Drug Classifications and Pharmacology PDF

Classifications of Drugs - A drug is a chemical substance, typically with a known structure. - When administered to a living organism, it produces a noticeable biological effect. - Pharmaceutical drugs, medications, or medicines, are chemical substances used to diagnose, treat, cure...

Classifications of Drugs - A drug is a chemical substance, typically with a known structure. - When administered to a living organism, it produces a noticeable biological effect. - Pharmaceutical drugs, medications, or medicines, are chemical substances used to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent diseases. - Drugs are chemical substances, excluding essential vitamins and nutrients, that affect a living organism. - Drugs can be consumed through inhalation, injection, smoking, ingestion, application to the skin, suppositories, or under the tongue. What are Drug Classifications? - Drug classifications organize drugs into categories based on chemical structure, effects, and legal definition. - Classifying drugs helps ensure safe and beneficial use. - Drug use changes body chemistry, and multiple drugs can have severe side effects. Pharmacology Classification of Drugs by Chemical Makeup - Chemical similarities in drugs often lead to shared impacts and risks. - Examples include alcohol, opioids, benzodiazepines, cannabinoids, and barbiturates. Alcohol - Alcohol is one of the most misused substances, despite its legal status in all states. - It affects multiple body systems, diminishing judgment, perception, and reaction time. - It\'s a central nervous system depressant and can lead to severe long-term liver damage. - Forms of alcohol include beer, wine, and liquor. Opioids - Opioids (or opiates) are derived from opium or mimic its chemical effects. - They work by attaching to brain neurotransmitters, blocking signals, and producing pleasure. - This can lead to addiction, as experienced with opioid crisis in America. - Common opioids include heroin, fentanyl, and oxycodone. Benzodiazepines - Benzodiazepines (benzos) affect the brain and body through interaction with GABA-A (gamma-aminobutyric acid-A) neurotransmitter. - They\'re used for various mental health and sleep issues but can be highly addictive and cause serious medical and mental problems if misused. - Includes Ativan, Valium, and Xanax. Cannabinoids - Cannabinoids are similar to THC, the active chemical in marijuana. - While inducing feelings of happiness, they can cause severe mental and physical harm. - Despite recent legal acceptance, they are one of the second-most abused drugs. - Commonly known forms include marijuana, hashish, shatter, and distillate. Barbiturates - Barbiturates, derived from barbituric acid, slow down the central nervous system. - They can be used in treating mental disorders, sleep issues, and various forms of pain. - Barbiturates can be highly addictive. - High overdose rates are associated with barbiturates. - Examples include amytal, luminal, and pentobarbital. Pharmacology Classification of Drugs Based on Effects - Drugs are categorized by their effects on the mind and body---some making individuals energetic, while others promote relaxation. - This includes depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, and inhalants. Depressants - Depressants cause feelings of relaxation and tiredness, often used to treat mental illness and sleep issues. - Alcohol, opiates, and barbiturates are common examples. Stimulants - Stimulants increase energy and focus, often providing a \"rush.\" - Addiction and misuse are possible with prolonged use. - Cocaine, Adderall, and methamphetamine are common examples. Hallucinogens - Hallucinogens alter reality perception, causing auditory and visual hallucinations (often referred to as \"tripping\"). - Despite the potential for addiction, their effects can be severe. - Examples include LSD, PCP, and psilocybin mushrooms. Phencyclidine (PCP) - PCP is an illegal drug typically in powder or liquid form. - It can be inhaled, injected, smoked, or swallowed. - Street names include angel dust, embalming fluid, and others. Psilocybin Mushrooms - \"Magic mushrooms\" contain psilocybin and psilocin hallucinogens, inducing visual and auditory hallucinations. - Experiences can include anxiety, fear, nausea, and muscle twitches. Inhalants - Inhalants are ingested by breathing them in (\"huffing\") and commonly produce a euphoric feeling. - While often not as addictive as other drugs, they can still lead to severe health consequences. - Common inhalants include paint thinner, nail polish remover, and gasoline. Pharmacology Classification of Drugs by Legal Definition - The Controlled Substance Act (1970) organizes drugs into five schedules (categories) based on factors like medical use potential