Pharmacology Lecture Finals Notes - PDF

@JDCP-DVM4A PHARMACOLOGY LECTURE  Safranin- secondary stain  Red or pink- gram negative FINALS NOTES bacteria Module 7...

@JDCP-DVM4A PHARMACOLOGY LECTURE  Safranin- secondary stain  Red or pink- gram negative FINALS NOTES bacteria Module 7 WHY IS GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA ANTIBIOTICS HARD TO KILL COMPARED TO GRAM  Antimicrobial POSITIVE? o Drugs act on microbes (cannot - Cell wall of gram positive ay be seen by the naked eye- manipis compared sa gram bacteria, virus, protozoa, fungi) negative o Doxycycline/tetracycline can tx ehrlichia (protozoa), e. coli (if CLASS ACCORDING TO TYPE OF treats protozoa and bacteria = ACTION antimicrobial)  Antibacterial  Bacteriostatic (stagnant) o Drugs act on bacteria o Stop growth of bacteria o Penicillin can treat streptococcus, o Act in additive fashion staphylococcus, E. coli, o Drugs salmonella  Tetracyclines  Antibiotics  Chloramphenicol o Drugs produced from yeast or  Macrolides fungi w/ antimicrobial or  Lincosamides antibacterial action  Spectinomycin o Povidone iodine (mineral)- para  Sulfonamides sa sugat papatay sa bacteria  Griseofulvin para di mainfect  Rifampin o Penicillin and sulfonamides  Trimethoprim (antibiotic)  Bactericidal  Parasites o Kills bacteria o Ectoparasiticides o Act in synergistic fashion o Anthelmintics o Drugs  Fungi  Penicillin o Antifungal  Cephalosphorin  Tumor/cancer  Aminoglycoside o Anti-cancer  TMP-S (trimethoprim and sulfonamides)  Nitrofurans  Metronidazole CLASS ACCORD TO SPECTRUM OF  Quinolones ACTIVITY  Amphotericin  Bacitracin  Narrow spectrum  Novobiocin o Specific on 1 bacterium (either gram positive or negative only)  Broad spectrum CLASS ACCORD TO MODE OF ACTION o All bacteria  Inhibition of cell wall synthesis (sisirain ang cell wall) o Penicillin STAINS AND FIXER o Cephalosporins  Crystal violet- primary stain o Vancomycin  Iodine- fixer o Bacitracin  Alcohol- pantaganggal ng stain o Cycloserin @JDCP-DVM4A  Impairment of cell membrane function (with cell membrane but cannot protect the cell) PENICILLIN o Polymyxin  Narrow spectrum B-lactamase o Colistin sensitive (G+)/ natural penicillin o Tyrocidine o Pen G (benzylpenicillin) o Amphotericin o Pen V o Nystatin o Pheneticillin  Inhibition of Protein (CHON) synthesis  Narrow spectrum B-lactamase (to inhibit the growth of the bacteria) resistant (G+)/ antistaphylococcal o Tetracycline penicillin o Aminoglycoside PO o Chloramphenicol o Oxacillin o Macrolides o Cloxacillin o Lincosamides o Dicloxacillin  Inhibition of DNA synthesis o Flucloxacillin o Novobiocin o Methicillin o Quinolones o Nafcillin o Griseofulvin o Temocillin  Inhibition of DNA dependent RNA  Broad-spectrum B-lactamase polymerase sensitive/aminopenicillin o Rifamycin (brand:Rifampin) o Ampicillin  Inhibition of folic acid synthesis o Amoxicillin o Sulfonamides o Hetacillin o Trimethoprim o Pivampicillin o Talampicillin ANTIBIOTICS AND THEIR SOURCE o Mecillinam  Broad-spectrum B-lactamase ANTIBIOTIC SOURCE sensitive with extended spectra (can Penicillin Penicillium handle Pseudomonas) notatum o Carbenicillin Penicillium o Azlocillin chrysogenum o Mezlocillin Chlortetracycline Streptomyces o Piperacillin aureofaciens  B-lactamase protected broad Oxytetracycline Streptomyces spectrum (potential pen.) rimosus o clavulanate + potentiated Streptomycin Streptomyces amoxicillin (Clavamox- kilala as griseus co amoxiclav) Eryhtromycin Streptomyces o sulbactam+ potential ampicillin erythrus o ticarcillin+ clavulanic acid Bacitracin Bacillus subtilis o piperacillin+tazobactam Tylosin Streptomyces  MOA fradiae o Inhibit cell wall synthesis (affects Vancomycin Streptomyces growing cells/ combination with orientalis bacteriostat is inappropriate) Gentamycin Mircomonospo o Interfering with transpeptidase ra purpurea (enzyme responsible for crosslink Nevoblocine Streptomyces between peptidoglycan strands) niveus @JDCP-DVM4A  Cefazolin  Cephalexin (most popular)  Cephradine  Cefadroxil  2nd generation o Broad spectrum (G +G-) o B-lactamase resistant o Not effective for obligate anaerobic o Drugs  Cefamandole Penicillin-> bind (PBP) on cell wall of  Cefoxitin susceptible bacteria-> inhibits  Cefotiam transpeptidation->prevents peptidoglycan  Cefachlor (most popular) synthesis-> cell wall deficient forms  Cefuroxime (most popular)  Ceforamide spheroplasts & filamentous forms->  3rd generation autolysis-> cell death (bactericidal action) o Narrow spectrum (G-)  Side effects o B-lactamase resistant o Biotransform into penicilloic acid o Pass blood brain barrier which tend to be allergenic o Drugs o Cross- sensitivity occurs  Ceftiofur (good for o Guinea pigs, chinchillas, birds pneumonia) (lovebirds and mayna), snake &  Ceftriaxone turtle are sensitive  Cefsulodin  Drug interaction  Cefotaxime o Salicylates  Cefoperazone o Phenylbutazone  Moxalactam o Sulfonamides  4th generation o Broad spectrum (G +G-) o Anticoagulants o B-lactamase resistant o Good interaction o Extended spectra  Penicillin + cephalosporin = pseudomonas o Drugs  Penicillin +  Cefepime streptomycin/gentamycin =  MOA Listeria o same as penicillin  Withdrawal  Indication o 7-30 days in meat o Cephapairin benzathine o 2-3 days in milk  Dry-cow mastitis Tx o Cephapairin sodium  Mastitis tx CEPHALOSPORINS o Ceftiofur  pneumonia caused by  1st generation Pasturella *cross resistance o narrow spectrum for G+ with penicillin (as well as o B-lactamase sensitive among penicillin) o not effective for anaerobic  Side effect o Drugs o nephrotoxic  Cephalothin o painful at injection site  Cephaloridine o phlebitis  Cephapairin @JDCP-DVM4A o anemia in cats (cephaloridine) o Ototoxicity (cats loss  Drug interaction righting/balance reflex) o aminoglycoside o Convulsion and collapse o furosemide o Neuromluscular blocking o ethacrynic acid o Nephrotoxicity  Withdrawal  Interaction o 4-42 days in meat o Muscle relaxants o 3-4 days in milk o Furosemide o Ethacrymic acid o Halothane anesthesia  Withdrawal AMINOGLYCOSIDES o 