D. Protein C 14. The exotrinsic pathway for initiating clotting: - A) Begins with an injury to the endothelium that allows factor VII to come into contact with tissue factor - B) Begins with the activation of factor XII - C) Involves the activity of factor VII - D) The synergic activity of TF, factor VIla and Ca+2 activates factor X 15. Platelets have the following characteristics: - A) The half-life in the blood 12-14 weeks - B) They are removed from the circulation by macrophages in the liver - C) They are nucleated cells - D) Their enzymes are capable to form Thromboxane A2 16. The following statements are true about different types of antibodies - A) IgD is secreted in mucosal tissues - B) IgG antibodies opsonize microbes and target them for phagocytosis - C) IgA is actively transported across the placenta - D) IgG and IgM activate the complement system 17. Choose the correct information about IL13: - A) induces the alternative pathway of macrophage activation - B) It is synthesized by TH1 cells - C) Activated mucosal epithelial cells to secrete mucus - D) Activates eosinophils 18. The major types of antigen-presenting cells are, except: - A. Macrophages - B. B Lymphocytes - C. T Lymphocytes - D. Dentritic cells 19. CD4+ T cells: - A) are called cytotoxic T lymphocytes - B) Trough class II MHC molecules they recognize the presence of intracellular.... - C) Form protein mediators - lymphokines - D) Are called helper T cells 20. Toll - like receptors (TLRs) - A) Are cytosolic receptors - B) Stimulate the production of membrane proteins - C) Recognize bacterial product-lipopolysaccharides (LPS) - D) recognize products of necrotic cells 21. the Th2 response is characterizes by: - A) The release of interleukin 4 - B) The production of interferon - gamma - C) Activation of cell mediated immunity - D) Activation of B-cells to make neutralizing (killing) antibodies 22. The following mediator are needed for the proliferation of white blood cells: - A) Thrombopoietin - B) 11-3 - C) GM-CSF - D) Erythropoietin 23. The extravascular hemolysis occurs because of: - A) Mechanical or traumatic intravascular stress - B) increased glycolysis of the RBC - C) Na+ - K+ pump failure - D) Lack of ATP 24. Choose the correct information about Bohr effect: - A) It is caused by the increased formation of H+ - B) It is caused by increased release of CO2 from the tissue cells into the blood - C) It induces a shift to the left of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve - D) It inhibits the release of O2 to the tissues 25. Choose the correct information about transferrin: - A) It is located on the basolateral surface of the enterocytes - B) It bounds 2 ferrous (Fe2+) - C) It loosely binds iron (Fe3+) - D) Normally all of the binding sites are saturated 26. The dominant hemoglobin variants in the adult life is/are: - A) Hemoglobin A (alpha 2 beta 2) - B) Hemoglobin A2 (alpha 2 omega 2) - C) Hemoglobin F (alpha 2 gamma 2) - D) Hemoglobin Gower 2 (alpha 2 ... 2) 27. The major effects of erythropoietin are: - A) Allows early release of reticulocytes from the bone marrow - B) Up-regulates the expression of adhesive molecules receptors to the stroma - C) Prevents apoptotic cell death - D) Increases the time needed for cells to mature in the bone marrow 28. The RBC membrane is impermeable to: - A) CI- - B) Ca 2+ - C) K+ - D) HCO3- 29. Intravascular Hemolysis: - A) Is caused by deficiency of glycophorin C - B) Is caused by mechanical of traumatic stress of the RBC - C) Occurs in the spleen - D) Only spherocytes can get damaged in the blood vessels 30. The regulation of iron metabolism is made by the following peptide hormones: - A) Transferrin - B) Ankyrin - C) Hepcidin - D) A peptide hormone which inhibits feroportin 31. The transport across the cell membrane occurs: - A) Downhill (diffusion, with high input of metabolic energy) - B) Downhill (diffusion with no input of metabolic energy) - C) Uphill (by active transport) - D) Uphill (by passive transport) 32. The following information is correct regarding plasma proteins - A) Immunoglobins are important in maintaining the oncotic pressure - B) Albumin is responsible for maintaining the oncotic pressure - C) Plasma proteins main characteristic is maintaining a normal hydrostatic pressure - D) Immunoglobins are the major transporters of large molecules 33. Choose the correct phrases regarding hypernatremia: - A) It is far more common than hyponatremia - B) Usually is associated with water retention and decreased osmolarity of the ECF - C) Exposed to hypernatremia, the