for misuse, and addiction risk. - Schedules also consider international agreements such as the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. Schedule V - Schedule V drugs have low penalties and few regulations; generally low risk for misuse or addiction. - Includes Lomotil, Motofen, and Lyrica. Schedule IV - Schedule IV drugs have more regulations than Schedule V but fewer than Schedule III. - Lower risks of misuse and addiction. - Examples include Ambien, Darvocet, and Tramadol. Schedule III - Schedule III drugs have harsher penalties and more regulations than Schedule IV. - Still, the risk of misuse is lower and the level of addiction is low to medium. - Includes anabolic steroids, ketamine, and Vicodin. Schedule II - Schedule II drugs have significant regulations and penalties. - High risk for misuse and severe addiction possibilities. - Examples include codeine, methadone, and Ritalin. Schedule I - Schedule I drugs have the harshest penalties and regulations. - These drugs carry the highest risk of misuse and addiction. - They are not recognized as having any medical use. - Examples include Ecstasy, Quaaludes, and GHB. Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) - GHB has legitimate medical uses (prescribed as sodium oxybate), treating conditions such as narcolepsy and alcohol misuse. - It\'s also known as \"G\" or \"liquid ecstasy\" on the streets and can induce euphoria, relaxation, and drowsiness. - Misuse can lead to overdose risks. - There are different detection methods for GHB, including urine, blood, saliva, and hair tests. Drugs May Be Classified as Follows - Drugs can be categorized as over-the-counter, prescription, dangerous, regulated, prohibited, or exempt drug preparations. Pharmacologic/Therapeutic Categories of the Drug - Drugs are categorized based on their effects on the central nervous, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, immune, and other body systems. Drugs Acting on the Central Nervous System - Includes analgesics, local anesthetics, anticonvulsants, anti-gout, anti-migraine, anti-parkinsonism, antipyretic, hypnotics, anxiolytics, antidepressants, antipsychotics, antiemetics, antivertigo, and anti-motion sickness drugs. Analgesics - Analgesics suppress pain perception without causing unconsciousness. - Examples are paracetamol, ibuprofen, and Tramadol HCI. Local Anesthetic - Local anesthetics eliminate pain sensation in a specific area by affecting sensory nerves. - Proparacaine HCl, Lidocaine HCl, and Bupivacaine HCl are examples. Anticonvulsant - Anticonvulsant drugs arrest seizures by inducing CNS depression. - Valproic acid, Carbamazepine, and Phenobarbital are examples. Anti-gout - Anti-gout drugs reduce tissue uric acid buildup and intense inflammatory reactions linked to gout. - Examples are Allopurinol, Colchicine, and Probenecid. Anti-migraine - Anti-migraine drugs aim to reduce the incidence or severity of migraine headaches. - Ergotamine tartrate, Divalproex Na, and Flunarizine HCl are some examples. Anti-parkinsonism - Anti-parkinsonism agents control neurological disturbances and parkinsonism symptoms. - Biperiden, Amantadine sulfate, Carbidopa, and Levodopa are examples. Antipyretic - Antipyretic drugs restore normal body temperature in cases of fever. - Paracetamol and Ibuprofen are examples. Hypnotic - Hypnotic drugs are central nervous system depressants used to induce sleep. - Examples are Midazolam, Zolpidem, and Nitrazepam Anxiolytic - Anxiolytic drugs reduce anxiety symptoms. - Diazepam, Alprazolam, and Clorazepate dipotassium are examples. Antidepressant - Antidepressants are centrally acting drugs to elevate mood and effectively treat depression. - Fluoxetine HCl, Clomipramine HCl, and Imipramine HCl are examples. Antipsychotic - Antipsychotic drugs control symptoms of psychoses. - Haloperidol, Chlorpromazine HCl, and Thioridazine HCl are examples. Antiemetic - Antiemetic drugs suppress sensations of nausea and vomiting. - Meclizine HCl, Metoclopramide, and Domperidone are examples. Antivertigo - Antivertigo drugs manage dizziness. - Metoclopramide HCl and Meclizine HCl are examples. Anti-Motion Sickness - Anti-motion sickness drugs combat nausea, vomiting, and dizziness caused by motion. - Meclizine HCl, Metoclopramide HCl, and Dimenhydrinate are examples. Drugs Acting on the Musculoskeletal System - Includes non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) drugs, muscle relaxants, antirheumatic drugs, and neuromuscular blockers. Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory (NSAID) - NSAID drugs act as analgesics and anti-inflammatories by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis. - Examples are Mefenamic acid, Naproxen, and Meloxicam. Muscle Relaxant - Muscle relaxants inhibit voluntary muscle contractions. - Examples are Vecuronium Br, Baclofen, and Tizanidine HCI. Antirheumatic - Antirheumatic drugs treat inflammatory conditions like arthritis and rheumatoid disorder. - Celocoxib, Piroxicam, and Methotrexate are some examples. Neuromuscular Blocker - Neuromuscular blockers paralyze skeletal muscles by preventing nerve impulse transmission to them. - Pancuronium, Atracurium besylate, and Vecuronium Br are some examples. Anti-infectives - Anti-infectives kill or inhibit pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and helminths. Antiamebic - Antiamebic drugs target protozoan parasites like Entamoeba histolytica, the cause of amoebiasis. - Metronidazole, Etofamide, and Secnnidazole are examples. Antibacterial - Antibacterial drugs eliminate or inhibit pathogenic bacteria. - Penicillin, Amoxicillin, and Cefalexin are some examples. Antifilarial - Antifilarial drugs counter pathogenic filarial worms. - Diethylcarbamazine is a prominent example. Antifungal - Antifungal drugs target pathogenic fungi. - Ketoconazole, Fluconazole, and Terbinafine HCI are examples. Anti-malarials - Anti-malarial drugs target parasites that cause malaria. - Chloroquine phosphate, Mefloquine HCl, and Quinine sulfate are prominent examples. Antiprotozoal - Antiprotozoal drugs eliminate or inhibit protozoa. - Diloxanidine and Metronidazole are examples. Anti-schistosoma - Anti-schistosoma drugs target parasitic flukes (Schistosoma) - Praziquantel is a key example. Antiviral - Antiviral drugs target and inhibit viral infections. - Acyclovir, Zidovudine, and Indinavir sulfate are examples of antiviral medications. Immunologicals - Includes vaccinations (antigen-containing drugs that stimulate active immunity vs. infectious diseases) and immune sera (animal/human serum with pathogen-specific antibodies for passive immunity). Cardiovascular Drugs - These drugs influence the cardiovascular system, including adrenergic agents, inotropic agents, anti-angina, anti-arrhythmic, and anti-lipidemic substances. Adrenergic Agent - Adrenergic agents activate organs in the sympathetic nervous system. - Dobutamine, Dopamine, and Epinephrine are pertinent examples. Inotropic Agent - Inotropic agents increase the contractile strength of the heart muscle. - Digoxin, Epinephrine, and Dopamine are notable examples. Anti-angina - Anti-angina medications are coronary vasodilators to treat or prevent angina pectoris attacks. - Isosorbide dinitrate, Diltiazem, and Metoprolol are some examples. Anti-arrhythmic - Anti-arrhythmic medications are cardiac depressants to regulate irregular heart rhythms. - Lidocaine, Amiodarone, and Atenolol are examples. Anti-lipidemic - Anti-lipidemic drugs lower blood lipid levels. - Pravastatin and Simvastatin are prominent examples. Cholinergic Agent - Cholinergic agents affect organs of the parasympathetic nervous system. - Acetylcholine, Carbachol, and Pilocarpine are typical examples. Diuretic - Diuretics promote electrolyte and water removal by the kidneys. - Furosemide is a salient example. Respiratory Drugs - These drugs influence respiratory function, including anti-asthmatics, antitussives, mucolytics, nasal decongestants, and respiratory stimulants. Anti-asthmatic - Anti-asthmatic drugs alleviate asthma symptoms. - Salbutamol, Terbutaline, and Hydrocortisone are common examples. Antitussive - Antitussive drugs suppress coughing. - Dextromethorphan and Butamirate are examples. Mucolytic - Mucolytic drugs reduce the stickiness of mucus in the lungs. - Bromhexine is a foremost example. Nasal Decongestant - Nasal decongestants cause blood vessel constriction in the nasal passages. - Phenylpropanolamine is an example. Respiratory Stimulant - Respiratory stimulants increase breathing rate. - Doxapram HCI is one example. Anti-Allergic and Immunosuppressants - These drugs influence immune responses, including antineoplastics, immunosuppressants, and immunomodulators. Antineoplastic - Antineoplastic medications target cancerous cells throughout the body. - Cytarabine, Fluorouracil, and Mercaptopurine are examples. Immunosuppressant - Immunosuppressants inhibit immune responses to foreign materials or to fight tissue graft rejection. - Azathioprine, Ciclosporin, and Prednisone are pertinent examples. Immunomodulator - Immunomodulators adjust or modify the immune system response by enhancing its ability to produce certain antibodies. - Interferon is a main example of an immunomodulator. Antidotes - General antidotes reduce the impact of ingested poisons by adsorbing toxic materials. - Specific antidotes deal with the particular poison\'s effects via a mechanism related to the poison. Gastrointestinal Drugs - Gastrointestinal drugs treat problems in the digestive system. - Examples include antacids, H2 antagonists, anticholinergics, spasmolytics, antiemetics, antimotility