Philosophy Reviewer PDF

Philosophy causes, reasons and principles through the aid of reason. Philosophy can be about cam...

Philosophy causes, reasons and principles through the aid of reason. Philosophy can be about came from two Greek words philos anything that exists; it is means love and sophia means studied through a wisdom (love of wisdom) particular method(reflection), whose Ancient Greece is the birthplace of main concern is to identify Philosophy in the West, specifically the reasons and principles Miletus. that account for everything that exists. — Humans have sense is limited. — It can be deceived and therefore Philosophy as a perspective. not reliable. Perspective (Latin perspicere: per — We have to go beyond our + specere = to look through) senses in order to see the whole means a way of looking at things. reality. - It is also known as a point of view or a manner of SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY seeing. All things (concrete The purpose of philosophy is to or abstract) can be seen in have a picture of the whole two ways, either holistically universe, that is, to have a or partially. complete worldview. Philosophy is different from science since, 1. Holistic Perspective (Holism). Science emphasizes only on a A point of view is holistic when particular aspect of the reality. something is seen or perceive as a whole or in totality; meaning that Pythagoras of Samos (the all pertinent aspects (dimensions mathematician) or elements) are considered before who was the first to use the word making a judgment or a claim. philosopher when asked what art of wisdom or learning he Aristotle “the whole is professed. greater than the sum of its parts”. To understand a Academically, philosophy is debatable issue, for defined as the science of example, opposing views beings in their ultimate must both be heard.  ALFRED NORTH WHITEHEAD 2. Partial Point of view (Reductionism). - “Thought knowledge is one A perspective is partial when a chief aim of intellectual portion of something is what is education, there is another only seen or perceived; meaning ingredient, vaguer but not all pertinent aspects greater, and more (dimensions or elements) are dominating in considered, but a judgment or a itsimportance. The ancients decision is already made. called it “wisdom. It chooses only and - ” You cannot be wise highlight a particular aspect without some basis of of a truth about something knowledge; but you may (whether a being, a easily acquire knowledge problem, or a situation). For and remain bare of wisdom. example, hearing only one The importance of side of opposing views is knowledge lies in its use, in heard and accepted. our active mastery of it, that is to say, it lies in wisdom. PHILOSOPHY IS REFLECTIVE - It goes to the underlying reality and to the causes. It Christian,2012 tries to do more than Philosophy is critical describe. thinking about thinking, the proximate goal of which is RELIGION ACCEPTS AND to get in touch with the BELIEVES truth about reality, the - accepting and believing, it ultimate goal being to often goes beyond what is better see the Big Picture. simply knowable and understandable by men. Philosophy is the experience of asking SOCRATES and seeking to answer "I know that I know nothing" grand questions about life, “An unexamined life is not worth about what we know, about living.” what we ought to do or believe in.  Solomon and Higgins, 2014 It is the process of getting Argument to the bottom of things, supporting your ideas with questioning ideas that, reasons from other ideas, most of the time, we simply principles, and observations to take for granted and establish your conclusions and probably never put into overcome objections. words Analysis understanding an idea by Metaphysics distinguishing and clarifying its study of reality, being or existence various components. Epistemology Synthesis study of the nature of knowledge gathering together different ideas into a single, unified vision. Ethics moral philosophy; study of right Susan Gale and wrong “Focus on the things that matterthe most in your life and the Social philosophy big picture will begin to come into philosophical study of society view.“ Political philosophy Seth Godin focuses on the state "And if you graduate from college with straight A’s, you have to do Logic some serioussoul-searching asto study of reasoning why you chose to spend your time doing that.“ Aesthetics philosophical study of art and Steve Jobs beauty ”Your time is limited, so don’t waste it living someone else’s life” - Articulation Philosophy encourages us to putting your ideas in clear, examine our lives concise, readily understandable language.  