cells will shrink (ECF becomes hyperosmotic) - D) One of the causes can be impaired ADH secretion 34. Choose the correct phrases regarding hyponatremia: - A) Diarrhea and vomiting lead to hyponatremia - B) Exposure to low plasma Na concentration will induce cell swelling - C) Exposure of low plasma Na concentration will induce cell shrinkage - D) Hyponatremia will not have consequences on the brain, since neurons and glial cells are not sensitive to ECF disturbances 35. The most important systems that control the body hemostasis are: - A) The nervous system that integrates tissue functions by a network of cells - B) The endocrine system that integrates tissue function by a network of cells - C) The endocrine system that integrates organ function via chemicals secreted by specialized cells - D) The nervous system that integrates organ function via chemicals secreted by specialized cells 36. The extracellular fluid (ECF): - A) Contains large amounts of K and Ca - B) Contains large amounts of Na and HCO3 - C) Contains large amounts of Ca and Mg - D) Is more acidic than the intracellular fluid 37. The total body water: - A) Is divided in the intracellular fluid (located between the cells) and extracellular fluid - B) Is divided in the intracellular fluid (located within the cells) and the extracellular fluid - C) Is divided in the extracellular fluid (plasma and interstitial fluid) and intracellular fluid - D) Is divided in the extracellular fluid (located within the cells) and intracellular fluid 38. Choose the correct answers about homeostasis: - A) It is a property of cells, tissues and organs - B) It is occurring when the healthy state is lost - C) In regards of homeostasis, we describe the milieu interiuer, that surrounds the whole organism - D) The milieu interieur is described as the liquid that bathes all the anatomic elements 39. Water channels: - A) They are used exclusively for water transport - B) Represents an active transport - C) Regulation occurs by altering the number on channels -D) Can be in an open or closed state 40.The respiratory buffer system: - A) Reacts with seconds - B) Eliminate the excess H2CO3 - C) Can eliminate the excess of base - D) It is the most powerful buffering system 41. Which of the following matches about solute carriers are correct: - A) Uniporters - Two or more molecules in the same direction - B) Cotransporters - Two or more molecules in the same direction - C) Antiporters - Single molecule across the membrane - D) Symporters - Two or more molecules in the same direction 42. Diffusion: - A) Molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration - B) Facilitated diffusion doesn't require interaction of a carrier protein - C) Represents the movement of water across cell membranes - D) Depends on the size of the solute particle 43. Ion channels: - A) Highly selective allow only a specific ion trough - B) Do not permit the passage of multiple ions - C) Can be regulated by gating of channels - D) Are found only in specific cells 44. In which of the following structures Ca2+ can be stored - A) Mitochondria - B) Lysosome - C) Cytosol - D) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum 45. Fixed acids: - A) Can be produces only in pathological state - B) Can results from catabolism of proteins - C) Overproduction or ingestion causes respiratory acidosis - D) Lactic acid is generated during strenuous exercise 46. The following information is false regarding plasma proteins - A) Haptoglobin is a beta 1-globulin which bind free copper - B) Cytokines are very important in coordinating inflammation - C) Ceruloplasmin is an iodide containing protein which ... - D) Transferrin is the major iron-transporting protein 47. Ion channel selectivity is defined by: - A) The number of ions that pass through the channel - B) The nature of the ions that pass through the channel - C) The state of gating - D) The number of channels present in the membrane 48. The positive-feedback mechanism is a control mechanism of - A) Amplifies the original action - B) Inhibit the original action to occur - C) Leads to instability - D) Is responsible for homeostasis 49. Na+ K+ -ATPase: - A) Is a form of secondary active transport - B) Is a form of primary active transport - C) Pumps three Na+ ions out of the cell and two K+ ions inside the cell - D) Pumps three K+ ions out of the cell and two Na + ions inside the cell 50.Insensible water loss is realized by: - A) diffusion through the skin - B) Sweating - C) Evaporation from the respiratory tract - D) Gastrointestinal tract trough feces