20-30days in meat (PO) o 100-120 days in meat  All are antibacterial and long-acting (parenteral)  Narrow spectrum (G-/aerobic) o 2-3 days in milk o Streptomycin o Dihydrostreptomycin  Broad spectrum TETRACYCLINES o Neomycin  Short-acting o Framecetin (neomycin B) o Tetracycline o Paromycin (aminosidine) o Oxytetracycline o Kanamycin  Intermediate-acting o Gentamicin o Demethylchlortetracycline o Tobramycin o Metacycline o Amikacin  Long-acting o Sisomicin o Doxycycline o Netilimicin  All salts of tetracyclines are o Paromonycin HCI, except doxycycline  Miscellaneous which is hydrate o Aminoglycosides o Minocycline o Apramycin o Tigecycline  Has specific action: for E. coli  MOA and salmonellosis o inhibit CHON synthesis at binding  Sometimes proteus, site 30s sub-ribosomal unit klebsiella, treponema, o block attachment of aminoacryl mycoplasma tRNA to acceptor site at mRNA-  Toxic in cats ribosome  Little cross-resistance o chlor: decrease conversion and o Spectinomycin glutamate into CHON  Only aminoglycoside that is  more effective in multiplying bacteriostatic organisms  MOA o All tetracyclines are broad o Inhibit Protein/CHON synthesis at spectrum, both aerobic and binding site (30s and 50s sub- anaerobic organisms, even ribosomal unit) mycoplasma, rickettsia, o Spectinomycin lacks the capacity chlamydiae and some protozoa to produce misreading of the m- o Thru chemical manipulation, RNA oxytetracycline can become long- o Functional integrity of cell acting (choice of carrier and membrane is lost increase magnesium content)  Side effects:  Indication @JDCP-DVM4A o specific condition such as pink  MOA: eyes, chlamydiosis, heartworm, o inhibit CHON synthesis which Anaplasmosis, Actinomycosis, binds to 50s sub-ribosomal unit actinobacillosis o Impairs peptidyl transferase o nocardiosis, esp, minocycline activity o ehrlichiosis, esp, doxycycline o Prevent binding of aminoacyl- o Also for eperythrozoonosis and tRNA to peptidyl transferase haemobartonellosis  Indication: o minocycline and doxycycline are o Specific for salmonellosis and effective for resistant bacterioides sepsis Staphylococcus aureus  Side effect:  Side effect o Chloramphenicol (not o GIT disturbance thiamphenicol and florfenicol) o Decrease B complex and K should not be given in animals vitamins availability that are eaten by humans o Chelates Ca in teeth and bones because it causes irreversible o Decrease fracture healing anemia o Blood dysgenesis o Hypotension and collapse o GIT disturbances o Nephrotoxic o Suppress anamnestic immune o Swelling and necrosis at injection response site o Delays wound healing o Phototoxic dermatitis in human o Affects structure and fx of o Drug fever in cat gonads o Decrease WBC chemotoxic and o Hemolysis and collapse phagocytosis  Interaction  Interaction o Phenobarbital o Milk o Codein o Antacid o Phenytoin o Kaolin o NSAID o Iron o Coumarin o Glucocorticoids o Sulfamethoxypyridizine o B-complex o Iron o Ca in ringers solution o Folic acid o Methoxyflurance o B12 o Phenobarbital o Penicillin o Phenytoin o Aminoglycoside o Food except minocycline and o Cephalosporin doxycycline.  Withdrawal o Macrolide o 7-28 days in meat o Lincosamide o 4 days in milk  Withdrawal o Oxytetracycline = don’t use in o 2 weeks in meat lactating dairy cow o 2-3 days in milk CHLORAMPHENICOL MACROLIDES  Unique antimicrobial agent  12-membered ring  Related drugs: o None o Thiamphenicol  14-membered ring o Florfenicol o Erythromycin @JDCP-DVM4A o Oleandomycin o Troleandomycin LINCOSAMIDES  16-membered ring o Spiramycin  Drugs o Josamycin o Lincomycin o Tylosin o Clindamycin  20- membered ring  MOA o Tilmicosin o inhibit CHON synthesis which  15-membered ring (new and can binds to 50s sub-ribosomal unit penetrate lungs) o Lincomycin + spectinomycin = o Tulathromycin (used only in Mycoplasma gallisepticum animals)  Side effects o Azithromycin (used only in o GIT disturbances humans) o Clindamycin - induce  MOA pseudomembranous enterocolitis o Inhibit CHON synthesis which (clos. Difficile) binds to 50s sub-ribosomal unit o Colitis (horses) o Prevents translocation necessary o Not for neonates to keep the peptide chain o Skeletal muscle paralysis growing  Interaction o Affects rapidly dividing o Muscle relaxants o At high concentration o Anesthetics erythromycin is bactericidal o Kaolin o Good for anaerobic and aerobic o Pectin G+ bacteria o Chloramphenicol o Good for mycoplasma and o Macrolide rickettsia  Synergist  Withdrawal o Macrolide + cefamandole = o 2 days in meat Bacteroides fragiles o 36 hrs in milk o Macrolide + ampicillin = Nacardia asteroides POLYMIXIN & COLISIN o Macrolide + rifampin = Rhodococcus equi  Oral drugs o Good alternatives for penicillin o Polymyxin B/polymyxin staph and strep infection o Polymyxin E/Colistin  Side effect  Parenteral drugs o Pain and swelling at injection site o Colistimethane o Hepatotoxic (cholestasis)  MOA (erythromycin) o Impair cell membrane fx o GIT disturbance o Combine and disorganize o In pig, tylosin may cause rectal structures respiratory for prolapse maintenance of osmotic equilibrium within the cell attached to  Interaction phospholipids/polyphosphate o Chloramphenicol o As a result, cell permeability is o Lincosamide altered. o Acid preparation o Cell constituents escape from the  Withdrawal protoplasma, esp. Purine and o 7-21 days in meat pyrimidine o 36-96 hours in milk  Indication @JDCP-DVM4A o More effective in G-/narrow o Silver sulfadiazine spectrum o Sulfacetamide (ophthalmic infec) o Act synergistically with TMP’S o Sulfathiazole (wound) and tetracyclines  MOA o Beneficial in endoxemia o inhibition folic acid o Main indication is life-threatening o PABA + 2 = dihydropteroic acid infection due to G-bacilli or o Dihydrofolate syntase acid (folic pseudomonas resistant strain acid), decrease dihydrofolate  Side effect reductive o Nephrotoxic o Tetralydrofolic acid (folinic acid) o Muscle blockage o TMP: inhibit dihydrofolate o neurotoxic reductase o Paint at injection site o Cause inhibition of growth & o Hypersensitivity multiplication of org  Interaction o Divalent cations o Unsaturated fatty acid o Quaternary ammonium  Withdrawal: 2 weeks SULFONAMIDES  Standard use o sulfathiazole o Sulfamethiazine (sulfadimidine) o Sulfamerazine  Side effects o Crystalluria with hematuria, & o Sulfapyridine even tubular obstruction f mopen o Sulfadimethoxine o hypersensitivity o Sulfamethoxypyridazine o GIT disturbances  Highly soluble (UTI) o Blindness o Sulfasoxazole (sulfafurazole) o Collapse o Sulfasomidine o Anemia  Poorly soluble (GIT) o Sulfaguanidine o Hepatitis & icterus o Phthalylsulfathiazole o Conjunctivitis o Bacterial hydrolysis o Keratitis sicca (sulfadiazine)  Sulfathiazole o Thyroid hyperplasia (dog)  Succinylsulfathiazole o Decrease growth & egg  Salicylazosulfapyridine production (active sulfapyridine)  Indication:  Potentiated sulfa o Most effective at early stages of o Trimethoprim + fulfadiazine (co- acute infect & when organisms trinazine) are rapidly multiplying o Trimethoprim +  Interaction sulfamethoxazole (co- o Ca-containing fluids trimoxazole) o Acidic drugs -antacid o Trimethoprim + sulfadoxime (co o Urinary acidifier (crystalluria) trimoxine) o Phenytoin o Ormetoprim + sulfadimethoxine  Withdrawal  Sulfa used topically o 7-15 days in meat o Mafenide o 60-96 hrs in milk @JDCP-DVM4A o Excessive use in immature animal QUINOLONES  Interaction  Quinolone carboxylic acid o Antacid o Enrofloxacin o Nitrofurantoin o Norfloxacin o Theophylline o Ciprofloxacin  Withdrawal o Pefloxacin o 1-3 weeks in meat o Danofloxacin o 96 hrs in milk o Rosaoxacin o Acrosocacin NITROFURANS o Oxolimic acid  Naphtyridine c.a  Drugs o Enoxacin o Nitrofurantoin o Nalidixic acid o Nitrofurazone  Cinnolone c.a. o Furazolidone o Cinoxacin o Nifuraldezone  Pyridopyrimidine c.a. o Nifurprazine o Piromidic acid o Furaltadone o Pipimidic acid  MOA  Quinolizine c.a o not yet been classified o Ofloxacin o Inhibit a number of microsomal o Flumequine enzyme like CHO met. And  MOA blocking of translation o Inhibit DNA synthesis o Broad spectrum / giardia, o Inhibit DNA - gyrase or trichomonas, amoeba and topoisomerase, which is coccidian respiratory for supercoiling of the o Cross-resistance DNA strands  Side effect o Exposure of the nicks o CNS involvement o Induce exonucleases release that o GIT disturbances degrade the chromosomal DNA o Poor growth into small fragments o Depression of spermatogenesis  Indication o Hypersensitivity o Cross-resistance also occurs o Carcinogenic o Broad spectrum /aerobic  Withdrawal organism o Varies o Obligate anaerobic tend to be o 5 days in pigs resistant & are most enterococcus strep. Grp. D o Presence of food may delay PLEUROMUTILINS absorption in monogastric animal  Side effects  Drugs o neurotoxic, convulsion o Tiamulin o GIT disturbance o Tiotilin o Photosensitization (man) o Valnemulin o Hemolytic anemia (reversible)  G+ bacteria / anaerobes / mycoplasma and triponema o Embryonic loss & maternotoxicity  Swine dysentery and mycoplasmal o Cartilaginous erosion leading to arthritis lameness (in dogs mostly large  Interactions breeds) @JDCP-DVM4A o In poultry, tiamulin, interferes o Effects leads to inhibitor or delay of with monensin and salinomycin uncoating process that proceeds to metabolism primary transcription  Affects o Tiamulin + salinomycin or o Influenza (pneumonia) monensin = produce toxic effect o Sendai virus o Pseudorabies MODULE 8- ANTIVIRAL AND ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS RIMANTADINE  Synthetic/derivative of amantadine ANTIVIRAL Transcription Analog Drug/ Pyrimidine  Rarely used because it also affects our Nucleoside own cells  Prevents amino acid and nucleic acid (pyrimidine nucleoside) Classification According to Viral  Drugs Replication o Idoxuridine  Viruses are not complete units (no cell o Trifluridine wall, cytoplasm, nucleus) unlike bacteria o Ribavirin  Virus o Zidovudine o Coated and not coated o Forscarnet o 2 types: DNA and RNA viruses o Needs live hosts  Replication IDOXURIDINE o Viral attachment/endocytosis  MOA o If there is coat, uncoating will o Alter the protein/ CHIN synthesis happen; not coated viruses are resulting to impediment of 1 or more easier to enter the body enzymes = decrease formation of o Penetration/entry (viropexis) will pyrimidine nucleoside happen  Indication  Single/double stranded DNA and o Effective in herpesvirus RNA will replicate o Transcription o Translation TRIFLURIDINE o Maturation/assembly o Exits the cell and infects other cells  choice for tx of herpesvirus keratitis = clinical signs will occur RIBAVIRIN Early Site Drug  Synthetic trizole nucleoside  Broad spectrum antiviral drug good for  MOA DNA and RNA viruses o Prevent/inhibit viropexis/entry of o Adenovirus virus o Herpesvirus o When virus has coat, it delays the o Orthomyxovirus uncoating process o Inhibit the primary step of o Paramyxovirus transcription when it has entered o Poxvirus already o Picornavirus AMANTADINE o Rhabdovirus o Rotavirus  First discovered o Retrovirus  MOA Synthesis of dna/ purine nucleoside @JDCP-DVM4A  Inhibits purine nucleoside o Puromycin  Acyclovir (usually used) o Cycloheximide o P-fluorophenyl alanine ACYCLOVIR MATURATION DRUGS  Usually used (Wide safety margin)  Derivatives:  Prevents maturation/assembly of the o Volacyclovir virus o Penciclovir  Future use in o Famciclovir o Orthomyxovirus  Indication o Paramyxovirus o Effective against DNA viruses esp. o Herpesvirus Herpesvirus  Drugs  Has a pro-drug, deoxycyclovirus, which o Rifamycin is readily absorbed in GIT.  