Philosophy Review Week 2 PDF

PHILOSOPHY WEEK 2 everything, however, will impede our search for truth. HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVE PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHTS It ref...

PHILOSOPHY WEEK 2 everything, however, will impede our search for truth. HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVE PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHTS It refers to a thinking that considers a large-scale IN THREE VIEWS pattern in a system, often described as looking at the “Big Picture” when describing or analyzing a situation problem. It requires the individual to have an open COSMOCENTRIC VIEW - a vision of reality mindset and the ability to get a general sense or that places the highest importance or impression. emphasis in the universe or nature. THEOCENTRIC VIEW - a vision that the PARTIAL PERSPECTIVE center of all natural and supernatural reality is God. focuses on specific aspects of a situation, an important component of analytical thinking as an individual focuses on certain areas or aspects of a problem to ANTHROPOCENTRIC VIEW - a vision that understand it. strongly focus on humankind as the most important element of existence Looking at the characteristics of holistic and partial points of view, it can be concluded that using a holistic perspective is more desirable in doing philosophy than RATIONALISM - is a term used in philosophy to using a partial perspective. Partial points of view only promote limited knowledge on the situation that leads refer to the knowledge that is derived from to wrong conclusions reason and logic. It is a view that appeals to reason to be a source of any knowledge. PHILOSOPHICAL ENTERPRISE EMPIRICISM - is the term in which the main 1. Wonder - is the beginning, for it stimulates us to source of knowledge is experience and venture into philosophy. It is beyond mere curiosity as experimentation. Empiricists believe that there curiosity usually directed to a single, fleeting, and momentary object that captures our interest is a shred of empirical evidence behind every piece of knowledge. 2. Knowledge - Philosophers engaged in philosophy because their goal is to become wise. To - it is a philosophy of science that emphasizes be wise is to know thetruth. Philosophy, therefore, may beunderstood as an activity in pursuit of evidence, evidence that is discovered through wisdom—wisdom we attribute to people who truly experimentation. know. - Philosophers believe that to be wise is the best we TWO TYPES OF PHILOSOPHICAL can be.For this reason, they devote their time to Examining their held beliefs and opinions that are also REFLECTION called intuitions — to arrive at truth. Philosophy is carried out using reason A. PRIMARY REFLECTION 3. Ignorance - The proper exercise of our rational examines its objects by abstraction, faculty allows us to answer our question and overcome our by ignorance analytically breaking them down into them constituent parts. - our ignorance is what makes philosophy possible. Arrogance or the belief that one has figured out Type your initials here | 1  It concerns the definitions, essences, our understanding of ourselves as well as and technical solutions to problems. our roles and place in the world. Kind of reflection that recounts past Ability to think logically of the mind events. to contract and evaluate arguments. Another important tool in philosophy Fragmented Compartmentalized is to explain and support one thinking. claim rationally Can’t be genuine thinking because it NECESSARY SKILLS IN DOING failed to PHILOSOPHY make sense of the whole mystery of life (SELFISH THINKING) Philosophical Reflection - enables us to look deeper into our experiences and see the bigger picture of reality. B. SECONDARY REFLECTION it unifies rather than divides. Construction and Evaluation of Arguments - allows us to express us recapturing of the unity of the ideas in a systematic and logical way; allows us to examine the ideas of other original experience by gathering back people together what is separated by the primary WEEEK 3 reflection. METHODS OF PHILOSOPIZING It allows us to think holistically. The Art of Questioning It integrates the fragmented and Plato uses Socratic Method in his writings. These writings enable the reader compartmentalized experience into a to observe the exchanges between coherent Socrates and the sophist. The sophist whole genuine or unselfish thinking. were itinerant teachers who specialized in rhetoric and in the techniques of teaching Think that a human person needs philosophy in Athens during the 5th respect, B.C.E. care, and love Philosophy often puts into question our assumptions about the world. For instance, people can be distracted by PHILOSOPHICAL REFLECTION AS A concern which limit their view of reality. TOOL IN DOING PHILOSOPHY Philosophy allows people to see the big picture. It opens the broad horizon in It enables us to see the interconnected- which one recognizes unity in diversity, ness and interdependence of people, of the convergence of things, or of the actions, and events as well as our direct notion of wholeness where one gets to relations to them. Allows us to deepen experience what is most meaningful.  