Pharm II Exam 1.html

+----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | -entans | -entans | -pril medications | | are [endothelin | are [endothelin | work by | | receptor | receptor | inhibiting [angioten | | antagonists]{....

+----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | -entans | -entans | -pril medications | | are [endothelin | are [endothelin | work by | | receptor | receptor | inhibiting [angioten | | antagonists]{.cloze | antagonists]{.cloze- | sin | | data-ordinal="1"} | inactive | II and | | used to | data-ordinal="1"} | aldosterone]{.cloze | | treat [pulmonary | used to | data-ordinal="1"} | | HTN]{.cloze-inactive | treat [pulmonary | generation and | | data-ordinal="2"}.\ | HTN]{.cloze | preventing the | | | data-ordinal="2"}.\ | breakdown | | | | of [bradykinin]{.clo | | | | ze | | | | data-ordinal="1"}.\ | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | -sartans act to | -statins | Acetazolamide is | | inhibit [AT1]{.cloze | are [HMG-CoA | a [carbonic | | data-ordinal="1"} | reductase | anhydrase | | receptors | inhibitors]{.cloze | inhibitor]{.cloze | | to [decrease]{.cloze | data-ordinal="1"}.\ | data-ordinal="1"}.\ | | data-ordinal="1"} | | | | plasma volume.\ | | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Alirocumab is | Aliskiren is | Aliskiren is | | a [PCSK9 | a [renin release | a [renin release | | inhibitor]{.cloze | inhibitor]{.cloze-in | inhibitor]{.cloze | | data-ordinal="1"}.\ | active | data-ordinal="1"} | | | data-ordinal="1"} | used to | | | used to | treat [HTN]{.cloze-i | | | treat [HTN]{.cloze | nactive | | | data-ordinal="2"}.\ | data-ordinal="2"}.\ | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Amiloride is a [ENaC | Amlodipine is | Amlodipine is | | inhibiting potassium | a [vascular L-type | a [vascular L-type | | sparing | calcium channel | calcium channel | | diuretic]{.cloze | blocker]{.cloze-inac | blocker]{.cloze | | data-ordinal="1"}.\ | tive | data-ordinal="1"} | | | data-ordinal="1"} | that [decreases]{.cl | | | that [decreases]{.cl | oze-inactive | | | oze | data-ordinal="2"} | | | data-ordinal="2"} | the rate and force | | | the rate and force | of cardiac | | | of cardiac | contraction | | | contraction | and [relaxes]{.cloze | | | and [relaxes]{.cloze | -inactive | | | data-ordinal="2"} | data-ordinal="2"} | | | blood vessels.\ | blood vessels.\ | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | An increased | Angiotensinogen is | Angiotensinogen is | | vascular radius | converted to | converted to | | causes [decreased]{. | angiotensin I | angiotensin I | | cloze | by [renin]{.cloze | by [renin]{.cloze-in | | data-ordinal="1"} | data-ordinal="1"}. | active | | vascular | Angiotensin I is | data-ordinal="1"}. | | resistance.\ | converted to | Angiotensin I is | | | angiotensin II | converted to | | | by [ACE]{.cloze | angiotensin II | | | data-ordinal="1"}. | by [ACE]{.cloze-inac | | | Angiotensin II acts | tive | | | on | data-ordinal="1"}. | | | [AT1]{.cloze-inactiv | Angiotensin II acts | | | e | on [AT1]{.cloze | | | data-ordinal="2"} | data-ordinal="2"} | | | receptors on vessels | receptors on vessels | | | to cause | to cause | | | vasoconstriction and | vasoconstriction and | | | on the adrenal gland | on the adrenal gland | | | to stimulate | to stimulate | | | aldosterone release, | aldosterone release, | | | which acts | which acts | | | on [MR]{.cloze-inact | on [MR]{.cloze | | | ive | data-ordinal="2"} | | | data-ordinal="2"} | receptors to promote | | | receptors to promote | the reabsorption of | | | the reabsorption of | sodium and water.\ | | | sodium and water.\ | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Arterial pressure is | At high doses (\> 10 | At low doses (\< 2 | | determined | micrograms), | micograms), dopamine | | by [cardiac | dopamine acts | acts on [D2]{.cloze | | output]{.cloze | on [alpha and | data-ordinal="1"} | | data-ordinal="1"} | beta]{.cloze | receptors, inducing | | and [peripheral | data-ordinal="1"} | cAMP release to | | resistance]{.cloze | receptors to induce | promote | | data-ordinal="1"}.\ | vasoconstriction.\ | vasorelaxation and | | | | inhibiting NE | | | | release.\ | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | At low doses, high | At low doses, high | At low doses, high | | potency nitrates are | potency nitrates are | potency nitrates are | | bioactivated | bioactivated | bioactivated | | by [aldehyde | by [aldehyde | by [aldehyde | | dehydrogenase]{.cloz | dehydrogenase]{.cloz | dehydrogenase]{.cloz | | e | e-inactive | e-inactive | | data-ordinal="1"} in | data-ordinal="1"} in | data-ordinal="1"} in | | the [mitochondria]{. | the [mitochondria]{. | the [mitochondria]{. | | cloze | cloze-inactive | cloze-inactive | | data-ordinal="1"} to | data-ordinal="1"} to | data-ordinal="1"} to | | form [nitrate]{.cloz | form [nitrate]{.cloz | form [nitrate]{.cloz | | e | e-inactive | e-inactive | | data-ordinal="1"} | data-ordinal="1"} | data-ordinal="1"} | | which reacts with | which reacts with | which reacts with | | either [mitochondria | either [mitochondria | either [mitochondria | | l | l | l | | cytochrome | cytochrome | cytochrome | | oxidase]{.cloze-inac | oxidase]{.cloze-inac | oxidase]{.cloze | | tive | tive | data-ordinal="2"} | | data-ordinal="2"} | data-ordinal="2"} | or [xanthine | | or [xanthine | or [xanthine | oxidase]{.cloze | | oxidase]{.cloze-inac | oxidase]{.cloze-inac | data-ordinal="2"} to | | tive | tive | get converted | | data-ordinal="2"} to | data-ordinal="2"} to | to [NO]{.cloze-inact | | get converted | get converted | ive | | to [NO]{.cloze-inact | to [NO]{.cloze | data-ordinal="3"} | | ive | data-ordinal="3"} | which is converted | | data-ordinal="3"} | which is converted | to [cGMP]{.cloze-ina | | which is converted | to [cGMP]{.cloze | ctive | | to [cGMP]{.cloze-ina | data-ordinal="3"} | data-ordinal="3"} | | ctive | which relaxes smooth | which relaxes smooth | | data-ordinal="3"} | muscle and prevents | muscle and prevents | | which relaxes smooth | platelet | platelet | | muscle and prevents | aggregation. At high | aggregation. At high | | platelet | doses, activation | doses, activation | | aggregation. At high | occurs | occurs | | doses, activation | via [CYP450]{.cloze- | via [CYP450]{.cloze- | | occurs | inactive | inactive | | via [CYP450]{.cloze- | data-ordinal="4"} in | data-ordinal="4"} in | | inactive | the [ER]{.cloze-inac | the [ER]{.cloze-inac | | data-ordinal="4"} in | tive | tive | | the [ER]{.cloze-inac | data-ordinal="4"}.\ | data-ordinal="4"}.\ | | tive | | | | data-ordinal="4"}.\ | | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | At low doses, high | At moderate doses | Atenolol is | | potency nitrates are | (2-5 micrograms), | a [cardioselective | | bioactivated | dopamine acts | beta blocker]{.cloze | | by [aldehyde | on [beta 1]{.cloze | data-ordinal="1"}.\ | | dehydrogenase]{.cloz | data-ordinal="1"} | | | e-inactive | receptors to | | | data-ordinal="1"} in | increase cardiac | | | the [mitochondria]{. | contractility.\ | | | cloze-inactive | | | | data-ordinal="1"} to | | | | form [nitrate]{.cloz | | | | e-inactive | | | | data-ordinal="1"} | | | | which reacts with | | | | either [mitochondria | | | | l | | | | cytochrome | | | | oxidase]{.cloze-inac | | | | tive | | | | data-ordinal="2"} | | | | or [xanthine | | | | oxidase]{.cloze-inac | | | | tive | | | | data-ordinal="2"} to | | | | get converted | | | | to [NO]{.cloze-inact | | | | ive | | | | data-ordinal="3"} | | | | which is converted | | | | to [cGMP]{.cloze-ina | | | | ctive | | | | data-ordinal="3"} | | | | which relaxes smooth | | | | muscle and prevents | | | | platelet | | | | aggregation. At high | | | | doses, activation | | | | occurs | | | | via [CYP450]{.cloze | | | | data-ordinal="4"} in | | | | the [ER]{.cloze | | | | data-ordinal="4"}.\ | | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Bempedoic acid is | Beta blockers should | Beta blockers should | | an [ATP citrate | be avoided in | not be used | | lyase | patients | with [calcium | | inhibitor]{.cloze | with [myocardial | channel | | data-ordinal="1"}.\ | conduction | blockers]{.cloze | | | defects]{.cloze | data-ordinal="1"}.\ | | | data-ordinal="1"}.\ | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Beta | Bile acid binding | Bile acid binding | | blockers [decrease]{ | resins create | resins have | |.cloze | complexes with bile | a [positive]{.cloze | | data-ordinal="1"} | acids that are | data-ordinal="1"} | | the rate and force | eliminated through | charge that is | | of contraction, | the stool, causing a | attracted to | | thus [reducing]{.clo | compensatory | the [negative]{.cloz | | ze | increase in [LDL | e | | data-ordinal="1"} | uptake]{.cloze | data-ordinal="1"} | | myocardial oxygen | data-ordinal="1"}.\ | charge of bile | | demand | | acids.\ | | and [preventing]{.cl | | | | oze | | | | data-ordinal="1"} | | | | HTN induced damage.\ | | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Bumetanide is | CA type II is | CA type IV is | | a [loop | present in | present in | | diuretic]{.cloze | the [cytoplasm]{.clo | the [luminal brush | | data-ordinal="1"}.\ | ze | border and | | | data-ordinal="1"}.\ | basolateral | | | | membrane]{.cloze | | | | data-ordinal="1"}.\ | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Carbonic anhydrase | Carbonic anhydrase | Carvedilol is | | inhibitors prevent | inhibitors prevent | a [nonselective | | CO2 uptake by | CO2 uptake by | alpha and beta | | preventing [H2CO3]{. | preventing [H2CO3]{. | blocker]{.cloze | | cloze-inactive | cloze | data-ordinal="1"}.\ | | data-ordinal="1"} | data-ordinal="1"} | | | breakdown and | breakdown and | | | decrease the amount | decrease the amount | | | of Na+ reabsorbed | of Na+ reabsorbed | | | by [reducing]{.cloze | by [reducing]{.cloze | | | -inactive | data-ordinal="1"} H+ | | | data-ordinal="1"} H+ | in the [proximal | | | in the [proximal | tubule]{.cloze-inact | | | tubule]{.cloze | ive | | | data-ordinal="2"}.\ | data-ordinal="2"}.\ | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Carvedilol should | Chlorthalidone is | Chlorthiazide is | | not be given to | a [thiazide | a [thiazide | | patients | diuretic]{.cloze | diuretic]{.cloze | | with [decompensated | data-ordinal="1"}.\ | data-ordinal="1"}.\ | | heart | | | | failure]{.cloze | | | | data-ordinal="1"}.\ | | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Cholestyramine is | Clevidipine is | Clonidine is | | a [bile acid binding | an [ultra short | an [alpha 2 | | resin]{.cloze | acting L-type | agonist]{.cloze | | data-ordinal="1"}.\ | calcium channel | data-ordinal="1"} | | | blocker]{.cloze | used to treat [HTN | | | data-ordinal="1"}.\ | crisis]{.cloze-inact | | | | ive | | | | data-ordinal="2"} | | | | by [constricting]{.c | | | | loze-inactive | | | | data-ordinal="3"} | | | | smooth muscle | | | | and [decreasing]{.cl | | | | oze-inactive | | | | data-ordinal="3"} HR | | | | by activating the NE | | | | negative feedback | | | | loop.\ | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Clonidine is | Clonidine is | Colesevalam is | | an [alpha 2 | an [alpha 2 | a [bile acid binding | | agonist]{.cloze-inac | agonist]{.cloze-inac | resin]{.cloze | | tive | tive | data-ordinal="1"}.