Philippine Literature Review PDF

**EL-111 SURVEY OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE** **LITERATURE (PROSE AND POETRY)** **Literature** - in its broadest sense, is any single hody of written works. - is writing that is considered to be an **art form**, or any single writing deemed to have artistic or intellectual value, often due...

**EL-111 SURVEY OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE** **LITERATURE (PROSE AND POETRY)** **Literature** - in its broadest sense, is any single hody of written works. - is writing that is considered to be an **art form**, or any single writing deemed to have artistic or intellectual value, often due to deploying language in ways that differ from ordinary usage. - Its Latin root **literatural litteratura** (derived itself from **littera** letter or handwriting) was used, to refer to all written accounts, though contemporary definitions extend the term to include texts that are spoken or sung (oral literature) - Literature can be classified according to whether it is **fiction** or **non-fiction** and whether it is poetry or prose; it can be further distinguished according to major forms such as the novel, short story or drama, and works are often categorized according to historical periods or their adherence to certain aesthetic features or expectations (genre) **PROSE** - It is a literary piece which is written in the pattern of ordinary spoken language and within the common flow of conversation. It is derived from the Latin word "**prosa"** which means **\'straightforward'** **Fiction** - It is a series of imagined facts which shows truths about human life. Examples are: **a. Short Story** - brief, artistic form of prose which is centered on a major main incident. **b. Novel** - a more extensive form of prose which is elastic and can expand to hundreds of pages. **Non Fiction** - These are literary works that are based mainly on facts rather than on the imagination. An example is the essay. **Essay** a composition with moderate length, usually expository in nature. There are several types of essay. **Formal Essay** - deals with serious and important topics **Informal Essay** - deals with any subject, even the ordinary **Critical Essay** - seeks to analyze or evaluate a literary work **Biography** - deals with the personal life and achievement of a person **Travelogue** - informs others of vicarious experiences in a given place and time. Prose is divided into 2 categories:**Short Story** - Fictional story that can be read in one sitting.**Novel** - A long prose narrative that must be read in many sittings **Plot-**The \"framework\" or \"skeleton of the story, a series of related events that are linked together **1. Introduction (Exposition)**-Tells the audience who the characters are and introduces the conflict **2. Rising Action**-Complications that arise when the characters take steps to resolve their conflicts **3. Climax** - most exciting or suspenseful moment when something happens to determine the outcome of the conflict **4. Falling Action**. The conflict is in the process of heing resolved or \"unraveled\" 5**. Resolution (Denouement**) or \"Untying the knot When the story\'s problem/conflict is resolved and the story ends **Character** - A person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot **1. Dynamic Character:** The character changes as a result of the action of the story. **2. Static Character**: The character does not change much in the course of the story **3. Protagonist:** The main character of the story. Can be good or evil **4. Antagonist**: The character or force that comes into conflict with the protagonist **Setting** - The time and location in which the story takes place **Purpose of Setting** 1\. Gives background information 2\. Provides conflict **Man vs. Nature, Man vs. Society** 3\. Can reveal a lot about someone\'s character 4\. Provides mood or atmosphere **Mood**- the feeling WE get when we read a story 5\. Can paint images for the reader. Images words that call forth the 5 senses **Imagery** - Essentially, there are five types of imagery, each corresponding to one of our senses: visual, auditory, kinesthetic olfactory (smell), and gustatory(taste). **Visual** To evoke visual imagery, visualize the following: A shape: circle, triangle, square An oak tree A rose A sailing boat A button A computer **Auditory** To evoke auditory imagery, imagine the following:\ The wind blowing through the trees\ The ring on your telephone\ The sound of your computer keyboard\ Scales played on a guitar\ Water lapping on a lake shore **Olfactory** To evoke olfactory imagery, conjure up the following smells:\ Petrol fumes\ Newly baked bread\ Chlorine\ New mown grass\ Freshly brewed coffee **Gustatory (taste**) To evoke gustatory imagery, imagine the taste of:\ Sugar\ Bananas\ Salt\ Lemon\ Toothpaste **KinestheticKinesthetic imagery** can be further divided into: sense of touch, temperature, movement, and feelings.