Philosophy PDF
Document Details
Uploaded by PoeticSugilite7813
Marymount Rome
Tags
Summary
This document outlines the big ideas and key concepts of several prominent philosophers, including Immanuel Kant, David Hume, Charles Darwin, John Stuart Mill, Karl Marx, G.W.F. Hegel, William James, Charles Sanders Peirce, Arthur Schopenhauer, and Sigmund Freud.
Full Transcript
1. Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) Big Idea: Morality is based on duty and universal rules. Key Concept: Categorical Imperative – act as if your principle should be a universal law. Mnemonic: Kant = "Can't break the rules." 2. David Hume (1711–1776) Big Idea: Knowledge comes f...
1. Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) Big Idea: Morality is based on duty and universal rules. Key Concept: Categorical Imperative – act as if your principle should be a universal law. Mnemonic: Kant = "Can't break the rules." 2. David Hume (1711–1776) Big Idea: Knowledge comes from experience, not reason. Key Concept: We infer cause-and-effect through habit, not certainty. Mnemonic: Hume = "Human habits." 3. Charles Darwin (1809–1882) Big Idea: Life evolves through natural selection. Key Concept: Survival of the fittest, challenging the idea of purposeful design. Mnemonic: Darwin = "Adapt to win." 4. John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) Big Idea: The greatest good for the greatest number (Utilitarianism). Key Concept: Happiness and liberty, limited by harm to others. Mnemonic: Mill = "Happiness millstone." (Grinding out maximum happiness). 5. Karl Marx (1818–1883) Big Idea: History is a struggle between social classes. Key Concept: Capitalism exploits workers; communism creates equality. Mnemonic: Marx = "Market struggles." 6. G.W.F. Hegel (1770–1831) Big Idea: Ideas and history evolve through contradictions (dialectics). Key Concept: Thesis + Antithesis = Synthesis. Mnemonic: Hegel = "History’s gears." (Constantly moving and clashing). 7. William James (1842–1910) & Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914) Big Idea: Truth is what works in practice (Pragmatism). Key Concept: Ideas are tools for solving problems. Mnemonic: Pragmatism = "Practical truth." 8. Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860) Big Idea: Life is suffering, driven by a blind will to live. Key Concept: Art and beauty offer temporary relief from suffering. Mnemonic: Schopenhauer = "Sorrow power." 9. Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) Big Idea: The unconscious mind drives human behavior. Key Concept: Id (instinct), Ego (reality), Superego (morality). Mnemonic: Freud = "Feelings repressed."