Philosophy helps us to - sees person not according challenge our views and to their being but as beliefs in order to achieve something associates with the truth. predicates. Philosophy helps us to SECONDARY REFLECTION analyze our daily - more personal meaning experiences in life by - looks not on man only through his predicates, but reflecting on it. on his being and totality of his being a person. Marcelian's Philosophical Reflection The Husserlian phenomenological GABRIEL MARCEL’S PRIMARY method REFLECTION AND SECONDARY is a philosophical approach REFLECTION developed by Edmund Husserl, the founder of phenomenology. Philosophy is reflective. Husserlian phenomenological method We reflect based on our own This method focuses on the experiences become rich detailed examination of conscious when we reflect on them and experience to understand the share them to others. How structures and essence of does science look at man, phenomena as they present only on its material point of themselves to consciousness. view. EPOCHE This is what a Marcel calls as it means removal or the Primary reflection which bracketting of the biases we tends to compartmentalize, have with object. analyze and divides a certain whole. EIDETIC REDUCTION eidetic comes from the greek word “eldos” means PRIMARY REFLECTION “shape of essence” - real meaning or function of the object TRANSCENDENTAL REDUCTION  my very own experience of refers to the capability of a person the phenomenon to make choices and decisions based on their references. Skepticism to know something is a free will doubt enables us to do actions whenever we want and Relativism make self determination truth is dependent on a possible person consequences Pragmaticism result or effect of an action truth is what works or condition Realism morality truth is what corresponds goodness and badness of from the mind an act. RATIONALISM (Neccessary truth) 3. Dignity A prio Innate the right to be value and Knowledge is based on aspected reason EMPIRICISM (Empirical truth) Tangible elements A posteriori is the body, the physical Knowledge based on being experience Intangible elements the spirit 1. Self awareness refers to the person having a clear Transcendence perception of one self including the ability to surpass limits hus or her thoughts, emotions and identity. rationality SOCRATIC METHOD human thought 2. Self Determination This is where in two interlocutors 1. Argumentum ad Hominem“ took turns in questioning and Attacking the Person” answering. Hominem came from Latin Truth is arrived at by means word “homo” which means of this dialectical method of man. This fallacy literally asking and responding, means hitting the person gradually eliminating the below the belt instead of questionable. focusing on the issue at hand. METHODIC DOUBT Example: According to Rene Descartes, the “How can we believe him first rule is to accept nothing as when he talks about social true which I do not clearly distancing, he is a lawyer recognize to be so. who is a liar.” To achieve the truth, we 2. Argumentum ad Baculum (Appeal must doubt our senses to Force) since our senses are fallible and unreliable, that is, we Baculum is a Latin word must avoid our perceptual which means scepter or illusion. stick. A scepter is a symbol of authority. Normally, it is the Pope who carries it in his hands. This is committed when a person uses threat or force to advance an argument Example: “TV Patrol is the best news program on TV. If you don’t believe me, I won’t let you watch the TV. 3. Argumentum ad Misercordiam (Appeal to Pity)  Misercordiam came from long time. "this is right Latin word Misericordia because we've always done which means pity or it this way". compassion. A person uses emotion such as pity to Example: All of us in the convince someone. family, from our ancestors up to now, are devout Example: “Forgive me Catholics, so it is only right officer, there are lot of that you will be baptized as boarders in this apartment a Catholic. including myself. Only the owner was issued a 6. Argumentum and quarantine pass. We don’t Ignorantiam“Appeal to Ignorance” have food; we can’t give our ATM to the owner. That’s Ignorantiam a Latin word why I went out. So, I did not for ignorance. Whatever violate the Bayanihan Act has been proven false must Heal as One.” be true and vice versa. 4. Argumentum ad Populum “Appeal Example: According to to people”/Bandwagon fallacy Zecharia Sitchin, the author of the book “Cosmic Code, Populum is the Latin word “Adam was the first test for people. Most of TV tube baby. Since nobody commercials are guilty of proves otherwise, therefore this argument which exploit it is true.” "God must exist, people’s vanity, desires, etc. since no one can demonstrate that she does Example: “I’m sure you not exist." want to have an I-phone. Almost 80% of your 7. Petitio Principii (Begging the schoolmates are using it.” Question) 5. Argumentum ad Tradition / It is a fallacy in which a antiquitatem “Appeal to Tradition” conclusion is taken for granted in the premises. Traditio means tradition. Also called as “circular Advancing an idea since it argument”. has been practiced for a  Example: “God exists Infers that something is because the Bible says so. true of a part, is true of a The Bible is inspirational. whole. Therefore, we know that God exists.” Example: “You are a doctor; therefore, you came from a family of doctors.” Hasty Generation 3. Fallacy of Division This fallacy is committed when one reaches a generalization based Infers that something is on insufficient evidence. true of the whole, must also be true on its parts. Example: Our neighbor who is a police officer was Example: “Your family is convicted of being a drug smart; therefore, you are dealer, therefore, all police smart.” officers are drug dealers. 