**Touch** - imagine the feelings of:\ Standing barefoot on a sandy beach\ Running your fingertips on satin fabric\ Holding a smooth pebble\ **Temperature:\ **Sunlight falling over your arm\ Holding an ice cube\ Stepping into a warm bath**Movement** - feel yourself engaged in an activity:\ Swimming\ Running on grass\ Throwing a ball**Feelings** - what does it feel like in your body to be:\ Peaceful\ Angry\ Sad\ Calm\ Happy **Theme** - The insight about human life that is revealed in a literary work. The \"golden thread woven throughout the story **Love** is the central theme of all literary pieces. **Point of View** -The direction from which the writer has chosen to tell the story **First Person:** One of the characters tells the story: talks directly to the reader. Uses the pronoun \"1,\" \"me,\" \"we,\" or \"us\" **Second Person:** The narrator will focus on the thoughts & feelings of just one character. Reader experiences the events of the story through the memory and senses of only one character. Narrator is part of the character. **Third-Person** Omniscient and Limited Omniscient- All-knowing An all-knowing narrator who refers to all the characters as \"he\" and \"she.\" Knows the thoughts and feelings of ALL of the characters. A narrator who knows everything about all the characters is all knowing, or omniscient. A narrator whose knowledge is limited to one character, either major or minor, has a limited omniscient point of view **Conflict** - It exists when a character is struggling with something or someone. Could be a number of things: **Another person**, an animal, O an inanimate object- a rock, the weather The character\'s own personality **External Conflict**-Caused by something OUTSIDE the character Example: an another character, a river, weather, society o Man vs. Man, Man vs. Nature, Man vs. Society Internal Conflict- Character struggles with some personal quality that is causing trouble Example: vanity, pride, selfishness, grief Man vs. Self **Foreshadowing -** Clues about what is going to happen as the story unfolds **Suspense** - Anxiety WE feel about what is going to happen next in the story **Parody** - The imitation of a work of literature, art, or music for amusement or instruction **Satire -** A kind of writing that ridicules human weakness, vice, or folly in order to bring about social reform. **Irony** - An *\"unexpected twist\"* in a story Types of Irony: **Verbal:** Someone says one thing but means another Also known as sarcasm. Situational. When a reader expects one thing to happen and the opposite occurs Dramatic When the character in a play thinks one thing is true, but the audience knows better. The audience has inside information that a character does not. This information usually comes in the form of an aside or a soliloquy **Soliloquy** - A character stands alone on stage and addresses the world (audience), giving voice to his innermost thoughts and feelings **Aside -** Words that are spoken by a character in a play to the audience only on to another character only. They are not s supposed to be overheard by others on stage. It is meant to let someone in on a secret or for a character to give personal comments about current events in the play **POETRY** - It refers to those expressions in verse, with measures, rhymes, lines, stanzas and melodious tones. It came from the Greek word **poiesis** which means '**making\'** Most poems make use of highly concise, musical, and emotionally charged language. Many also make use of Imagery, figurative language, and special devices of sound such as rhyme. Poems are often divided into **lines and stanzas** and often employ regular rhythmical patterns, or meters. However, some poems are written out just like prose, and some are written in free verse. **Lyric Poetry** - In earlier days, it was meant to be sung to the accompaniment bent of a musical instrument known as Examples are lyre **a. Simple Lyric** - embraces a wide variety of poems and is characterized by subjectivity, Imagination, melody and emotion **b**. **Song-** short lyric poem which has a specific melodious quality and is intended to be sung **c. Sonnet** - a poem expressing of 14 lines with a formal rhyme **d.