Podcast
Questions and Answers
The questioning of why we hold certain moral views is often prompted by the ______ of moral opinions across different individuals and cultures.
The questioning of why we hold certain moral views is often prompted by the ______ of moral opinions across different individuals and cultures.
diversity
[Blank] suggests actions are driven more by feelings than rational thought, contrasting with approaches grounded in reason and logic.
[Blank] suggests actions are driven more by feelings than rational thought, contrasting with approaches grounded in reason and logic.
emotivism
The philosophy of ______ is challenged by ethical realism, which emphasizes objectivity and truth in moral claims.
The philosophy of ______ is challenged by ethical realism, which emphasizes objectivity and truth in moral claims.
emotivism
[Blank] posits that our existence precedes our essence, highlighting the freedom and responsibility inherent in shaping our own identities.
[Blank] posits that our existence precedes our essence, highlighting the freedom and responsibility inherent in shaping our own identities.
The statement that 'man is the measure of all things' is associated with ______, reflecting a belief that individual perspective and experience determine truth and value.
The statement that 'man is the measure of all things' is associated with ______, reflecting a belief that individual perspective and experience determine truth and value.
The concept of the ______ explores the relationship between morality and power, questioning whether individuals would act justly if they could do wrong without consequences.
The concept of the ______ explores the relationship between morality and power, questioning whether individuals would act justly if they could do wrong without consequences.
According to David Hume, there is no logical connection between what 'is'—essence and will—and what '______'—duty and responsibility.
According to David Hume, there is no logical connection between what 'is'—essence and will—and what '______'—duty and responsibility.
The concept of a philosopher king aligns with ______ as explained in the text, where wisdom and spiritual insight guide governance.
The concept of a philosopher king aligns with ______ as explained in the text, where wisdom and spiritual insight guide governance.
[Blank] emphasizes duty and obligation as the foundation of morality, suggesting that actions should be guided by universal principles regardless of consequences.
[Blank] emphasizes duty and obligation as the foundation of morality, suggesting that actions should be guided by universal principles regardless of consequences.
The ______, referring to the city-state, highlights the social and political context in which ethical and moral considerations arise.
The ______, referring to the city-state, highlights the social and political context in which ethical and moral considerations arise.
The ______ fallacy, proposed by George Edward Moore, critiques defining 'good' solely based on natural or observable characteristics.
The ______ fallacy, proposed by George Edward Moore, critiques defining 'good' solely based on natural or observable characteristics.
[Blank] asserts that reason is the primary source of knowledge, including the understanding of ethical principles and the nature of reality.
[Blank] asserts that reason is the primary source of knowledge, including the understanding of ethical principles and the nature of reality.
To have courage, which is a ______, requires a balance between the vices of foolhardiness and the deficiency of cowardice, as outlined in the text.
To have courage, which is a ______, requires a balance between the vices of foolhardiness and the deficiency of cowardice, as outlined in the text.
______ focuses on a person’s character and values within a wider society
______ focuses on a person’s character and values within a wider society
______ verses Morality, moral truths are based on moral facts; these moral facts are not subjective.
______ verses Morality, moral truths are based on moral facts; these moral facts are not subjective.
[Blank] argues that experience is the foundation of all knowledge, implying that sensory data and empirical observation are necessary for understanding the world.
[Blank] argues that experience is the foundation of all knowledge, implying that sensory data and empirical observation are necessary for understanding the world.
[Blank] encompasses the study of moral principles and values that govern a person's behavior or the conducting of an activity.
[Blank] encompasses the study of moral principles and values that govern a person's behavior or the conducting of an activity.
______ realities, meaning of nature, and existence, or physics involving deductive and inductive knowledge.
______ realities, meaning of nature, and existence, or physics involving deductive and inductive knowledge.
A system of ______, religion, culture, tradition, mores, customs and ideology are key influences in the makeup of our moral framework.
A system of ______, religion, culture, tradition, mores, customs and ideology are key influences in the makeup of our moral framework.
______ can be described as judgment of right or wrong, influenced by subjectivism and relativism.
______ can be described as judgment of right or wrong, influenced by subjectivism and relativism.
______ suggests the idea that experience determines truth in the world, differentiating good from bad by providing context.
______ suggests the idea that experience determines truth in the world, differentiating good from bad by providing context.
______ comes from the Latin word 'cognoscere' which means 'to know' or 'to learn about,' indicating that knowledge of ethics is based upon knowledge.
______ comes from the Latin word 'cognoscere' which means 'to know' or 'to learn about,' indicating that knowledge of ethics is based upon knowledge.
______ assumes different people give different answers and emphasizes the basis of understanding oneself.
______ assumes different people give different answers and emphasizes the basis of understanding oneself.
Truth is based upon moral knowledge, Rationality *Moral ______ vs. Moral Naturalists.
Truth is based upon moral knowledge, Rationality *Moral ______ vs. Moral Naturalists.
Flashcards
Epistemology
Epistemology
The branch of philosophy concerned with the theory of knowledge.
Ring of Gyges
Ring of Gyges
The belief that morality and what is right depends on power dynamics.
Deontology
Deontology
A moral theory that emphasizes duty and rules.