\ | | data-ordinal="1"} | data-ordinal="1"} | | | used to treat [HTN | used to treat [HTN | | | crisis]{.cloze-inact | crisis]{.cloze | | | ive | data-ordinal="2"} | | | data-ordinal="2"} | by [constricting]{.c | | | by [constricting]{.c | loze-inactive | | | loze | data-ordinal="3"} | | | data-ordinal="3"} | smooth muscle | | | smooth muscle | and [decreasing]{.cl | | | and [decreasing]{.cl | oze-inactive | | | oze | data-ordinal="3"} HR | | | data-ordinal="3"} HR | by activating the NE | | | by activating the NE | negative feedback | | | negative feedback | loop.\ | | | loop.\ | | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Conivaptan is | DDI of fibric acid | DDI of gemfibrozil | | a [V1a/V2 | derivatives | | | antagonist]{.cloze | | ------------------ | | data-ordinal="1"}.\ | ------------------ | | | | | prevent OATP1B1 | | | warfarin | uptake of statins | | | | and metabolism by | | | | glucuronosyl | | | | transferases leading | | | | to myopathy | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | DDIs for guanadrel | DDIs of bempedoic | DDIs of beta | | | acid | blockers | | ------------------ | | | | | ------------------ | ------------------ | | tricyclic | | | | antidepressants, | statins | cholestyramine, | | cocaine, | | colestipol, | | chlorpromazine, | | lidocaine | | ephedrine, | | | | phenylpropanolamine, | | | | amphetamine | | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | DDIs of bile acid | DDIs of digoxin | DDIs of ivabradine | | binding resins | | | | | ------------------ | ------------------ | | ------------------ | | | | | verapamil, | clarithromycin, | | thiazides, | amiodarone, | ketoconazole, | | furosemide, | propafenone, | indinavir | | propanolol, | spironolactone | | | L-thyroxine, | | | | digoxin, warfarin | | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | DDIs of lomitapide | DDIs of loop | DDIs of nitrates | | | diuretics | | | ------------------ | | ------------------ | | | ------------------ | | | warfarin, | | PDE5 inhibitors, | | itraconazole, | probenecid\ | ergot alkaloids | | ketoconazole, | aminoglycosides, | | | erythromycin, | NSAIDs, paclitaxel, | | | clarithromycin, HIV | cisplatin (increase | | | protease inhibitors | ototoxicity)\ | | | | digitalis glycosides | | | | (arrhythmias)\ | | | | lithium | | | | (toxicitity)\ | | | | Amphotericin B | | | | (nephrotoxicity) | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | DDIs of ranolazine | DDIs that inhibit | Dapagliflozin is | | | vasopressin | a [SGLT2i]{.cloze | | ------------------ | | data-ordinal="1"}.\ | | | ------------------ | | | keotconazole, | | | | itraconazole, | ANP, | | | quinidine | gamma-aminobutyric | | | | acid, opioids, | | | | lithium | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Dichlorphenamide is | Dietary lipids are | Digoxin should not | | a [carbonic | processed by the | be given | | anhydrase | intestine | with [Ca2+]{.cloze | | inhibitor]{.cloze | to [chylomicrons]{.c | data-ordinal="1"} | | data-ordinal="1"}.\ | loze | due to the risk of | | | data-ordinal="1"}.\ | malignant | | | | arrhythmias.\ | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Diltiazem is | Diltiazem is | Diuretics [increase] | | a [cardioselective | a [cardioselective | {.cloze | | alpha-1 subunit | alpha-1 subunit | data-ordinal="1"} | | L-type calcium | L-type calcium | urinary output by | | channel | channel | increasing sodium | | blocker]{.cloze | blocker]{.cloze-inac | and | | data-ordinal="1"} | tive | water [excretion]{.c | | that [decreases]{.cl | data-ordinal="1"} | loze | | oze-inactive | that [decreases]{.cl | data-ordinal="1"}.