** **Elegy** a poem expressing lament or grief for the dead. **e**. **Ode**- most splendid type of lyric poetry that expresses a noble reeling with dignity. **NARRATIVE POETRY** **Narrative Poetry** - It tells a story following an order of events. It includes: **a. Ballad** - short simple narrative poem, composed to be sung and is orally told from one generation to another **b. Metrical Romance** - a long rambling love story In verse which is centered around the adventures of knights and lords, and their royal ladies during the age of chivalry. **c. Epic**- a long, majestic narrative poem which tells the adventures of a traditional hero and the development of a nation. **Dramatic Poetry** - It has the elements that are closely related to drama because it is written in dramatic form or makes use of a dramatic technique. It includes **a. Dramatic Monologue** - a combination of drama and poetry which presents the speech of a character in a particular situation at a critical moment. **b.** **Soliloquy** - passage spoken by the speaker in a poem of a by the character in a play except that there is no one present to hear him except the audience or the reader. **c.** **Character Sketch** - poem which the writer is concerned less with complete or implied matters of a story, but rather with arousing sympathy or antagonism for, or some interest in an individual. **ORAL TRADITION** is the passing of songs, stories, and poems from generation to generation by word of mouth. **CONCRETE POEM-** is one with a shape that suggest its subject. William Busford's "A Christmas Tree" is a concrete poem. **DRAMATIC POETRY** is poetry that involves the techniques of drama.**a. A MONOLOGUE** is a speech by one character in a play, story, or poem. An **EPIGRAM** is a short poem with a single point, usually two to four lines long, but sometimes more. The word literally means \"inscription\" and they originally were inscribed on tombs. The **HAIKU** is a three-line Japanese verse form. A haiku convey a single vivid emotion by means of images from nature. Each line has a certain amount of syllables Line 1 \-\-- 5 Line 2 \-\-- 7 Line 3 \-\-- 5 **Example:** Green and speckled legs, Hop on logs and lily pads Spanish In cool water **Limerick-**a five-line witty poem with a distinctive rhythm The first, second and fifth lines, the longer. lines, rhyme. The third and fourth shorter lines thyme (A-A-B-B-A) Example: Sincere Thanks to a Friend Gratitude is a virtue. I\'ve heard And I\'m feeling it now, so a word Telling you my dear friend That you can\'t comprehend The emotion with which I am stirred **LYRIC POETRY** is a highly musical verse that expresses the observations and feelings of a single speaker. They were at one time sung, but not today. They still have a musical quality that is achieved through rhythm and other devices such as alliteration and rhyme. A **SONNET** is a short rhyming poem with 16 lines. The original sonnet form was invented in the 13/14th century by Dante and an Italian philosopher named Francisco Petrarch. The form remained largely unknown until it was found and developed by writers such as Shakespeare **The SHAKESPEAREAN (ENGLISH)** sonnet consists of three quatrains (four-line stanzas) and a couplet (two lines), usually rhyming ahab oded efef gy. The couplet usually comments on the ideas contained in the preceding twelve lines. The sonnet is usually not printed with stanzas divided, but a reader can see distinct ideas in each (Popularized by William Shakespeare aka \"Bard of Avon.