Polis
Polis
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Rationalism
Rationalism
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Empiricism
Empiricism
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Ethics
Ethics
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Existentialism
Existentialism
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Metaethics
Metaethics
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Morality
Morality
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Relativism
Relativism
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Moral Cognitivism
Moral Cognitivism
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Moral Relativism
Moral Relativism
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Rationality (Ethics)
Rationality (Ethics)
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Education
Education
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Dogmatism
Dogmatism
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Emotivism
Emotivism
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Ethical Realism
Ethical Realism
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Is-Ought Problem
Is-Ought Problem
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Naturalistic Fallacy
Naturalistic Fallacy
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Euthyphro Dilemma
Euthyphro Dilemma
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Study Notes
- Study notes for Philosophy 171, dated January 28, 2025, and February 4 & 13, 2025
Is Justice Weak or Strong?
- Justice relates to merit and the Ring of Gyges, which concerns morality and power
Existentialism
- Existentialism questions whether essence or existence comes first
- Humans are considered naturally good due to their creation in God's image
- The context shapes an individual's identity
Ethics - Morality
The Ring of Gyges
Moral Framework
- Laws (jurisprudence, international norms), religion, culture, tradition, mores, customs, and ideology form the structure of one's framework
Conceptions of Good and Bad
- Examines whether humans are inherently good or bad
- Explores the desirability of justice
- Investigates the basis of good and bad, questioning genuine goodness versus situational influence
Metaethics
- Metaethics differentiates between good and bad through context
Ontology
- Ontology addresses realities, meaning of nature, and existence, including physics, and deductive/inductive knowledge
Epistemology
- Epistemology relates to knowledge and how one knows what they know, also considering the role of the mind
Deontology
- Deontology refers to duty and the Polis (city/state)
Rationalism
- Reason and logic can explain the world
- Reason provides knowledge beyond sensory perception
- Reason yields certain and general knowledge and innate ideas
- Reason gives general ethical principles
Empiricism
- Experience is the sole source of knowledge
- Thinking alone cannot provide meaningful knowledge
- All knowledge passes through the senses
- Evidence from experimentation explains reality
- Experience determines truth
Stimulus-Act
- Power to Decide
- To be or not to be
Ethics vs. Morality
- Ethics involves deliberation, context, and situation
- Ethics acts as a language, prompting questions
- Ethics concentrates on character and values
- Ethics is questionable within the wider society
- Law, customs, culture, mores, politics, and religion influences Ethics
- Morality is judging right from wrong
- Morality encompasses subjectivism vs. relativism
Relativism
- Relativism is based on self-understanding
- Relativism acknowledges that different people give different answers
Dogmatism
- "Man is the measure of all things"
Moral Questions
- Why be moral, and if morality exists, why are immoral acts committed and deemed wrong?
Why Relativism?
- Diversity in answers leads to questions due to varying moral views
- Tolerance and leniency towards wrongdoers
- Moral uncertainty
- Situational differences
Moral Disagreement
- Moral disagreement occurs
Moral Objectivity and Truth
- Seeks to find truth based on moral knowledge and rationality
- Truth is based on moral knowledge
- Moral truths stem from moral facts, which are not subjective
- Discusses Moral Relativism vs. Moral Naturalists
Moral Cognitivism
- Cognitivism stems from the Latin "cognoscere," meaning "to know" or "to learn about."
- Ethical knowledge is based upon knowledge
Motivation through Knowledge
- Knowledge is useful to survive, to die, to live a legacy, to be a perfect person, to give birth to a child and to have money
- Knowledge leads to wisdom and spiritual wisdom
Opinion/Beliefs
- Appetitive
- Metaethics
- Education
- Spirited knowledge and courage
- Wisdom as spiritual guidance
- Philosophers king and queen Guardians in Plato's Republic
Appetitive
- People tend to be gullible because their knowledge is based on "chismis" (gossip)
Why Be Moral?
- Morality is a virtue
- Knowledge to think of virtue and also learn virtue
Virtues and Vices
- Foolhardy Vices (Courage)
- Temperance - deficiencies (cowardice)
- Good Disposition and Mindfulness
Emotivism
- swayed by emotions rather than cognitivism
Expressions
- Boo Hurrah represents emotional expression
- Ethical realism challenges emotivism
Ethical Realism
- Ethical Realism is based on facts, realities, and truths
David Hume's Philosophy
- There's no connection between is and ought to.
- "Is" - Essence and will
- "Ought to" - Duty and responsibility
- Impulse, habit, emotion, and impression are factors
Bottom Line
- Human life is valuable
The Naturalistic Fallacy vs. Euthyphro Dilemma
- This compares the Naturalistic Fallacy with the Euthyphro Dilemma
The Naturalistic Fallacy
- Proposed by is George Edward Moore
- Defining "good" based on enjoyment or survival is illogical
- Linked to Hume's "Is-Ought" problem questioning moral obligations from what "is"
- "Is" signifies essence and will
- "Ought to" represents duty and responsibility
- Impulse, habit, emotion, and impression are the factors
Euthyphro Dilemma
- Questions whether actions are moral because gods approve, or if gods approve because they are moral
- Religious and societal beliefs shape moral obligations
Ethics
- Ethics include character, passion for living, and education for life
Applying Ethical Ideas
- How to apply the two main ideas to one's ethical life
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