phenomena or appearances, defines as The nature of Scientific knowledge any object of conscious experience, that Science is that field in which the human is, that which we are conscious of being can be direct his questions in order (Johnson) the word “Phenomenon” to tear things into specific or small parts comes directly from the Greek and arrive at an explanation of reality. (phainomenon) meaning appearance. Scientists have provided us with a way of understanding things and a way of Husserl formulate several knowing how things work. For instance, Phenomenological “reductions” and by means of science, people now know their shifts. that a disease can be caused by bacteria and that stars have been formed billions Epoche or suspension brackets all of years ago. In addition, science and the questions of truth and reality and technology has enabled man to launch simply describes the contents of rockets into space. consciousness. But how do scientist work? Thomas Kuhn Focuses on the essential features, introduced in his book, The Structure of the meaning of consciousness. Scientific Revolutions, the important distinction between the concept of What interest the paradigm shifts. Kuhn examined the phenomenologist are the contents of history of science with respect to the consciousness, not the things in novel discoveries and the theoretical natural world as such. developments advanced by scientists. Existentialism: On Freedom- One’s search for For Kuhn, when scientist work things out truth might be based on one’s attitude or based on existing norms, what we have is outlook. Unlike phenomenology, it is not called normal science. Then, once an primarily on a philosophical method neither the anomaly is uncovered, a new theoretical set of doctrines but more of an outlook or development emerges. This puts into attitude supported by diverse doctrines centered question the previous theory. A on a certain common theme as follows:. theoretical crisis becomes inevitable. This is the starting point of scientific Human condition or relation of revolutions. individual to the world. Human response to that condition. Philosophizing- means to think or Being, especially the difference express oneself in a philosophical between the beings of person and manner. It considers or discusses a being the other kinds of things. matter from a philosophical standpoint. Human freedom. Significance of choice and Phenomenology: On decisions in the absence of certainty. Consciousness- “the science of the The concreteness and subjectivity essence of consciousness,” founded of life as lived, against abstraction Phenomenology where the truth is based and false objectification. on person’s consciousness. This focuses on careful inspection and description of  *Soren Kierkegaard- (First existentialist) An inductive argument that succeeds in insisted that the authentic, self was the providing such probable support is a strong personally chosen self, as opposed to the public argument. or “heard identity” *Nietzsche- took this view of opposition of the Fallacies- fallacy is a defect in an argument genuine individual versus the identity of “heard other than it having false premises. To detect identity” fallacies, it is required to examine the arguments content. Post Modernism: On Cultures- they believe that humanity should come at truth beyond the USUALLY COMMITTED ERROR IN rational to the non-rational elements of human REASONING nature, including the spiritual. Postmodernists consider that to arrive at truth, humanity should Appeal to pity- a specific kind of appeal to realize the limits of reason and objectivism. emotion in which someone tries to win support for an argument or idea by Analysis Tradition- “can language objectively exploiting his/her opponents’ feelings of describe truth?” for the philosophers of this pity or guilt. tradition, language cannot objectively describe truth. For Ludwig Wittgenstein, an analytic Appeal to Ignorance- whatever has not philosopher, language is socially conditioned. been proved false must be true and vice We understand the world solely in terms of our versa. language games- that is our linguistic, social constructs. Truth, as we perceive it, is itself Equivocation- this is a logical chain of socially constructed reasoning of a term or a word several times but giving the word a different Logic and Critical Thinking: Tools in reasoning- meaning each time. logic is centered in the analysis and construction of arguments. Critical thinking is Composition- this interfere that distinguishing facts and opinions or personal something is true of the whole from the feelings. In making rational choices, first, we fact that it is true of some part of the suspend beliefs and judgment until all facts have whole. been gathered and