\") 1\. The **PETRARCHAN (ITALIAN)** sonnet consists of an octave (eight line stanza) and a sestet (six-line stanza). Often the octave rhymes abhaabha and the sestet thymes aidecale. The octave states a theme or asis a question. The sestet comments on or answers a question. (Popularized by **Francesco Petrarca** aka \"**Petrarch\")** **NARRATIVE** - A narrative poem tells the story of an event in the form of a poem. There is a strong sense of narration, characters, and plot. - A narrative poem is one that tells a story **Epic** - a lengthy narrative poem in grand language celebrating the adventures and accomplishments of a legendary or conventional hero **Free Verse** A **Free Verse** Poem does not follow any rules. Their creation is completely in the hands of the author Rhyming, syllable count, punctuation number of lines number of stanzas, and line mation can be done however the author Ants in order to convey the idea. There right or wrong way to create a Free Verse poem. **Speaker** is the imaginary voice assumed by the writer of a poem. In many poems the speaker is not identified by name. When reading a poem, remember that the speaker and the poet are not the same person, not more than an actor is the playwright. The speaker within the poem may be a person, an animal, a thing, or an abstraction. **Structure Of Poetry** **Blank Verse** is poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter lines. This verse from was widely used by Elizabethan dramatists like William Shakespeare A **Refrain** is a repeated line or group of lines in a poem or song. A **Stanza** is a formal division of lines in a poem, considered as a unit Often the stanzas in a poem are separated by s spaces Stanzas are sometimes named according to the number of lines found in them. a**. 2 lines**- couplet b\. **3 lines**- tercet c\. **4 lines**- quatrain d\. **5 lines**- cinquain e**. 6 lines**- sestet f\. **7 lines**-heptastich g\. **8 lines**- octave h\. **9 lines**- Spenserian Stanza (pop by Edmund Spencer) i\. **14 lines** - Onegin Stanza (pop by Eugene Onegin) **Meter** of a poem is its rhythmical pattern. This pattern is determined by the number and types of stresses, or beats, in each line. **Sound devices** are resources used by poets to convey and reinforce the meaning or experience of poetry through the skillful use of sound. After all, poets are trying to use a concentrated blend of sound and imagery to create an emotional response. The words and their order should evoke images, and the words themselves have sounds, which can reinforce or otherwise clarify those images. All in all, the poet is trying to get you, the reader, to sense a particular thing, and the use of sound devices are some of the poet\'s tools. **Accent** - The rhythmically significant stress in the articulation of words, giving some syllables more relative prominence than others. In words of two or more syllables, one syllable is almost invariably stressed more strongly than the other syllables. Words of one syllable may be either stressed or unstressed, depending on the context in which they are used, but connective one-syllable words like, and, but, or, to etc., are generally unstressed. The words in a line of poetry are usually arranged so the accents occur at regular intervals, with the meter defined by the placement of the accents within the foot. **Alliteration** - Also called head rhyme or initial rhyme, the repetition of the initial sounds (usually consonants) of stressed syllables in neighboring words or at short intervals within a line or passage, usually at word beginnings, as in \"wild and woolly\" or the line from the poem, Darkness Lost From somewhere far beyond, the flag of fate\'s caprice unfurled. Ex: \"There will come soft rains and the smell of the ground and swallows circling with their shimmering sound, **Assonance** - Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds followed by different consonants in two or more syllables. Ex. \"weak and weary\" in \"The Raven\" **Consonance** - Consonance is the repetition in two or more words of final consonants in stressed syllables. - Ex.