Philosophy Before Quiz 2 PDF

10/4/24 Life: 384-322, died when 62. Born in stagria, not far from Macedonia At 17, went to plato's academy in athens, did not leave until 36. You want to - - At 41, invited to tutor alexander the great, be the mentor for 3 years. After mentoring he went to Athens Lyceum. Name means to wal...

10/4/24 Life: 384-322, died when 62. Born in stagria, not far from Macedonia At 17, went to plato's academy in athens, did not leave until 36. You want to - - At 41, invited to tutor alexander the great, be the mentor for 3 years. After mentoring he went to Athens Lyceum. Name means to walk about. Aristotle taught by walking around When aristotle was 61, alexander the great died, and there was an indictment against him to kill him. Accused of piety, left Athens to a small city where he died at 62. Bibliography: athenian constitution, dreams, corruption, heavens, astronomy, memory, metaphysics, physics, poetics, wrote about everything. The point of Aristotle's classes was to change habits of the people. Most important: metaphysics, neomachiens, poetics, physics, poets, soul Method: difference between plato and aristotle Goa of plato: unity between what changes and what doesn't, the copy and permanent world. Emphasis on deduction and remembering. Method is mystic. Contemplative Aristotle: interested in the differences between people. Interested in observation, looking at different people and make inductions fromthat observation, detective/scientistic. Makes a hypothesis. Analysis Anthropological Assumptions: a person should contain two elements. What needs to happen in a body in order to call it a person. 1) must possess logos (rationality), 2) live in community, a political animal. If there is no rationality, you cannot talk about virtue Reality: what is real and what is not. Believes reality is nature, what you see is what you get, no other world. You don't need another world to understand this world. The essence of the world is movement (change as a platonic idea). Moving is moving from potentiality to actuality. A seed is potentially a tree, metaphysical perspective of what is movement. If life is movement, there is 4 causes - - - - - Division of science: some of his books are theoretical while others are applied. Theoretical science: helps us to research about the first principles, meant to help understand everything. Do not deal with practicalities, show the big picture. - - - Applied science - - - - Perspectives: Plato and socrates went against/different from the sophists. Theory of the forms is against the sophists. Sophists say man is the nature of all things. Materialists: everything is the result of natural laws. - - - Know the definition of all concepts to make a theory of ethics 10/7/24 Nicomachean Ethics Book I Plato says the highest form is the good. That at which all things aim (the good is an end) - - - Because everything has a cause, everything has a natural end If you fulfil the end, you are good, if not, you are bad. Animals and plants and things fulfil their function What is the good of human action? The proper end of a human action is happiness What everybody agrees is that in the meaning of happiness is living well and acting well. But they disagree in its definition. Common people: pleasure, businessman: wealth. Aristotle says their definitions are not scientific enough Happiness for aristotle must fulfil two characteristics - - - - - How does a person attai happiness - - - - - - In a complete life, it is not enough to be good once ina while, you have to be good always. Try to be good and rationale every single day, then you will be good. Aristotle uses mathematics Aristotle says everyday is important if you want to be happy, good, ect. Nicomachean Ethics Book II 10/9/24 Two kinds of virtue. Intellectual (developed by teaching) Moral: formed by habit (pg 33, 15) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Nicomachean Book II in class 10/9/24 - - - - - - Emotion - - Virtue vs virtuous ction - - - - - - Hexis - - - - - - - Right predisposition - The opposite of virtue is a vice - - - - - - To be virtuous - - - - Nicomachean Ethics Book III Virtue: emotions and actions. Actions can be done voluntarily or involuntarily - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Choice** - connected and important to virtue - - - "Choice seems to be concerned with the things that lie within our power," (59). - **Deliberation** - - - - - - - - **Wish** - - - - No one is involuntarily happy, but wickedness is voluntary "Even ignorance is in itself no protection against punishment if a person is thought to be responsible for his ignorance...the penalty is twice as high if the offender acted in a state of drunkenness, because the initiative is his own," (65). You are responsible for your character because a "given kind of activity produces a corresponding character," (66). "Bodily vices which depend on ourselves are bland and those which do not are not blamed," (67). Should be blamed if you lose your eyesight because you were drunk, not those who got in an accident/were a victim. - - - - What kind of fearful things, then, are the concern of the courageous man? - - - - - - - - 10/11/24 Book III Nicomachean ethics Involuntary actions: should not be held accountable, not be able to have known, should feel remorse Non-voluntary: should be held accountable, feel no remorse Voluntary action: actions based on own reasoning We are responsible for moral action, and Aristotle tries to be analytical and find clarity in this world - - Involuntary: generated by constraint or ignorance involuntary actions done under constraint: bank gets robbed. You use a gun to kill the guy that is threatening all the hostages. Action is pardoned because it is involuntary done under constraint - Involuntary actions done under ignorance Practical (based on actions) Syllogism logic - - - - - - - - - - Moral actions are the voluntary actions because you can choose Voluntary action: the initiative lies with the agent A will can generate choice or wish - - - Virtue is about making the right choice between two extremes. Choices beuild habits, hexis and character. Objective/subjective good - - - -