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Questions and Answers
Why is a standardized case definition crucial in epidemiological investigations?
Why is a standardized case definition crucial in epidemiological investigations?
- To distinguish between primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of prevention effectively.
- To ensure uniform diagnosis of cases regardless of location, time, and diagnostician. (correct)
- To accelerate the identification of the index case within a population.
- To simplify the process of implementing active and passive primary prevention strategies.
In the context of epidemiology, what differentiates a primary case from an index case?
In the context of epidemiology, what differentiates a primary case from an index case?
- The primary case refers to a case found during initial screening, while the index case is identified during follow up investigations.
- The terms do not differ and represent the same concept, typically the first case reported to authorities.
- A primary case is always the first case identified by health authorities, whereas the index case may occur later.
- A primary case is the first actual occurrence of a disease in a community, while the index case is the first case brought to the attention of epidemiologists. (correct)
What characteristic defines a 'suspect' case in disease diagnosis within epidemiological studies?
What characteristic defines a 'suspect' case in disease diagnosis within epidemiological studies?
- An individual who has been definitively diagnosed with a specific disease based on all required criteria.
- An individual who presents signs and symptoms of an illness, but it is not yet officially confirmed. (correct)
- An individual who is exposed to a disease, but does not yet show signs and symptoms.
- An individual who has been identified as a secondary case through contact tracing.
Which of the following is an example of primary prevention?
Which of the following is an example of primary prevention?
What is the primary distinction between active and passive primary prevention strategies?
What is the primary distinction between active and passive primary prevention strategies?
What is the central goal of secondary prevention in the context of public health and epidemiology?
What is the central goal of secondary prevention in the context of public health and epidemiology?
Which scenario best exemplifies a measure taken at the tertiary level of prevention?
Which scenario best exemplifies a measure taken at the tertiary level of prevention?
Which measure is an example of passive primary prevention?
Which measure is an example of passive primary prevention?
Flashcards
Primary Case
Primary Case
The first case of a disease in a population.
Standard Case Definition
Standard Case Definition
A standard set of criteria used to classify cases of a disease consistently, regardless of location or who diagnosed it.
Index Case
Index Case
The first case of a disease brought to the attention of an epidemiologist, not necessarily the originating case.
Suspect Case
Suspect Case
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Confirmed Case
Confirmed Case
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Primary Prevention
Primary Prevention
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Secondary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
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Tertiary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course title: Foundations of Epidemiology II
- Course code: PHAR 658
- Chapter: 1
- Date: January 16, 2025
- Instructor: Preeti Pushpalata Zanwar, PhD, MPH, MS
- Text source: Merrill
Objectives for In-Class Learning Activity 2
- Explain the importance of standard case definitions and adequate reporting in epidemiological investigations.
- Identify and define the three levels of prevention in public health and epidemiology.
- Define and differentiate between epidemic, endemic, and pandemic.
Concepts and Principles of Case in Epidemiology
- A case is a person diagnosed with a disease, disorder, injury, or condition.
An Accurate Assessment Requires a Standard Case Definition
- A standard case definition ensures consistent diagnosis, regardless of location, time of diagnosis, or diagnosing physician.
Primary Case, Index Case
- Primary case: The first case in a population.
- Index case: The first case brought to the attention of an epidemiologist.
- The index case isn't always the primary case.
Secondary Case
- Secondary cases are those who become infected after the initial (primary) case has been introduced to the population and become infected from contact with the primary case.
Different Levels of Diagnosis
- Suspect: An individual displaying all signs and symptoms of a disease or condition, but not yet diagnosed.
- Confirmed: An individual meeting all criteria for the disease or condition.
Three Levels of Prevention
-
Primary prevention: Occurs before exposure.
- Examples: Immunization, sanitation, education, media campaigns, warning labels
- Active primary prevention requires behavioral changes (e.g., wearing protective devices, lifestyle changes).
- Passive primary prevention does not require behavioral changes (e.g., vitamin-fortified foods, fluoride in public water supplies).
-
Secondary prevention: Occurs to reduce the progression of disease already present in the individual
- Example: Cancer screening
-
Tertiary prevention: Occurs to reduce limitations of disability from disease
- Example: Physical therapy for stroke victims; halfway houses for recovering alcoholics
Epidemic, Endemic, and Pandemic
- Epidemic: A sudden increase in a disease above the expected rate in a specific population over a given period of time.
- Endemic: A disease that is constantly present in a specific population over a given period of time.
- Pandemic: An epidemic that spreads across many countries, continents, or regions.
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