Philosophy 171 PDF - University of the Philippines Diliman

UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES DILIMAN – EPP BA APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY Claro M. Recto Highway, Clark Freeport Zone, Angeles City, Pampanga PHILOSOPHY 171 Epistemology January 28, 2025 -​...

UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES DILIMAN – EPP BA APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY Claro M. Recto Highway, Clark Freeport Zone, Angeles City, Pampanga PHILOSOPHY 171 Epistemology January 28, 2025 -​ Knowledge -​ How do you know what you know Is Justice Weak or Strong? (nature)? -​ Merit -​ Is your mind working/thinking? -​ Ring of Gyges (Morality and power) Deontology Existentialism -​ Duty -​ What comes first, your essence or -​ Polis (City/State) your existence? -​ We, as humans, are naturally good Rationalism persons, as he is created in the image -​ The idea is that reason and logic can and likeness of God. explain the world. -​ The context of where you are at makes -​ The idea is that reason can provide you who you are. knowledge beyond what can be perceived through the senses. *Ethics - Morality -​ The idea is that reason can provide knowledge that is certain and general. THE RING OF GYGES -​ The idea is that reason can provide knowledge of innate ideas. What is the Makeup of Our Moral -​ The idea is that reason can provide Framework? knowledge of general ethical -​ Laws (Jurisprudence, international principles. norms) -​ Religion, Culture, Tradition, Mores, Empiricism Customs, Ideology -​ The idea is that experience is the only source of knowledge. Are We Naturally Good or Bad? -​ The idea is that thinking alone cannot -​ Is justice desirable? provide meaningful knowledge. -​ What is the basis of good or bad? -​ The idea is that all knowledge must -​ Are we capable of being genuinely pass through the senses. good, or are we just bound by the -​ The idea is that evidence from situation? experimentation can explain reality. -​ The idea is that experience determines Metaethics truth in the world. -​ Differentiating good from bad by providing context. Stimulus ----------------- Act Power to Decide Ontology To be or not to be -​ Realities, Meaning of Nature, and Existence -​ Physics -​ Deductive and Inductive Knowledge MANALOTO, SIAN DE VERA  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES DILIMAN – EPP BA APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY Claro M. Recto Highway, Clark Freeport Zone, Angeles City, Pampanga PHILOSOPHY 171 *Is moral objectivity? Can we find the truth? February 4, 2025 (based upon moral knowledge truths). *Truth is based upon moral knowledge. - Ethics vs. Morality Rationality Ethics *Moral truths are based on moral facts. These -​ Deliberate, context, and situation. moral facts are not subjective. -​ People tend to ask questions as it acts *Moral Relativism vs. Moral Naturalists as a language. -​ Focuses on a person’s character and Moral Cognitivism values -​ Came from the Latin word cognoscere -​ Questionable if we are part of the which means “to know” or “to learn wider society. about.” -​ Some factors that are being -​ Knowledge of ethics is based upon considered are law, customs, culture, knowledge. mores, politics, and religion. *Knowledge - to survive - to die - to live a Morality legacy - perfect person - to give birth - to -​ Judgment to right or wrong. have money - wisdom - spiritual wisdom -​ Subjectivism vs. Relativism Opinion/Beliefs Relativism -​ Appetitive -​ Basis of understanding himself. -​ Metaethics -​ Different people give different answers. -​ Education ​ -​ Spirited knowledge and courage Dogmatism -​ Wisdom - spiritual - philosophers king -​ “Man is the measure of all things” and queen - Guardians in Plato’s Republic. Questions: 1.​ Why be moral? Appetitive 2.​ But why do we not do these things? -​ People tend to be gullible because Why do you think that they are wrong? their knowledge is based on chismis. Why Relativism? Why Be Moral? 1.​ Diversity - different people give -​ Morality is a virtue. different answers. (We question why -​ Knowledge can be thought of. We because there is a diversity of moral need knowledge to learn virtue. views. Moral views condemn). 2.​ Tolerance and Leniency to *Foolhardy - vices - virtue (courage) - Wrongdoers. temperance - deficiencies (cowardice) 3.​ Moral Uncertainty *Good Disposition and Mindfulness 4.​ Situational Differences Emotivism *There will be moral disagreement. -​ When people are swayed by emotions rather than cognitivism. MANALOTO, SIAN DE VERA  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES DILIMAN – EPP BA APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY Claro M. Recto Highway, Clark Freeport Zone, Angeles City, Pampanga -​ Boo Hurrah - emotional expression -​ In emotivism, it is challenged by ethical realism. Ethical Realism -​ Lies on objectivity. -​ Based on facts, realities, and truths David Hume -​ According to Hume, there is no connection between is and ought to. -​ Is (essence and will) -​ Ought to (duty and responsibility) -​ It is only an impulse, habit, emotion, and impression) BOTTOMLINE! -​ Human life is valuable. MANALOTO, SIAN DE VERA  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES DILIMAN – EPP BA APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY Claro M. Recto Highway, Clark Freeport Zone, Angeles City, Pampanga PHILOSOPHY 171 February 13,2025 The Naturalistic Fallacy vs. Euthyphro Dilemma The Naturalistic Fallacy -​ First proposed by George Edward Moore. -​ He argues that it is illogical to define “good” based on inherent qualities like enjoyment or survival. -​ This concept was linked to Hume’s “Is-Ought” problem which questions whether moral obligations - what we “ought” to do - can be derived from what “ is.” -​ Is (essence and will) -​ Ought to (duty and responsibility) -​ It is only an impulse, habit, emotion, and impression) Euthyphro Dilemma -​ Are actions moral because the gods approve of them, or do the gods approve of them because they are moral? -​ Religious and societal beliefs shape moral obligations. Ethics -​ Character -​ Passion for living -​ Education for life How to Apply These 2 Main Idea to Your Ethical Life MANALOTO, SIAN DE VERA