preparations, and laxative/cathartics. Antacid - Antacids neutralize excess stomach acid. - Aluminum hydroxide and aluminum/magnesium hydroxide combinations are examples. H2 Antagonist - H2 antagonists reduce the amount of stomach acid produced in response to histamine. - Examples include Ranitidine, Cimetidine, and Nizatidine. Anticholinergic - Anticholinergics limit the body\'s response to parasympathetic nerves and cholinergic drugs. - Atropine and Dicycloverine are examples. Spasmolytic - Spasmolytics decrease the activity of visceral smooth muscles. - Example: Hyoscine-N-butylbromide and Dicycloverine HCl Antiemetic - Antiemetic drugs reduce or eliminate nausea and vomiting. - Meclizine HCl, Metoclopramide, and Domperidone are examples. Antimotlity - Antimotlity drugs decrease the motility of the digestive system. - Loperamide is a relevant example. Laxative/Cathartic - Laxatives or cathartics stimulate or facilitate bowel movements. - Bisacodyl, Castor oil, and Senna are examples. Solutions Correcting Water Electrolyte Disturbance - Include oral rehydrating solution, parenteral solutions (large volume injections), electrolyte injections, peritoneal dialysis solutions, or hemodialysis solutions, depending on the specific imbalance. Oral Rehydrating Solution - Oral rehydrating solutions aim to replace fluids and nutrients lost from the body by replenishing electrolytes, carbohydrates, and water. - Oral Maintenance Salt (OMS) and Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) are prevalent examples. Parenteral Solution/Large Volume Injection - Parenteral solutions and large volume injections, administered intravenously, maintain hydration, restore blood volume, and provide electrolyte replacement or partial nutrition. - Examples include 5% dextrose in 0.45% sodium chloride, lactated Ringer\'s solution, and 0.9% sodium chloride. Electrolyte or Parenteral Additive Injection - Electrolyte and parenteral additive injections contain electrolytes for oral, intravenous, or rectal use to manage ionic imbalances within the body. - Calcium gluconate, sodium bicarbonate, and magnesium sulfate are key examples. Peritoneal Dialysis Solution - A solution used in peritoneal dialysis to correct fluid or electrolyte imbalance. - Includes sodium lactate anhydrous, sodium chloride, calcium chloride dihydrate, and magnesium chloride hexahydrate. Hemodialysis Solution - A solution used in hemodialysis, to remove impurities from the blood during treatment. - The composition of solutions contains magnesium chloride hexahydrate, calcium chloride dihydrate, sodium acetate trihydrate, and sodium chloride. Dermatological and Mucous Membrane Agents (Topical) - Topical drugs for skin/mucous membrane conditions, encompassing antibacterial, antifungal, scabicide/anti-scabies, and pediculicide/anti-lice categories. Antibacterial - Topically applied antibacterial drugs. - Examples include Mupirocin, Silver sulfadiazine, and Fusidate sodium. Antifungal - Topically applied antifungal drugs - Examples include Benzoic acid, Salicylic acid, and Sodium thiosulfate. Scabicide/Antiscabies - Insecticides targeting the itch mite Sarcoptes scabiei (scabies) - Examples include Sulfur. Pediculicide/Anti-lice - Insecticides for treating louse infestations - Example: Permethrin. Anti-inflammatory - Topical anti-inflammatory drugs - Examples include Hydrocortisone, Betamethasone, and Fluocinonide Antipruritic - Drugs to reduce itching - Example: Calamine. Keratolytic - Topical drugs to soften and remove the superficial layer of keratin (skin). - Examples include Benzoyl peroxide and Benzoic acid + Salicylic acid. Antiseptic, Disinfectant - Agents that kill microorganisms on non-living surfaces. - Examples include Povidone iodine, Ethyl alcohol, and Isopropyl alcohol. Ophthalmological Preparations - Eye-related medications, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, local anesthetics, mydriatic/cycloplegic, and miotic agents. Antibacterial - Erythromycin, Gentamicin, and Chloramphenicol Antifungal - Oxytetracycline, Ofloxacin, and Tobramycin. Anti-inflammatory - Prednisolone, Dexamethasone, and Diclofenac Mydriatic/Cycloplegic - Drugs to dilate the pupil - Atropine and Tropicamide are examples. Miotic - Drugs to constrict the pupil - Pilocarpine and Carbachol are examples. Ears, Nose, and Throat Preparations - Medications for treating conditions of the ears, nose, and throat, encompassing antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory preparations. Vitamins and Minerals - Vitamins are organic molecules crucial in small amounts for normal metabolic processes, often used to supplement diets. - Minerals are inorganic substances essential to various bodily functions, occurring naturally. Vitamins - Ascorbic acid and riboflavin (vitamin B2) Minerals - Ferrous salt