NCLEX Review Pharmacology PDF

Pharmacology  Pharmacology Antihypertensives - decrease BP Cardiac (ABCDD) A Ace Inhibitor *decreases BP Ends in –pril Ex: Lisinopril B Beta Blocker *decreases HR Ends in –lol Ex: Atenolol C Calcium Channel Blocker...

Pharmacology  Pharmacology Antihypertensives - decrease BP Cardiac (ABCDD) A Ace Inhibitor *decreases BP Ends in –pril Ex: Lisinopril B Beta Blocker *decreases HR Ends in –lol Ex: Atenolol C Calcium Channel Blocker *decreases BP & HR Ends in –dipine, -zem, amil Ex: Nifedipine, Diltiazem, Verapamil D Digoxin *increase contractility Cardiac glycoside → deep contraction and increases contractility Hold if apical pulse is 2 (signs and symptoms: vision changes, nausea/vomiting, fatigue, dizziness) D Diuretics *decreases BP Loop or thiazide Furosemide causes dehydration (furosemide=body is dried) Potassium WASTING → teach pt. to increase intake of potassium foods Cardiac Notes: Vasopressin - think press in/vasoconstrict If on oral anticoagulants, glucagon (controls glucose levels) may increase effect → risk for bleeding Morphine Preload reducer = less blood in right atrium Nitroglycerine Vasodilator → increases oxygen, reduces preload Analgesics Acetaminophen (Tylenol) - used for fever and pain relief NSAIDS Used for inflammation, fever, and pain relief Types Indomethacin Ibuprofen Naproxen (treats joint pain and inflammation) Side effects GI toxicity: black tarry stools, dyspepsia and pain if taken on empty stomach Kidney injury HTN and HF: cause fluid retention Bleeding risk Monitor liver enzymes Antivirals Help body fight off virus; not a cure Acyclovir (Zovirax) Antibiotics Destroys or slows down growth of bacteria NI: always obtain cultures before starting antibiotics  Pharmacology Anticoagulant Slows down the body’s process of making clots Emergency Heparin, Warfarin, Lovenox, Plavix Medications L Lidocaine Antiplatelet E Epinephrine Prevent platelets from clumping together to form a clot A Atropine Sulfate Aspirin N Narcan Given to pts who have had a MI or stroke Bronchodilators Relaxes bronchi → allows air to come in and out of the lungs & assists with excreting mucus Used in inhalers or nebulizers Ipratropium (Atrovent), budesonide (Pulmicort) Antacids Reduce gastric acidity by raising pH of the stomach contents and protecting stomach mucosa Treats heartburn, ulcers, gastritis, esophagitis, hyperphosphatemia Antiemetics Reduces nausea, vomiting, and motion sickness Ondansetron (Zofran) Antihistamines Reduces s/sx of allergies; some cause drowsiness Cetirizine (Zyrtec), fexofenadine (Allegra) Steroid Side Effects 6 S’s Sugar - hyperglycemia Salt - salt and water retention → HTN Sex - decreased libido Sad - depression Soggy bones - osteoporosis Sick - decreased immunity Antidepressants SSRI’s Antidepressant that is effective for sadness, compulsions, and panic MAOI’s - antidepressant Think PANAMA and arrr (Pirates say arrr → Pirates take MAOI’s when they are depressed) PA- parnate, NA - nardil, MA - marplan Antipsychotics Treats psychosis and decreases agitation and confusion Typical - positive symptoms Atypical - negative symptoms Can take several weeks to reach desired effect When to Take Diuretics → AM Steroids → AM Growth Hormone → PM Additional Notes Pt’s taking digoxin or potassium supplements: avoid salt substitutes (contain potassium) Atropine is also used for pupil dilation and paralysis in preparation for examination or surgery Do NOT give morphine sulfate to patients with pancreatitis. Give pt Demerol Pt’s taking digoxin and/or Lasix are at risk for hypokalemia. Ensure pt is receiving enough potassium. Hypokalemia → Digoxin toxicity → hyperkalemia