Pharmacoeconomics: Economic Evaluation of Pharmaceuticals PDF

Pharmacoeconomics: Economic Evaluation of Pharmaceuticals Done by: Mohammed Al Shargabi Maher Adnan Abdulla Taha Supervision by: Dr.Majed Alwan preencoded.png  Clinical Problems Add...

Pharmacoeconomics: Economic Evaluation of Pharmaceuticals Done by: Mohammed Al Shargabi Maher Adnan Abdulla Taha Supervision by: Dr.Majed Alwan preencoded.png  Clinical Problems Addressed by Pharmacoeconomic Research Cost Concerns Efficiency There is ongoing concern about the cost of medical care, which Differences in efficiency (or the effectiveness of the agent has caused both purchasers and producers of pharmaceuticals in actual clinical practice compared to its cost) distinguish to realize that the cost of drugs is not limited to their purchase drugs from one another. price. preencoded.png Trends in Pharmacoeconomic Research 1 Biotechnology Revolution 2 Meeting Information 3 Postmarketing Studies Needs Pharmacoeconomics is Postmarketing economic studies increasingly being used to help Pharmacoeconomic studies are are used to compare new determine the effect on patients of designed to meet the different therapies with existing therapies new classes of therapies before information needs of health care and increasingly to confirm the they are brought to the purchasers and regulatory initial Phase III economic marketplace. authorities. assessments of the product. preencoded.png Economic Evaluation and the Drug Development Process Phase III Phase I Randomized trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of new First introduction of a new compound into humans, drugs, compared either with placebo or with a therapy that principally for the evaluation of safety and dosage. the new drug might replace. 1 2 3 4 Phase II Phase IV The drug is introduced into a patient population with the Drugs often are evaluated after they are marketed in what are disease of interest, again principally for the evaluation of referred to as Phase IV or postmarketing studies. safety and dosing. preencoded.png Case Example 22.1: Economic Evaluation of High-Dose Chemotherapy Plus Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation for Metastatic Breast Cancer Background Question A clinical trial of high-dose chemotherapy plus What were the differences between the two autologous hematopoietic stem cell treatment groups with regard to course of transplantation versus conventional-dose treatment and resources consumed? chemotherapy in women with metastatic breast cancer found no significant differences in survival between the two treatment groups. Results Patients undergoing transplantation used more resources, mostly due to inpatient care. High-dose chemotherapy plus stem-cell transplantation was associated with greater morbidity and economic costs, with no improvement in survival. preencoded.png Case Example 22.2: Multinational Economic Evaluation of Valsartan in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure Background Question Clinical investigators found no differences in What challenges are presented in a multinational mortality in a clinical trial of ACE inhibitor with the economic evaluation? addition of either valsartan or placebo for patients with heart failure. Results Mean cost of a hospitalization for heart failure was $423 less for patients in the valsartan group, compared to patients in the placebo group. Overall within-trial costs, including outpatient costs and the cost of valsartan, were $545 higher for patients in the valsartan group. preencoded.png Methodologic Problems to be Addressed by Pharmacoeconomic Research 1 Types of Analysis 2 Cost-Benefit 3 Cost-Effectiveness 4 Cost Identification preencoded.png Methodologic Issues in the Pharmacoeconomic Assessment of Therapies 1 Clinical Trials vs. Common Practice 2 Possible Solutions Issues in the Design of Prospective 3 Pharmacoeconomic Studies preencoded.png Issues in the Design of Prospective Pharmacoeconomic Studies 1 2 Sample Size Participation of Patients 3 4 Data Collection Multicenter Evaluations preencoded.png  The Future As physicians are asked simultaneously to represent their patients' interests while being asked to deliver clinical services with parsimony, and as reimbursement for medical services becomes more centralized in the United States and other countries, decision makers must turn for assistance to collaborative efforts of epidemiologists and economists in the assessment of new therapeutic agents. preencoded.png