\"add-read\" **Cacaphony** - Discordant sounds in the jarring juxtaposition of harsh letters or syllables, sometimes inadvertent, but often. deliberately used in poetry for effect, as in the opening line of Fences (by Robert Shubinski): - Crawling, sprawling, breaching spokes of stone, **Modulation** - In poetry, the harmonious use of language relative to the variations of stress and pitch. **Near Rhyme** - Also called slant rhyme, off rhyme, imperfect rhyme or half rhyme, a rhyme in which the sounds are similar, but not exact, as in home and come or close and lose. **Onomatopoeia** - ΟΝΟΜΑΤΟPOEIA is the use of words that imitate sounds. - Ex. Whirr, thud, sizzle, buzz, and hiss are typical examples. **Phonetic Symbolism** - Sound suggestiveness; the association of particular word-sounds with common areas of meaning so that other words of similar sounds come to be associated with those meanings. It is also called sound symbolism. - An example of word sounds in English with a common area of meaning is a group beginning with gl, all having reference to light, which include: gleam, glare, glitter, glimmer, glint, glisten, glossy and glow. **Repetition** - REPETITION is the use, more than once, of any element of language a sound, a word, a phrase, a clause, or a sentence. Poets use many kinds of repetition. Alliteration, assonance, rhyme, and rhythm are repetitions of certain sounds and sound patterns. **Refrain** - REFRAIN is a repeated line or group of lines. **Resonance** - The quality of richness or variety of sounds in poetic texture, as in Milton\'s and the thunder\... ceases now To bellow through the vast and boundless Deep. **Rhyme** - RHYME is the repetition of sounds at the ends of words. a**. End rhyme** occurs when the rhyming words come at the end of lines. b\. **Internal rhyme** occurs when the rhyming words appear in the same line. **Rhyme Scheme** - RHYME SCHEME is a regular pattern of rhyming words in a poem. The rhyme scheme of a poem is indicated by using different letters of the alphabet for each new rhyme. **Rhythm** - RHYTHM is the pattern of beats, or stresses, in spoken or written language. Some poems have a very specific pattern, or meter, whereas prose and free verse use the natural rhythms of everyday speech. **Literal Language** - LITERAL LANGUAGE uses words in their ordinary senses. It is the opposite of figurative language. **Figurative Language** - FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE is writing or speech not meant to be interpreted literally. a\. **SIMILE** uses \"like or as\" to make a comparison i\. Between two unlike ideas ii\. Jim is as fast as Rick not a simile iii\. Jim runs like a deer simile **Metaphor** - METAPHOR one thing is spoken of as though it were something else. Does not use like or as. Ex. Jim is a deer. **Imagery** - IMAGERY is a word or phrase that appeals to one or more of the five senses - sight, hearing, touch, taste, or smell. Writers use images to re-create sensory experiences in words. **Parody** - PARODY is a work done in imitation of another, usually in order to mock it, but sometimes just in fun. The following lines are Lewis Carroll\'s parody of the familiar children\'s rhyme, \"Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star\": - Example: Twinkle, twinkle, little bat! How I wonder what you\'re at! Up above the world you fly, Like a teatray in the sky. **Personificiation** - PERSONIFICATION is a type or figurative language in which a non-human subject is given human characteristics. **PRE COLONIZATION** - Paganistic - No one god - Oral literature - Survival - We have our baybayin influence by chinese traders **SPANISH ERA** - Spanish - Christianity - Nationalistic/ Revolutionary **AMERICAN ERA** - After treaty of Paris - English - Education and empowerment - 1^st^ teacher- Thomasites - Sanitation **JAPANESE ERA** - Filipino are allowed to use vernacular - Pinakamadaming nasulat ang mga filipino writers ex. Balagtas, Baltazar - Golden era of Filipino Literature **CONTEMPORARY ERA** - Modern - Mixed - Emotion based **PHILIPPINE MYTHOLOGY** **PANTHEON OF THE GODS AND GODDESSES MYTHOLOGICAL CREATURE** **Philippine mythology** - derived from Philippine folk literature, which is the traditional oral literature of the Filipino people. - This refers to a wide range of material due to the ethnic mix of the Philippines. Each unique ethnic group has its own stories and myths to tell. PHILIPPINE PANTHEON. - The stories of ancient Philippine mythology include deities, creation stories, mythical creatures, and beliefs. - Ancient Philippine mythology varies among the many indigenous tribes of the Philippines. - Some groups during the pre-Spanish conquest era believed in a single Supreme Being who created the world and everything in it, while others chose to worship a multitude of tree and forest deities (diwatas). - Diwatas came from the Sanskrit word devata which means \"deity\", one of the several significant Hindu influences in the Pre- Hispanic religion of the ancient Filipinos. - Originally came from oral literature - Supreme Being- Bathala - **Muslims** are the first settlers in the Philippines - Because the country has many islands and is inhabited by different ethnic groups, Philippine Mythology and superstitions are **very diverse.