Antibiotics/antibacterial drug for  Has wide margin of safety tuberculosis in humans o Tolypomycin streptovaricin VIDARABINE o 2-deoxy-D glucose o 2-deoxy-D glucosamine  Aka adenine arabinose or Ara-A  Indication o Used topically for ocular herpesvirus HOST RESISTANCE o Used systematically for herpetic  Increases the resistance of host; encephalitis increases production of antibodies  Interferon CYTARABINE o Protein substance released from mammalian cells with the ability to  Aka cytosine arabinose or Ara-C cause other cells to resist viral infection o Adenovirus is resistant ACTINOMYCIN o Inhibits the replication of the ff:  An antibiotic (produced by actinomyces)  Togavirus  Rhabdovirus  Orthomyxovirus SYNTHESIS OF RNA  Paramyxovirus  Inhibit RNA synthesis  Reovirus  Drugs  Herpesvirus o Hydroxybenzyl benzimidazole  Cytomegalovirus  Gamma globulins/immunoglobulins o Quanidine o Concentration of antibodies extracted from normal blood TRANSLATION OF DRUGS  Inhibits the translation process HOST MODULATORS  Metisazone  Increase/modulate the release of o First discovered antibodies (pag bilis ng labas at dami) o Used against poxvirus, adenovirus,  Levamisole vaccinia, and variola o Dewormer o Available on oral form  Deworm animals before we  PMEA vaccinate to reduce the stress o Synthetic drug that will occur in the body of the px  DEWORM AND VACCINATE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS DRUGS APPARENTLY HEALTHY ANIMALS  Inhibits the protein synthesis o Modifies the activity of T-  Antibiotics with antiviral action o Mitomycin lymphocytes (present in the thymus @JDCP-DVM4A and produces/increases the POLYENE MACROLIDE ANTIBIOTICS production of immunoglobulins) and phagocytes  Drugs o Indication o Amphotericin B (from Streptomyces  Useful in geriatric and nodosus) chronically ill patients o Nystatin  Drugs that induce interferon  Used mainly for tx of o Polyriboinosinic acid:polyribocytidylic mucotaneous candidiasis acid (Poly I: poly C) o Pimaricin (aka natamycin) o Tilorone  For mycotic keratitis o Amino-bromo-phenyl-pyrimidinol  MOA o Amino-iodo-phenyl-pyrimidinol o Bind to sterol component in the o Virbagen omega (from silkworms) phospholipid (sterol membrane that causes physical changes to the cell o Lysine (amino acid) wall/ergosterol) o Has fungicidal action o Has immunopotentiator effect  Stimulates/enhances immune system  Side effects o Nephrotoxicity ANTIFUNGAL o Anorexia o GIT disturbances  Classify according to type of infection o Hepatotoxicity  2 types of fungal infection o Hypersensitivity o Superficial o Anemia o Systemic  Synergist o Amphotericin + 5-flucytosine = tx of SUPERFICIAL FUNGI cryptococcus meningitis o Amphotericin + minocycline =  Dermatomycoses affecting skin, hair, coccidioidomycosis nails o Amphotericin + imidazole = o Epidermophyton (skin & nails) systemic fungal infection o Trichophyton (skin, hair, nails)  Interaction o Microsporum (skin & hair) o Aminoglycoside  Candidiasis o Digitalis o Normal flora of mouth, skin, o Mineralocorticoids intestine, vagina o Thiazide diuretics o Infection caused by Candida affecting  Skin IMIDAZOLE  Mucous membrane of mouth  GIT  Drugs  Female genital tract o Clotrimazole (Canesten cream) o Micronazole o Econazole o Ketoconazole SYSTEMIC FUNGI  Ketoconazole is the only imidazole used systemically  Candidiasis  Limitation is dose-dependent  Cryptococcosis  Has a broad spectrum but more  Aspergillosis effective against Coccidioides  Blastomycosis immitis  Histoplasmosis o Thiabendazole  Coccidioidomycosis  Paraccoccidioidomycosis  Topical drug (not systemic)  Good dewormer; weak antifungal SYSTEMIC ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS @JDCP-DVM4A o Itraconazole o Hepatotoxicity o Fluconazole o Contraindicated in cats and pregnant o Enilconazole animals (teratogenic effect)  MOA  Interaction o Bind to ergosterol thus inhibiting o Barbiturates demethylation of lanosterol??? :(( o Cause internal organelle disruption OTHER DRUGS and cell death  Side effects  Terbinafine o Hepatotoxicity  Lufenuron o Nausea and vomiting  Sodium iodide and potassium iodide o Reproductive disorder o Altered testosterone and cortisol metabolism TOPICAL ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS  Interaction  Iodine o Antacid o Tincture of iodine o Rifampin o Potassium iodide o Griseofulvin o Iodophore (Betadine)  Copper prep FLORINATED PYRIMIDINE (FLUCYTOSINE) o Copper sulfate o Copper naphtate  1st developed as an antineoplastic drug o Cuprimycin  Narrow spectrum against mycoses (slow  Sulfur action) o Monosulfiram  MOA o Benzyl disulfide o Converted by cytosine deaminase to fluorouracil (active form) which is  Phenols metabolized to 5-fluorodeoxyuridylic o Phenol acid (an inhibitor of thymidylate o Thymol synthesis) = inhibit DNA synthesis of fungi  Fatty acids  Side effect o Propionates o GIT disturbance o Undecylenates o Hepatotoxic  Normal product of sweat o Anemia  Organic acids o Benzoic acid o In dogs, erythemic and alopecic o Salicylic acid dermatitis  Interaction  Dyes o Immunosuppressive drugs o Gentian violet o Carbolfuchsin o Malachite green GRISEOFULVIN o Methylene blue  Hydroxyquinolines  Antibiotic produced by Penicillium o Iodochlorhydroxyquin griseofulvum  Nitrofurans  MOA o Nitrofuroxine o o Nitrofurfurylmethyl esther o Disruption of mitotic spindle  Imidazole o Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis o Thiabendazole o Fungistatic o Clotrimazole o Increase fat to enhance absorption of o Miconazole griseofulvin o Ticonazole o Deposited first in the keratin o Econazole precursor cell o Used for dermatophytes infection  Polyene antibiotics o Amphotericin B  Side effects o Nausea and vomiting o Nystatin o Pimaricin @JDCP-DVM4A o Candicidin  MOA o Hachimycin o Effective in early day 3 of the life  Miscellaneous antifungal cycle (1st gen schizont) o Tolnaftate o Prevent differentiation of merozoite o Acrisorcin o Suppres gametogony & sporozoites o Haloprogin CLOPIDOL MODULE 9- ANTIPROTOZOAL DRUGS  Used mainly in poultry  MOA ANTIPROTOZOALS o Halts development of sporozoites &  Classified according to the genus of trophozoites protozoan infection o Act as a coccidiostat  Protozoal Agents o May hold the sporozoites under o Coccidia- coccidiosis develoopment for as long as 60 days o Eimeria- coccidiosis ng poultry  Administration o Isospora o Given only before or soon after exposure to be effective  Development of resistance is a problem ANTICOCCIDIALS  Dilute the airway mucous