considered. Division- one reasons logically that validity and soundness of an Argument- based something is true of a thing must also be on the previous example, if the two premises are true of all or some of its parts. constructed logically, then the conclusion must follow logically, the deductive argument is valid. Against the Person- this fallacy attempts This does not necessarily mean that the to link the validity of a premise to a conclusion is true of false. Validity comes from characteristic or belief of the person a logical conclusion based on logically advocating the premise. However, in constructed premises. some instances, questions of personal, conduct, character, motives, Strength of an Argument- On the other hand, inductive arguments cannot prove if the Appeal to Force- an argument where premises are true which will also determine the force, or the threat of forced, is given as a truth of the conclusion. Inductive reasoning proves only probable support to the conclusion.  justification for a conclusion. belief is true if and only if it is part of a coherent system of beliefs. Appeal to the People- an argument that Pragmatic theory of Truth appeals or exploits people’s vanities, - Holds that a proposition is true if it is useful desire for esteem, and anchoring in to believe. Thus, utility is the essential mark popularity. of truth. Truth is arrived at based on beliefs that lead to the best “playoff,” that give the False Cause- since that event followed this one, that event must have been ultimate benefit of advantage that promote caused by this one. This fallacy also success. And it is expedient. referred to as coincidental correlation, or correlation not causation. SHORTCOMING S OF THE T HEORIES OF T RUTH While the theories of truth discussed present Begging the Question- this is a type of various perspective on truth, each theory misconception which the proposition to receives criticism on how each characterizes be proven is assumed implicitly or the nature of truth. explicitly in the premise. 1. THE CORRESPONDENCE THEORY OF TRUTH WEEK 4 is criticized in its limitation to give future predictions the characteristic of being a The Nature of Truth proposition due to the indeterminate situation - What is truth? How would you determine if it refers. Moreover, it is criticized for its your beliefs are true? The following theories vulnerability that clarifies the notion of will help you understand the nature of truth consistency. What is really meant by and how each theory is used to determine the “cohere”? if truth is about the significant truth of beliefs or proposition. whole, what does this truly cover? Is truth a - The Correspondence Theory of Truth- states compendium of truths? What makes truth that the key is the relation between true? propositions and the world. This means that 2. THE PRAGMATIC THEORY OF TRUTH “a belief is true if there exists an appropriate Expediency seems to imply the relativity of entity—a fact—to which corresponds. If truth. What is useful to one person might not there is no such entity, the belief is false. be useful to another. Is truth relative? The Correspondence Theory of Truth A. OPINION- IS COMPRISED OF - States that the key is the relation between STATEMENTS WHICH NOT ONLY propositions and the world. This means that GIVE FACTS BUT ALSO PROVIDE “a belief is true if there exists an appropriate CONCLUSIONS OR PERSPECTIVE S entity—a fact—to which corresponds. If REGARDING CERTAIN SITUATIONS. there is no such entity, the belief is false. THEY MAY ADVANCE A BELIEF Coherence Theory of Truth ABOUT CERTAIN THINGS OR - States that the truth of any propositions PROVIDE EXPLANATIONS. A ND consists in its coherence with some specified ALSO, THE BASES FOR MAKING set of propositions. This means that the truth ARGUMENTS AND CONVINCING conditions of a proposition are based on other PEOPLE THAT A CERTAIN CLAIM IS A propositions. In simpler term it insists that a FACT. B. OPINION’SPURPOSE - R ENE DESCARTES, A RATIONALIST PHILOSOPHER, CLAIMED THAT “WE HAVE THE OBLIGATION TO WITHHOLD ASSENT FROM ALL PROPOSITIONS WHOSE TRUTH WE DO NOT CLEARLY AND DISTINCTL Y PERCEIVE.” EVEN THEN HOWEVER, WE ARE OBLIGED TO HAVE SOME SORT OF EVIDENCE BEFORE GIVING OUR ASSENT. COGNITION- ACCORDING TOPLATO, HAS FOUR DISTINCT SEGMENTS; IMAGING, BELIEF, THOUGHT , AND KNOWLEDGE INTUITION. THESE SEGMENTS ARE THE BASES OF HOW BELIEFS ARE FORMED TO BECOME EITHER OPINION OR INTELLECT. C. FOUR D ISTINCT SEGMENTS OF C OGNITION IMAGING- OR CONJECTURE WHICH REFERS TO THE PICTURES AND OTHER IMAGES IN THE LOWEST LEVEL OF REALITY. THIS SEGMENT , ACCORDING TO HIM, IS THE APPROPRIATE DEGREE OF AWARENESS , ALTHOUGH IT PROVIDES ONLY THE MOST PRIMITIVE AND UNRELIABLE OPINIONS. BELIEF- WHICH IS BASED ON THE PERCEPTION OF ORDINARY PHYSICAL OBJECTS. THOUGHT- IT IS THE INTELLIGIBLE REALM, A STEP HIGHER THAN BELIEFS. K NOWLEDGE- IS THE CLEAR AWARENESS AND UNDERSTANDING OF SOMETHING. IT IS THE PRODUCT OF QUESTIONS THAT ALLOW FOR CLEAR ANSWERS PROVIDE D BY FACTS.