** - However, certain similarities exist among these groups, such as the belief in **Heaven (Kaluwalhatian or Kalangitan)**, **Hell (Impiyerno)**, and **human soul (kaluluwa**). - Before the arrival of the Spaniards and the introduction of Roman Catholicism in the 1500\'s, the indigenous inhabitants of the Philippines were adherents of a mixture of **animism, Hinduism, and Vajrayana Buddhism**. - **Bathala** was the supreme God of the Filipinos, represented by the langit, or sky, but not all Filipinos believed in it. - The **Ninuno**, or the ancient ancestors, were the people who taught Filipinos/Tagalogs who will be in the future; they believed in the supreme God. - For the [Bikolanos,] the supreme God was **Gugurang.** - Other Filipino gods and godesses include araw (sun), buwan (the moon), Lata (the stars), and natural objects (such as trees, shrubs, mountains, or rocks). However, they were not the Western kinds of gods and goddesses; they were representations for some Filipinos/Tagalogs; or they were representations as **gifts**. As the Abrahamic religions began to sweep the islands, most Filipinos became Christians, consequently believing in only one God. Other Filipinos became Muslims, especially in the southern islands of the country such as Mindanao. **FILIPINO MYTHOLOGY GODS AND GODESSES** - The famous gods and goddesses of Greek, Roman, Norse, Egyptian, Chinese, and Japanese mythology are the most widespread popular mythology in the world today. These different countries contain different gods and goddesses. Even if Filipino Mythology is not as well-known as the others, they still contain similar elements, such as gods, goddesses, creation stories, mythical creatures and beliefs. **AGUI**- god of fire; brother of agwe **AGWE**- god of waters **AMAN SINAYA**- god of the sea, fishing, and seafaring **AMANIKABLE**- god of the sea - The ill-tempered god of the sea because among of the first generation gods (aside from Bathala), he was never married after his love was spurned by a beautiful mortal maiden, Maganda. In frustration, he swore vengeance against the humans by sending turbulent waves and horrible tempests in order to wreck boats and to drown men - Galit sa tao dahil kay Maganda **AMIHAN**- the bird who stirred up the waters and the heavens **ANAGOLAY**- goddess of lost things - Only offspring of Lakapati and Mapulon - She was married to Dumakulem ANITUN TABU- the fickled-minded goddess of the wind and the rain - She was the daughter of idiyanale and Dumangan and the sister of Dumakulem **APOLAKI**- god of the sun, lord of war, son of Bathala, patron of warriors - He was the son of Anagolay and Dumakulem **ASPENE-** the shell goddess **BAGOBO**- god of war **BATHALA**- king of the gods, ruler of the heavens, creator of Humanity - The supreme god of the Tagalogs, creator of man and warts and addressed, sometimes as Bathalang Mavkapal - He dwells in Kaluwalhatian together with the lesser gods and goddesses. - Aside from the lesser gods and goddesses, he sent his anitos in order to assist the daily lives of every human When most of the natives were converted to Christianity during the Spanish Era, he was referred to the Christian God **BAYOA**- god of pacts (promises) **DAL'LANG**- goddess of beauty **DAYEA-** goddess of secrets **DELTISE**- god of mambabarangs **DETINOS**- god of evil; enemy of bathala **DIYAN MASALANTA**- The goddess of love, conception and and the protector of lovers. - She was the daughter of Anagolay and Dumakulem and youngest of all the deities. - After the conversion of the natives to Christianity during the Spanish Era, she was then referred as Maria Makiling. - Goddess of love, pregnancy, childbirth, became known as "Maria Makiling" post- Spanish **DIHAS**- goddess of medicinal herbs **DIMANGAN**- goddess of good harvest - She was married to idyanale and had two offspring. **DUMAKULEM**- The strong, agile guardian of mountains and the son of Idiyanale and Dumangan. - His sister was Anitun Tabu. - He later married Anagolay **HALMISTA**- god of Magic **HANAN**- goddess of the morning - Sister of Mayari and Tala and one of the Daughters of Bathala by mortal woman. HAYO- god of the sea and ocean **HUKLOBAN**- goddess of death - The **last agent** of Sitan could change herself into any form she desired. She could kill someone by simply raising her hand and could heal without any difficulty as she wished. Her name literally means **\"crone\"** or **\"hag.