after aerosol or IODOPHORS systemic administration  Can be a coccidiostat or coccidiocide  Monensin   Salinomycin  Most drug currently in used at  Lasalocid coccidiocide  Narasin  Most anticoccidial drugs are given via  Maduramicin feeds (preventive) o 6-22 wks/14 wks MONENSIN o Turkey: 8-10 wks o 2-5 days per wk  From Streptomyces cinamonensis o 2-3 days until 32 wks  1 antibiotic development & marketed  Can also be given via water exclusively as for coccidia o Shuttle program (1 anticox to  MOA another in a single grow out) o Acts of the trophozoites & schizont o Retention program (1 anticox to o Effective at 1-2 days of the life cycle another in between 2 grow outs) and 1 gen of schizont  Vaccination can also be done o Able to form complexes w/ Na and K  Most anticoccidial drugs are withdrawn 5 ions in the host days SALINOMYCIN AMPROLIUM  Has similarity to monensin  Used esp. in poultry  Broad-spectrum  Structurally like B1 (thiamine), thus act as competitive antagonist o Increased dose (causes thiamine LASALOCID deficiency) = increase vitamin B1  Rarely used alone because of poor  Broad-spectrum activity against some Eimeria sp.  Weakest on E. ocervalina o Combine with ethopabate or sulfa  Least toxic of all iodophors  Approved for replacement pullets drugs (sulfaquinoxaline) o Decrease activity against E. maxima and E. mivati HALOFUGINONE o Compatible with other feeding  Don’t mix with increased choline content  Effective against all asexual stages because it is broken down to picric acid @JDCP-DVM4A  Has both coccidiostatic and coccidiocide  Amprolium clopidol effect  Dinitolmide  Halofuginate  Lasolocid monensin NICARBAZIN  Nicarbazin  Salinomycin  MOA o Inhibit succinate-linked reduction process, the energy-dependent TREATMENT anhydrogenase, and accumulation of Ca in the presence of ATP  Amprolium  Not to be used in layers  Pyrimethanine  Medicated birds have increased risk of  Sulfachloropyrazine heat stroke  Sulfadimethoxine  Effective prophylactically against Eimeria  Sulfamethazine  Sulfaquinoxaline NITROBENZAMIDE (DINITOLMIDE) MAMMALIAN SP.  Effective against E. tenella & E. necatrix  Active on asexual stage (esp. in  Amprolium sporozoites)  Decoquinate  Activity sporulation of oocyst  Lasalocid monensin  Activity if partly coccidiocide  Sulfonamide ANTITRYPANOSOMA QUINOLONES  Drugs  Drugs o Quinapyramine o Buquinolate o Hoidium o Decoquinate o Pyrithidium o Nequinate o Isometamidium o Atorvogoune o Diminazene o Parvagoune o Suramin o Buparvagoune o Nifurtimox (esp. for T. cruzi)  MOA  Indications o Acts on sporozoites o Tx is complicated w/ drug resistance o Disrupt electron transport of the & damaging dermonecrosis produced mitochondrial system by some of these agents o Main use is in shuttle programs o To prevent resistance, combination & sequencing is done o Quinapyramine ROBENIDINE  Most effective for horses w/ T. simiae  Prevent development of mature schozont o Quinapyramine & suramin  Both coccidiostatic and coccidocide  Has unpleasant taste & odor imparted on  Effective for horses & pigs the flesh/meat & egg depending on the dose & degree of challenge o For dogs  Quinapyramine  Diminazene  Suramin o For pigs  T. brucei, amine/diminazene, homidium  Prophylaxia for pig: isometamidium or diminazene o For cattle PREVENTIVE  Quinapyramine @JDCP-DVM4A  Diminazene  Tetracyclines (long acting)  Isometamidium o Rolitetracycline o Doxycycline  Quinolones ANTIBABESIOSIS o Parvaquone  Drugs o Buparvaquone o Trypan blue  Halofuginone o Quinoline o Quinoroniun OTHER ANTIPROTOZOAL DRUGS o Acridine dye o Diamine  Metronidazole (Flagyl)  Most babesiacidal drugs are toxic to the o Used for amoebiasis & giardia host (caution is required)  Toltrazuril/diclazuril  Large babesia (easy to tx) o Pigs with isospora & cryptosporidium o B. bigemina  Paromycin o B. canis o Has anti- coccidial action o B. caballi o Used for coccidia, ameobiasis,  Small babesia (hard to tx) leishmania and giardia o B. bovis  Chloroquine o B. gibsoni o Used for avian malaria (plasmodium) o B. equi  Nitarzone o For coccidia, isospora & cryptosporidium TRYPAN BLUE  Pyrimethamine o Avian malaria (caused by  1 compound used successfully for the tx plasmodium and leukocytozoon) of babesiosis  Doxycycline o Ehrlichia in dogs QUINORONIUM  Used for MODULE 10- ANTHELMINTIC AND o Bigemina EXTERNAL PARASITICIDE o Bovis o Divergens ANTHELMINTICS o Vanis  Not recommended for gibsoni  Classified accdg to mechanism and type of action ACRIDINE (ACRIFLAVINE) CLASSSIFICATION ACCORDING TO  Bigemina MECHANISM OF ACTION ( BY  Bovis IMPAIRMENT OF ENERGY PROCESS/ ENERGY METABOLISM) DIAMINE DERIVATIVES INHIBITORS OF GLUCOSE TRANSPORT  Drugs that are good for large babesia (small effect in B. canis)  Cyanine dyes o Diminazene o Dithiazanine (only used) o Imidocarb (mostly used of tx of B. o Pyrvinium canis) o Stryrylpyrivinium o Amicarbalide  Benzimidazoles o Phenamidine o Mebendazole o Pentamidine ANTIHEILERA DISRUPTERD OF GLYCOGEN TRANSPORT/ METABOLISM @JDCP-DVM4A  Nitroflurans  Causes paralysis o Niridazole CHOLINERGIC AGONIST INHIBITORS OF GLYCOLYSIS  Mimic action of Ach  Arsenicals  Imididazothiazole o Thiacetarsamide o Levamisole (increases function of  Antimonials T-lymphocytes) o Potassium antimony o Tetramisole o Stibophen o Butamisole  Pyrimidines o Morantel INHIBITORS OF MITOCHONDRIAL o Pyrantel REACTIONS  Benzimidazole CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS o Albendazole o Cambendazole  OP compounds (action in internal and o Fenbendazole external parasites) o Oxfendazole o Coumaphos o Oxibendazole o Crufomate o Parbendazole o Dichlorvos o Thiabendazole (removes fungi o Haloxon from feeds; not good antifungal o Naftalofos but good dewormer) o Trichlorfon  Only benzimidazole that inhibits the mitochondria but inhibits glucose transport MUSCLE HYPERPOLIZATION o Mebendazole  Mabilis na ang contraction and relaxation of muscles  Drug UNCOUPLERS OF ELECTRON o Piperazine TRANSPORT  Salicylanides o Clioxanide POTENTIAL OF INHIBITORY TRANSMITTER o Niclosamide