4. Fallacy of Equivocation 1. Cause and Effect Using the same term in a different situation with Assuming that the effect is different meaning. related to a cause because both events occur one after Example: “Humans walk by the other. their legs. The table has legs. Therefore, the table Example: “My teacher didn’t walks by its legs.” collect the homework two weeks in a row when my friend was absent. Therefore, my friend being Human existence is a bodied absent is the reason why existence my teacher doesn’t collect the homework.” Conciousness state of quality and 2. Fallacy of Composition awareness of being of an external object or something within oneself Embodiment  refers to biological and our facticity to create physical presence of our change bodies (emotion,languange,tought, social interaction) METAPHYSICAL APPROACH 1. Facticity Focuses on the kinds of refers to the things in our life that substances or materials and already given capacities that uniquely we use our facticity as an make up a human person; excuse for our difficulties Examines the essential and failures components of a human person 2. Spatial-temporal being we are limited by our bodies to be HUMAN PERSON present in two or more places at the same time (ex: your name) Human person has a body, we are more concerned which has certain physical with the past/ our future properties that’s why we never appreciate the present Human person also has a nonbodily 3. The body as an intermediary component intermediary means acting as a mediator, This other human our body serves as an component is intermediary between us sometimes referred and physical world to as the "soul", limits our experience to our "spirit" and as the world "mind". prevent us from disclosing what we really want to express UNSPIRITED BODY VIEW Transcendence The human person is ability to change, redefining essentially just their body one self which works with and nothing more. The belief is that humans do not have a spiritual component.  that the human person has DISEMBODIED SPIRIT VIEW both body and spirit. The human person is ARISTOTLE essentially just their spirit. He regards the soul as the The body is here seen as a principle (or cause) of life. This nonessential component of means that the soul is what gives the human person which life to something. means that the spirit is not dependent on the body. The body and soul for Aristotle are two different PLATO aspects of the human Plato presents arguments for his person. The body is the belief in immortality. person's material aspect or matter, while the soul is the One learns by formal aspect or form. remembering what one once knew but has VEGETATIVE/NUTRITIVE SOUL somehow forgotten. Enable plants to perform Souls are immaterial activities necessary for (nonphysical), they cannot nourishment, growth, and decompose and cannot die. reproduction. SENSITIVE SOUL RENE DESCARTES He introduced the concept Enables animals to perform of Substance Dualism which the activities necessary for states that a spirit nourishment, growth, (immortal) can survive reproduction, sensation, without a body while the and locomotion. body (mortal) cannot survive without the spirit. RATIONAL SOUL EMBODIED SPIRIT VIEW Enables humans to perform Human person is essentially activities necessary for the unity of their body and nourishment, growth, spirit. This view maintains reproduction, sensation, locomotion, intelligence or  rational thinking, and The human person is α freedom or free will. 'transcendent being' which means a human being has the capacity to go beyond Of these three views, the their current situation in embodied spirit is the most life. preferable because: it maintains human freedom The human person is it gives importance to the still a soul, it also acknowledges work-in-progress. the value of the body it can accommodate opposing Person views. A being who is part of our moral community. EXISTENTIAL APPROACH Human It emphasizes the existence A man, woman, or child of of the individual person as a the species "Homo sapiens", free responsible agent distinguished from other determining their own animals by superior mental development through acts development, power of of the will. articulate speech, and upright stance. MARTIN HEIDEGGER Moral Two fundamental features of a Human Person concerning or relating to what is right and wrong in Man exists in a human behavior. world, meaning he does not exist in a vacuum. Sec 12, Art II, 1987 Constitution Man is never a "[the State] shall equally nobody. protect the life of the mother and the life of the JEAN PAUL SARTRE unborn from conception." President Duterte  "Crime against humanity? In the first place, I'd like to be frank with you: Are they humans? What is your definition of a human being?" Peter Singer "The key to personhood is sentience, the ability to feel pleasure and pain."