\ | | data-ordinal="2"} | oze | | | the rate and force | data-ordinal="2"} | | | of cardiac | the rate and force | | | contraction | of cardiac | | | and [relaxes]{.cloze | contraction | | | -inactive | and [relaxes]{.cloze | | | data-ordinal="2"} | data-ordinal="2"} | | | blood vessels.\ | blood vessels.\ | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Empagliflozin is | Ethacrynic acid is | Evinacumab is | | a [SGLT2i]{.cloze | a [loop | an [ANGPTL3 | | data-ordinal="1"}.\ | diuretic]{.cloze | inhibitor]{.cloze | | | data-ordinal="1"}.\ | data-ordinal="1"}.\ | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Evolocumab is | Ezetimibe inhibits | Ezetimibe is | | a [PCSK9 | cholesterol uptake | a [cholesterol | | inhibitor]{.cloze | by jejunal | absorption | | data-ordinal="1"}.\ | enterocytes in | inhibitor]{.cloze | | | the [intestinal | data-ordinal="1"}.\ | | | lumen]{.cloze | | | | data-ordinal="1"} by | | | | blocking [NPC1L1]{.c | | | | loze | | | | data-ordinal="1"} to | | | | reduce [chylomicron] | | | | {.cloze | | | | data-ordinal="1"} | | | | synthesis and | | | | promote the | | | | generation of LDL | | | | receptors.\ | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Fenofibrate is | Fibric acid | First pass | | a [fibric acid | derivatives | metabolism of | | derivative]{.cloze | are [PPAR-a | statins is regulated | | data-ordinal="1"}.\ | agonists]{.cloze | by [OATP1B1]{.cloze | | | data-ordinal="1"} | data-ordinal="1"}.\ | | | which promote the | | | | heterodimerization | | | | with [RXR]{.cloze | | | | data-ordinal="1"}, | | | | allowing binding to | | | | PPREs that | | | | upregulate LPL, LDL | | | | receptor, Apo CII, | | | | and Apo-A1 while | | | | downregulating Apo | | | | C111 and IL6.\ | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Furosemide is | Gemfibrozil is | Guanabenz is an | | a [loop | a [fibric acid | [alpha 2 | | diuretic]{.cloze | derivative]{.cloze | agonist]{.cloze | | data-ordinal="1"}.\ | data-ordinal="1"}.\ | data-ordinal="1"}.\ | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Guanadrel is a [NE | Guanadrel is a [NE | Guanfacine is | | replacement]{.cloze | replacement]{.cloze- | an [alpha 2 | | data-ordinal="1"} | inactive | agonist]{.cloze | | used to | data-ordinal="1"} | data-ordinal="1"} | | treat [HTN]{.cloze-i | used to | used to treat [HTN | | nactive | treat [HTN]{.cloze | crisis]{.cloze-inact | | data-ordinal="2"}.\ | data-ordinal="2"}.\ | ive | | | | data-ordinal="2"} | | | | by [constricting]{.c | | | | loze-inactive | | | | data-ordinal="3"} | | | | smooth muscle | | | | and [decreasing]{.cl | | | | oze-inactive | | | | data-ordinal="3"} HR | | | | by activating the NE | | | | negative feedback | | | | loop.\ | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Guanfacine is | Guanfacine is | Guanfacine is | | an [alpha 2 | an [alpha 2 | an [alpha 2 | | agonist]{.cloze-inac | agonist]{.cloze-inac | agonist]{.cloze | | tive | tive | data-ordinal="1"}.\ | | data-ordinal="1"} | data-ordinal="1"} | | | used to treat [HTN | used to treat [HTN | | | crisis]{.cloze | crisis]{.cloze-inact | | | data-ordinal="2"} | ive | | | by [constricting]{.c | data-ordinal="2"} | | | loze-inactive | by [constricting]{.c | | | data-ordinal="3"} | loze | | | smooth muscle | data-ordinal="3"} | | | and [decreasing]{.cl | smooth muscle | | | oze-inactive | and [decreasing]{.cl | | | data-ordinal="3"} HR | oze | | | by activating the NE | data-ordinal="3"} HR | | | negative feedback | by activating the NE | | | loop.\ | negative feedback | | | | loop.\ | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | HF is accompanied by | HFpEF is | HFrEF is | | a(n) [increase]{.clo | characterized by | characterized by | | ze | LVEF [\>50]{.cloze | LVEF [\