o Oxyclosamide  Avermectin (GABA) o Rafoxantel o Ivermectin  Substituted phenols o Doramectin o Bithionol o Abamectin o Dinitrophenol o Hexachlorophene o Niclofolan CLASSIFICATION ACCORD TO MOA (BY o Nitroxinil REPRODUCTION) o Clorsulon  Ovicidal (kills the ova) o Most dewormers kill adults and larvae but not the eggs CLASSSIFICATION ACCORDING TO  Drugs MECHANISM OF ACTION ( BY o Benzimidazole INTERFERING WITH NEUROMUSCULAR o Phenothiazine COORDINAITON)  Family/group (tranquilizer) @JDCP-DVM4A  Acepromazine  Miscellaneous agents  Chlorpromazine o N-butyl chloride  Heterocyclic compound o Toluene (dewormer) o Tetrachlorethylene thenium  Phenothiazine closylate o Disophenol o Hygromycin B CLASSIFICATION ACCORD TO TYPE OF ACTION ANTINEMATODAL (ROUNDWORMS)  Simple heterocyclic compound o Phenothiazine o Piperazine  Benzimidazole (broad spectrum) o Thiabendazole o Fenbendazole o Oxfendazole ANTICESTODAL (TAPEWORMS) o Albendazole  Natural organic compound (alkaloids) o Cambendazole o Arecoline o Flubendazole o Cucorbitin o Mebendazole  Inorganic compound o Oxibendazole o Lead arcinate (not recommended o Parbendazole due to lead poisoning)  Imidazothiazole  Synthetic compound o Butamisole o Bunamidine o Levamisole o Niclosamide  Tetrahydropyrimidine/pyrimidines o Dichlorphen o Pyrantel o Hexachlorophene o Morantel o Restorantel  OP compound o Bithionol o Dichlorvos o Uredefos o Haloxon o Praziquantel o Naftalophos o Benzimidazole (broad spectrum) o Croufomate o Espirantel o Croumaphos o Trichlorphon ANTITREMATODAL (FLATWORMS/  Avermectins (antibiotic but action is at parasite) FLUKES) @JDCP-DVM4A  Carbon tetrachloride  Side effects (deworming should be  Hexachloroethane from 1 month and above)  Hexachlorophene o Teratogenic effect  Bithionol  Parbendazole is primary for  Bromsulan teratogenic effect (skeletal  Oxyclosamide malformation)  Clioxamide o Embryotoxicity  Niclofolan nitroxynil o Eliminated rapidly  Rafoxanide  Longest half life  Bromophenols o Oxfendazole  Clorsulon o Fenbendazole  Benzimidazole o Albendazole  Effective for DEWORMING PREPARATIONS o Immature larvae (not for fasciola; no effect on immature stage) o Arrested larvae o Adult o Parasite (oostertagia) (haemonchus & trichostrongyls)  Effectivity o Divided dose is more effective than single dose DIFFERENT TYPES OF ANTHELMINTIC THIABENDAZOLE BENZIMIDAZOLE  Thiabendazole is used more  Broad spectrum extensive in cattle than sheep (due to  Wide margin of safety oxidation)  High degree of efficacy  Systemic activity of thiabendazole is  Bawal paarawan kasi masisira yung greater in sheep than cattle drug  Ineffective for cattle lung worm; good o Exposure to sunlight causes for sheep lung worm isomerization  Drugs o Albendazole & triclabendazole IMIDAZOTHIAZOLE (LEVAMISOLE AND  Activity on flukes (liver fluke) TETRAMISOLE)  Triclabendazole: no activity  Broad spectrum antinematodal on roundworm o Ascaris  Pro-drug benzimidazole (when biotransformed in the body, it o Toxocara produces action = long-acting drugs; o Ancylostoma residues are concentrated in the liver o Hookworm so they are good for tissue dwelling) o Whipworm o Febantel = fenbendazole o Stomach worm o Thiophanate = albendazole  Levamisole sulfoxide o Immunostimulant effect o Netobimin = albendazole  Ovicidal effect sulfoxide o Also acts on adults  Used in  Effective for benzimidazole-resistant o Horses & ruminants (in w/c parasite passage in the cecum & colon is  Hexamethonium inhibit the action of slow) levamisole @JDCP-DVM4A  No efficacy for  Dichlorvos & trichlorfon are o Arrested larvae effective for bots & oxyuride o For fluke & tapeworm  Haloxon  Side effects o Safest in ruminant (although o Teratogenic some sheep are sensitive) o Toxicity due to overdosing (can  Contraindications be treated w/ atropine) o Respiratory diseases o Death due to asphyxia caused by o Parturition w/in 1 month respiratory failure o Evidence of diarrhea  Interaction o Insecticide TETRAHYDROPYRIMIDINES/ o Muscle relaxants PYRIMIDINE (PYRANTEL AND o Tranquilizers (phenothiazine) MORANTEL)  OPs are hazardous to man  Broad spectrum antinematodal  Bawal paarawan kasi masisira yung AVERMECTINS drug o Exposure to sunlight causes  From antibiotic Streptomyces isomerization avermitilis  Preparations (salts)  Broad spectrum (for internal and o Tartrate external parasites except fleas) o Embonate  Drugs o Pamoate o Abamectin  Not recommended for debilitated o Doramectin animals (payat and anemic) o Selamectin (new introduced)  Action o Ivermectin o Adult stage  Components o Larval stage o Vnfklmsd  Effective for o Developing larvae PAMOATE SALT o Arrested larvae  Better efficacy because it is poorly o Adult soluble in water so it is not quickly  Action absorbed in the villi of small intestine o Depress reproduction in ticks so they can reach the large intestine o No efficacy on cestode & trematode o Some depression effect in the MORANTEL CNS in collies  Methyl ester analog of pyrantel  MOA  Safe and more effective than pyrantel o Inhibit release of GABA in ruminants o Opening of chloride ion channel o Decreased cell fx ORGANOPHOSPHATES SALICYLAMIDES  Broad spectrum antinematodal  OP tend to be rabile in alkaline media  Drugs  Effective on o Clioxanide o Active on parasites in the small o Closantel intestine than in the large o Niclosamide intestine o Oxyclosamide o Horses @JDCP-DVM4A o Rafoxanide o Prophylactic, low level & in feed  Effective on program o Adult fluke  Effective on  Niclosamide o For roundworms o Poorly absorbed in the GIT which o Best in haemonchus, is beneficial for its taeniacide oesophagostomum, & small action strongyles o High efficacy on blood sucking  Used in helminths o Cattle & horse  Adverse effects o Not common in pig, dog, cat (use o Animals that are severely with caution) stressed  Side effects o Poor condition o Causes photosensitization o Severe infection  Causes photodermatitis SUBSTITUTED PHENOLS PIPERAZINE  Drugs  Used in early 1900 for tx of human o Bithionol gout o Disophenol  Used in mature parasites