PHAR 658 Foundations of Epidemiology II PDF

PHAR 658 Foundations of Epidemiology II Merrill Chapter 1 January 16, 2025 Preeti Pushpalata Zanwar, PhD, MPH, MS OBJECTIVES FOR IN-CLASS LEARNING ACTIVITY 2 Describe why a standard case definition and adequate levels of reporting are important in epidemiologic investigati...

PHAR 658 Foundations of Epidemiology II Merrill Chapter 1 January 16, 2025 Preeti Pushpalata Zanwar, PhD, MPH, MS OBJECTIVES FOR IN-CLASS LEARNING ACTIVITY 2 Describe why a standard case definition and adequate levels of reporting are important in epidemiologic investigations. Define the three levels of prevention used in public health and epidemiology. Define and differentiate between epidemic, endemic, pandemic CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF CASE AS USED IN EPIDEMIOLOGY  A case is a person who has been diagnosed as having a disease, disorder, injury, or condition. AN ACCURATE ASSESSMENT REQUIRES A STANDARD CASE DEFINITION  A standard set of criteria, or a case definition, assures that cases are consistently diagnosed, regardless of where or when they were identified and who diagnosed the case. PRIMARY CASE, INDEX CASE  The first disease case in the population is the primary case.  The first disease case brought to the attention of the epidemiologist is the index case.  The index case is not always the primary case. SECONDARY CASE  Those persons who becomes infected and ill after a disease has been introduced into a population and who becomes infected from contact with the primary case DIFFERENT LEVELS OF DIAGNOSIS  Suspect  An individual who has all of the signs and symptoms of a disease or condition, yet not diagnosed  Confirmed  All criteria met THREE LEVELS OF PREVENTION USED IN PUBLIC HEALTH AND EPIDEMIOLOGY  Primary prevention (occurs prior to exposure)  Immunization  Sanitation  Education  Media campaigns  Warning labels ACTIVE PRIMARY PREVENTION  Requires behavior change on part of subject  Wearing protective devises  Health promotion  Lifestyle changes  Community health education  Ensuring healthy conditions at home, school and workplace PASSIVE PRIMARY PREVENTION  Does not require behavior change  Vitamin-fortified foods  Fluoridation of public water supplies SECONDARY PREVENTION  Occurs to reduce the progress of disease  The disease already exists in the person.  Cancer screening – cancer already present. The goal is to detect the cancer before clinical symptoms arise in order to improve prognosis and prevent conditions from progressing and from spreading TERTIARY PREVENTION  To reduce the limitation of disability from disease  The disease has already occurred.  Physical therapy for stroke victims  Halfway houses for recovering alcoholics  Shelter homes for the developmentally disabled  Fitness programs for heart attack patients EPIDEMIC, ENDEMIC,AND PANDEMIC  Epidemic –Health-related state or event in a defined population above the expected over a given period of time  Endemic –Persistent, usual, expected health-related state or event in a defined population over a given period of time  Pandemic –Epidemic affecting a large number of people in many countries, continents, or regions