\"** **IDIYANALE**- goddess of labor and good deeds - Natives used to call for her guidance in order to make their works successful. She married Dimangan and had two offspring. **KALINGA**- god of Thunder **KAPALARAN**- although he is not god, he still considered as a high power, He has the power to change destiny at his will. **KIDUL**- god of earthquakes **KILUBANSA**- god of healing **LAKAMBUWI**- god of gluttony, food, and eating **LAKAPATI**- deity of fertility and cultivated fields - The goddess of fertility and the most understanding and kind of all the deities. Also known as **ikapati**, she was the giver of food and prosperity. Her best gift to mankind was agriculture (cultivated fields). Through this, she was respected and loved by the people. Later, she was married to Mapulon and had a daughter. **LALAHON**- goddess of volcanoes **LINGA**- god of disease, although unlike Manggagaway, he cures them **MAGUAYEN**- ferryboat god, ferries soul to hell **MALYARI**- god of strength and bravery **MANGARAGAN**- goddess of war **MANGGAGAWAY**- goddess of disease, poses as a healer and inflicts terror by inducing maladies instead; one of Sitan\'s helper - She was the **first agent** of Sitan and was primarily blamed as the cause of diseases. Sometimes, she would change herself into a human form, appearing as a false healer. If she wished to kill someone, she employed a magic wand **MANGKUKULAM** - The **only male agent** of Sitan, he was to emit fire at night and when there was bad weather. Like his fellow agents, he could change his form to that of a healer and then induce fire at his victim\'s house. If the fire were extinguished immediately, the victim would eventually die. His name remains today as **witch** **MANISILAT-** god of broken families - The **second agent** of Sitan, she was tasked to destroy and break every happy and united family that she could find. **MAPULON**- the god of seasons and husband of Lakapati of whom they had a daughter **MAYARI-** one-eyed, beautiful goddess and ruler of the moon, daughter of Bathala - The goddess of the moon and one of the three daughters of Bathala by a mortal woman. She was the most charming of all the goddesses. She had two sisters, Tala and Hanan. **OGHEN**- god of mountain and hills **PAMAHRES**- god of knowledge **PASIPO**- god of music **PUGHE**- the king of the Dwendes of the North **PUNHO**- god of trees **SIDAPA**- god of death **SIGINAGURAN**- god of hell **SIRENHA**- goddess of fishes **SITAN**- god of the afterlife, guardian of the realm of the spirits - The guardian of Kasamaan and the keeper of all souls therein, the counterpart of Satan. He had four agents whose task was to lead man to sin and destruction. **SODOP**- goddess of gold **SOMILGE**- goddess of magic, queen of witchery **TALA**- goddess of the stars; daughter of Bathala - Sisters of Mayari and Hanan **MYTHOLOGICAL CREATURES** **FAMOUS PHILIPPINE DIWATAS** 1\. Mariang Makiling 2\. Mariang Sinukuan 3\. Maria Cacao 4.Diwata ng Kagubatan **MARIANG MAKILING** - The most famous of all the enchantress in the Philippine mythology and folklore. - She was the protector and guardian of mount makiling located in Los baños, Laguna. Thus, modern sightings of her were even reported. - Maria makiling is a common theme among **MARIANG SINUKUAN** - She was the resident and protector of Mount Arayat located **MARIA CACAO** - She dwells in Mount Lantoy, Argao, Cebu where she had cacao trees, hence a plantation outside her own cave. - After harvest, rain comes that **DIWATA NG KAGUBATAN** - Also known as Virgen del Monte, she was worshiped by the ancient Cuyunon of Cuyo Island, Palawan. - She is honored in a celebrated feast, periodically held atop of Mount Caimana in the mentioned island. - When most of the natives were converted to christianity during the spanish era, about **PHILIPPINE MYTHICAL CREATURE** - ASWANG - KAPRE - SIYOKOY - MANANGGAL - KANTANOD - TIYANAK - TIKBALANG - DIWATA - NUNO SA PUNSO - SIRENA