o Hexachlorophene  Effective on o Ascaris o Niclofolan o Oesophagostomum o Nitroxynil  Variable efficacy on  Effective on o Hookworm o Adult flukes (esp. blood sucking) o Strongyle  Administration  Little efficacy on o All are oral except for nitroxynil o Whipworm (parenteral) o Flatworm  Nitroxynil is destroyed by ruminal bacteria DIETHYL CARBAMAZINE (DEC)  Adverse reactions o Debilitated animal with severe  Widely used for heartworm parasitism prophylaxis in dogs  Also used for lungworm in cattle AROMATIC AMIDE (DIAMFENAMIDE) PRAZIQUANTEL  Same as salicylanide & substances phenol  Wide margin of safety  Good for flukes/blood sucking  High efficacy against cestodes parasites  Novel anthelmintic w/ excellent  Effective on activity on all species of schistosoma o Immature larva with diminished pathogenic to human effect on mature parasites  MOA o Uncoupling of phosphorylation BUNAMIDINE  Effective in cestode PHENOTHIAZINE  Effective after fasting  Exercise & excitement after tx should  Action be avoided @JDCP-DVM4A o Usually causes vomiting & mild  Clinical signs of heartworm disease diarrhea o Weight loss o Exercise intolerance o Mild to severe cough LIVER FLUKES o Polypnea or dyspnea  Usually tx is up to 6 wks because of o Hemoptysis its life cycle o Right-sided heart failure o Signs consistent with CS* IMMATURE LIVER FLUKES  Diamfenetide  Rafoxanide  Niclofolan  Clioxanide  Bromsulan ADULT LIVER FLUKES  Hexachlorophene  Bithionol  Bromsulan  Pxyclozamide  Clioxanide  Nitroxynil  Diagnosis  Rafoxanide o Clinical signs  Benzimidazole o X-ray/ultrasound o Blood collection MISALLANEOUS ANTHELMINTIC o Test-kit Diketopiperazine (marcfortine)  Paraherguamide  ADULTICIDE Cyclic octadepsipetides  (emodepside)  Thiacetarsamide  Neuropeptides (FaRP) o Only drug recommended for  Espirantel failing adult TREATMENT FOR HEARTWORM o Relatively toxic to host o Administer thru slow IV  1 month nasa dugo o Dose  2 months umiikot sa circulation  2.2 mg/kg 2x a day for 2  4 months mag dedevelop na days  6 months overall development o Preparations  Adult is at the right ventricle  4 tx injection  Usually within 5-7 days  Feeding 1 hr before tx  Absolute rest  Milarsomine  Levamisole o Effective for adult male LARVICIDE/MICROFILARICIDE  Wait 6 wks after adulticide  Dithiazanine iodide @JDCP-DVM4A o Orally before or after feeding  Benzyl benzoate o 6.6-11 mg/kg OD for 7-10 days o Toxic to cats  Avermectin  Avermectin (ticks and mites) o Orally 0.5 mg/kg o Ivermectin o SC 0.02 mg/kg o Abamectin  Blood test once a month to check o Doramectin presence of worms o Selamectin  Preventive  Piperonyl butoxide (mixed w/ other o Start once microfilaria is absent drugs para mas mataas ang efficacy) in the blood  N-octyl-dicycloheptene (mixed w/ o DEC other drugs para mas mataas ang  Dose 6.6 mg/kg daily for 2-4 efficacy) days  Nitenpyram (flea) o Avermectin  Imidacloprid (external parasites &  0.02 mg/kg every 6 months antiprotozoal) (monthly 6 mg/kg)  Fipronil (tick & flea) o Preventive every 6 months  Lufenuron (flea) o Also an anti-fungal drug EXTERNAL PARASITE LARGE ANIMALS  Use ectoparasiticides  OP compounds  Pyrethroids/pyrethrins SMALL ANIMALS  Avermectin  OP compounds (ticks) o Dichlorvos ENDECTOCIDES o Malathion  Acts on both external and internal o Ronnel parasites o Coumaphos  Drugs o Croufomate o OP compounds  Carbamate (tick & flea) o Avermectins o Carbaryl  Eprinomectin o Propoxur  sekamectin  Chlorinated hydrocarbons o Milbemycins o Lindane (insects)  Milbemycin oxime o Chlordane  Milbemectin  Pyrethrin/pyrethroids (natural organic  Moxidectin alkaloids from chrysanthemum  Nemadectin flower) (insects) o Permethrin o Resmethrin MODULE 11- ANTINEOPLASTIC DRUGS o Allethrin AND DISINFECTANTS  Rotenone (ticks) Antineoplastic o From cube root  Formamide General consideration: o Amitraz (for mites and mange) o Adjunct/adjuvant to surgery (has negative environmental ▪ Tx. Adm. before surgery & impact) drugs  Methoprene (usually mixed w/ other o Radiation drugs) ▪ Aka neoadjuvant tx o Prevents metamorphosis ▪ Combine with minerals @JDCP-DVM4A ▪ Intended to improve the cross-resistance occurs effect of primary tx, by cell-cycle non-specific decrease tumor size, stage of sub-groups: malignancy & presence of o nitrogen mustard metastatic lesions ▪ in vet, most common sub- Effective clinical use of chemo tx group is nitrogen mustard depends on the ability to balance the o nitrosourea (carmustine, killing of tumor cells against the lomustine) inherent toxicity to the normal cells o allyl sulfonate (busulfan) Antineoplastic drug are calculated o Triazine (dacarbazine) based on body surface area, rather o Platinum coordinating complex than body wt. Pallation (response to chemotherapy (cisplastin, carboplatin, tx pallation) oxaliplatin, lobaplatin) o remission of secondary signs without increase in survival time Nitrogen Mustard Derivatives o remove only the pain Remission cyclophosphamide o Clinically detectable tumor cells chlorambucil & signs of malignancy are absent melphalan o Bumabalik yung cancer; Mechlorethamine “natutulog” lang yung cancer Ifosfamide cells Curative Mechloretharmine o Total cure because of highly unstable nature, not widely used RESISTANCE mechloretharmine is the prototype uses Pharmacokinetic conc. of the drug in o Tx of Hodgkins disease (human) the target cell is below that required to kill the cell: o Mycosis o Phase: o Lymphoreticular neoplasia ▪ S – inhibit DNA o Pleural effusion ▪ M – inhibit mitosis & o Peritoneal effusion cytokinesis ▪ Go – non-proliferative Cytokinetic Cyclophosphamide o complete eradication of tumor Uses (sarcoma) cell is not accomplished o Lung carcinoma o Example, dormant cells, host o Mammary carcinoma toxicity cells Biochemical compound mech. o Multiply myeloma o development of resistance within Toxicity the tumor cell o Toxicity of cyclophosphamide can be Tx with diuretic & acetylcysteine ALKYLATING AGENTS o Toxicity of is due to acrolein metabolite MOA o from highly reactive intermediate compound that