Philosophy PDF

**PHILOSOPHY** - **"philos" love and "sophia" wisdom.** - Philosophy is a science, because it uses certain steps or procedures in scrutinizing what is right, true, good and beautiful. The investigation is systematic. - The philosopher investigates things using ONLY his/her natural...

**PHILOSOPHY** - **"philos" love and "sophia" wisdom.** - Philosophy is a science, because it uses certain steps or procedures in scrutinizing what is right, true, good and beautiful. The investigation is systematic. - The philosopher investigates things using ONLY his/her natural capacity to think or simply human reason alone. **Holistic Perspective** It is simply seeing things as a whole, objectively. **Partial Perspective** It is merely looking at things as it is or view of a thing from the viewer's standpoint, subjectively. **Why is there a need to philosophize?** Philosophy makes man a full man. Full man means being cultured, refined and well-rounded. It will provide you the ability to synthesize, criticize, systematize, assimilate and evaluate a variety of knowledge. **What is truth?** Philosophy as a discipline IS NOT the sole bearer of truth. **natural phenomena?** truth here is scientific in nature and detach from the perspective and attitude of the person who perceives it. **norms or values?** truth here comes from consensus or general agreement on what is right and what is wrong. **person's sincerity?** We wanted to be certain that the person's claim is consistent with their inner thoughts and intentions. **Truth** -"it is what has passed the procedures of justification" (Rorty, 1989). **Justification**- is defined as the process of proving the truth or validity of a statement. **Nature of Truth** **1. Scientific ** It is justified through data gathered from careful observation and analysis. **2. Norms/Values ** Justifying takes longer than scientific truths. **3. Personal ** The longest to justify among the three. **Opinion** is any person's statement of judgment about something that needs further justification. **Arguments** are series of statements that provide reasons to determine that a claim or opinion is truthful. **Logic** is the branch of philosophy that studies and elaborates on good argumentation. analysis and construction of arguments. **Critical thinking** is distinguishing facts and opinions or personal feelings. suspend beliefs and judgment until all facts have been gathered and considered. **Fallacy** is a defect in an argument. **attacking the person** - attacking the person presenting the argument itself. **appeal to pity** - someone tries to win support for an argument by exploiting his or her opponent's feelings of pity or guilt. **appeal to force-** It is using the threat of force **appeal to the popular/bandwagon-** It is presented as acceptable because a lot of people accept it. **appeal to tradition-** the idea is acceptable it has been true for a long time **begging to question**- It assumes the thing or idea to be proven as true. **cause and effect -**It assumes a "cause-and-effect" relationship between unrelated events. **fallacy of composition-** what is true in a part is true for the whole. **fallacy of division-** what is true in a whole is true for the parts. **Bias-** refers to tendencies of influences that affect the views of people. **correspondence bias or attribution effect** **-**tendency to judge a person\'s personality by his or her actions, without regard for external factors or influences **confirmation bias** tendency to look for and readily accept information which fits one\'s own beliefs or views and to reject ideas or views that go against it **framing** focusing on a certain aspect of a problem while ignoring other aspects **hindsight** the tendency to see past events as predictable, or to ascribe a pattern to historical events **conflict of interest** a person or group is connected to or has a vested interest in the issue being discussed **cultural bias** analyzing an event or issue based on one\'s cultural standards **the framework (the object of thinking)** **the approach (the subject thinking)** **Man** refers to the entire human race related terms include humanity, mankind, and humankind **Human** ** ** refers to man as a species Homo sapiens sapiens or modern human beings **Human being** ** ** used to distinguish man from other animals **Person** ** ** refers to a human being granted recognition of certain rights, protections, responsibilities, and dignity **Personhood** refers to the state of being a person **Human nature** ** ** refers to the characteristics that distinguish humans from all other creatures Plato believes that the body and soul are separable. It means that **"The soul is imprisoned in the body. In death, the soul is released from the body".** Aristotle disagreed with Plato's dualism. He defined the human person as the union of the body and the soul, thus, **"Man is the whole of his body and soul or that the body and the soul are two aspects of the whole man."** Descartes, "**The real essence of man is different from his body".** In his thesis called "mind-body dualism", he argues that the nature of mind is completely different from that of the body and therefore it is possible for one to exist without the other. **"Embodied"** means being incarnated. **"embodied spirit"** is a spirit being incarnated. But, the human person as an **"embodied spirit"** does not necessarily refer to the incarnation or materialization of spirit as an immaterial entity. **Embodiment** refers to the biological and physical presence of bodies which enables to do and experience all the things that makes human persons. **Limitation of the Human Persons** **Transcendence-** ability to surpass limits **METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING** **1. LOGICAL ANALYSIS** **-** This method is incredibly typical of analytic philosophy, and as someone who tends toward that style. **-** method of critically examining arguments, claims, and propositions to determine their validity, soundness, and coherence **2. CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS** \- breaking down complex ideas, concepts, or phenomena into their constituent parts to better understand their meaning, structure, and implication. It involves examining the definition, usage, and underlying assumptions of concepts to clarify their meanings and how they function within a particular context. **3. DECONSTRUCTION** -critical approach that seeks to dismantle and\ analyze the structures and assumptions\ underlying texts, language, and concepts. It\ challenges the idea that words and concepts\ have fixed, stable meanings. **4. PHENOMENOLOGY** **-** seeks to explore the subjective experience of individuals and groups. It attempts to study the structures of human experience, including the perception of time, space, and self, among other things. **5. PUBLIC INTELLECTUAL** **-** a person who engages in philosophical inquiry and discourse in a way that reaches beyond the confines of academic circles and directly addresses broader societal issues. They are individuals who translate complex philosophical ideas into accessible language and connect these ideas to real-world problems and concerns. **6. PHILOSOPHY AS DIALOGUE** \- invites the philosopher to engage with various ideas and arguments in an interactive and condensed timeframe. \- allows the philosopher to explore multiple viewpoints, especially when more than two perspectives are being discussed. **7. COMPARATIVE -- DESCRIPTIVE APPROACH** \- involves describing and comparing different aspects or characteristics of a particular subject or phenomenon. \- Helps in organizing and clarifying knowledge, though it may not generate new knowledge. **8. COMPARATIVE -- CONSTRUCTIVE** **-** is very useful method in increasing new ideas, which are extremely important to the process of truth seeking. The only course that we can use this approach is in Modern Philosophy. **- cross-cultural philosophy**, is a subfield where philosophers intentionally engage with sources from different cultural, linguistic, and philosophical traditions. **9. INTEGRATING PHILOSOPHY INTO OTHER EXPERIENCES** **-** It is a point of philosophy. We can use philosophy to inform our everyday decisions regarding ethics; interactions with others, lifestyle decisions, etc. By applying this method in our everyday life, we can create an active philosophizing.