can transfer alkyl Chlorambucil to DNA – result to miscoding of DNA Slowest acting nitrogen mustard o strand breakage or depurination @JDCP-DVM4A Can be used in animal with mercaptopurine, thioguanine, compromised bone-marrow azathioprine Uses MOA o Leukemia o inhibit purine nucleotide o macroglobinemia metabolism o mycosis o inhibit of DNA synthesis and S- o polycythemia vera phase o Use of DNA: ▪ lymphocytic leukemia Melphalan ▪ granulocytic leukemia M-phase specific Uses Vinca Alkaloids o lung tumors o lymphoreticular neoplasia from periwinkle plants o ovarian carcinoma M-phase specific MOA o mammary carcinoma o binds with tubulin, major component of microtubules ANTI-METABOLITES during mitosis phase o disrupt mitochondrial spindle resemble normal cellular metabolism o arrest segregation of and so subvert the metabolic chromosomes pathway Drugs Sub-groups o Vincristine (one of the most used o folic acid analog in vet med) o pyrimidine analog o Vinblastine o purine analog Uses o lymphoreticular neoplasia o carcinoma Folic Acid o sarcoma Methotrexate, edatrexate, o transmissible venereal tumor trimetrexate (TVT) MOA o inhibit dihyclofolic acid reductase disrupts DNA and RNA synthesis ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIBIOTICS o S-phase specific drug o Use of phase: CNS neoplasia Actinomycin D (dactinomycin) Pyrimidine inhibit DNA synthesis cell-cycle non-specific uracil, fluorouracil, cytarabine, Uses capecitabine o lymphoreticular neoplasia MOA o methotrexate-resistant o Inhibit DNA/RNA synthesis choriocarcinoma o S-phase specific o testicular carcinoma o use of phase specific o rhabdomyosarcoma ▪ carcinoma ▪ liver carcinoma /skin carcinoma Daunorubicin, doxorubicin, ▪ mammary carcinoma epirubicin, idarubicin Purine inhibit DNA synthesis @JDCP-DVM4A cell-cycle non-specific o Tretinoin Uses o carcinoma o soft-tissue tumors Cisplatin o bone sarcoma Prevent DNA synthesis Cell-cycle non-specific Tx of oesteosarcoma, transitional cell Bleomycin, plicamycin, mitomycin carcinoma Go and M specific inhibit DNA synthesis ANTISEPTICS AND DISINFECTANTS Uses o testicular tumor Antiseptic o squamous cell tumor o Have bacteriostatic or cidal effect o lymphoma o Used in tissues o seminoma Disinfectant o Germicidal o Used in inanimate object HORMONAL AGENTS Sanitation Specific hormone: glucocorticoids o Decrease the number to keep in Adjuvant safe limit for public health inhibit mitosis, RNA synthesis and Sterilization CHON synthesis o Complete destruction of cell-cycle non-specific microbes, including spores following induction of another agent Disinfection Drugs o Kill the vegetative cell, but not o Prednisone the spore o Prednisolone DES o Synthetic estrogen ACID o Diethylstilbestrol Boric acid Acetic acid Lactic acid MISCELLANEOUS AGENTS Alpha-asparaginase ALKALINES From E. coli Na hydroxide limit CHON synthesis Ca hydroxide Go - phase specific Tx lymphoreticular neoplasia ALCOHOLS Mitotone Isopropyl (50%)/rubbing MOA Ethyl - 70% o Inhibit ACTH o Atrophy of the inner zone of adrenal cortex ALKYLATING AGENT Tx adrenal cortical hyperplasia Derivatives Formaldehyde o mitoxantrone Glutaraldehyde o hydroxyurea Ethylene oxide Propylene oxide o piroxicam @JDCP-DVM4A BIGUANIDES ▪ Zootoxin = from animals (neurotoxins/hemotoxin from Chlorhexidine/hexetidine (Bactidol) snakes; bufagin(?) from frogs) ▪ Venom = toxin that are HALOGENS usually transmitted thru Iodine tincture bites K iodine Toxicity Iodophores (providone-iodine) o amount of poison/toxin that can produce deleterious effect Toxicosis/intoxication/poisoning HEAVY METALS o disease caused by poison/toxin Mercury (not used) Silver (seldomly used) Principles of Treatment Prevent further absorption OXIDIZING AGENTS o Wash with water Hydrogen peroxide o GIT emollient and adsorbent K permanganate Excrete/remove from the body o Emetics o Cathartics PHENOLS o Diuretics Carbolic acid (Phenol) o IV fluids Cresol (cresylic acid) Symptomatic Tx Hexachlorophene Specific antidote Pine tar DYE Acridine Acriflavine MODULE 12- TOXICOLOGY TOXICOLOGY Common Toxin/ Poison and Treatment Definition of Terms TOXIN/POISON TREATMENT Arsenic Thiotic Poison sodium thiosulfate o any substance with deleterious Bracken fern Thiamine effect Chocolate Emetics Toxin Activated charcoal o a special type of poison produce Saline cathartics by living tissue Copper Penicillamine o Type of toxins: Calcium versanate ▪ Phytotoxin = from plants Ammonium (ivy) tetrathiomolybdate ▪ Mycotoxin = from fungi Ammonium molybdate (aflatoxin from aspergillus) Sodium thiosulfate ▪ Endotoxin = from bacteria Cyanide Sodium nitrate (E. coli in salmonella releases Sodium thiosulfate enterotoxin) Methylene blue @JDCP-DVM4A Ethylene glycol Activated charcoal Phenytoin (causes Saline cathartics tachycardia) Ethanol Propranolol (causes 4-methylpyrazole (4MP) tachycardia) Sodium bicarbonate Phenobarbital Fluoride Calcium carbonate Diazepam Aluminum oxide Oxygen therapy Aluminum sullfate Magnesium metasilicate Boron Glossypol (seen Increase intake of protein, in cotton seeds) calcium hydroxide, and iron Carbamate Atropine sulphate Orpganophosph Atropine sulphate orus Pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM) Iron Vit E + Selenium Lead Sodium sulphate Magnesium sulphate Ca EDTA Mercury Sodium thiosulfate Dimercaprol Molybdenum Copper sulphate Nitrate/nitrite Methylene blue (longganisa etc) Ammonia/urea Acetic acid/vinegar Pyrrolizidine/ Methionine senecio 10% dextrose Quercus/oak Calcium hydroxide bud Purgatives Warfarin Vit K ANTU (alpha- Emetic sodium thiosulfate naphthylthioure Mercaptan a) Bromethalein Mannitol Corticosteroids Activated charcoal Zinc phosphide Calcium gluconate Sodium bicarbonate Salt (pigs are Fresh water prone to this) Selenium 4 protein, copper in the diet Bromobenzene Strychnine Emetic Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) Sweet clover Vit K Toad Wash with water Anti-arrhythmic Atropine sulphate (causes bradycardia) Dopamine (causes bradycardia) Lidocaine (causes tachycardia)