Periodic-Table-of-elements (1).pdf
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MALINAO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2 CHRISTIAN Q. CAR PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS WHAT IS PERIODIC TABLE? A table of the chemical elements arranged in order of atomic number, usually in rows, so that elements with similar atomic structu...
MALINAO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2 CHRISTIAN Q. CAR PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS WHAT IS PERIODIC TABLE? A table of the chemical elements arranged in order of atomic number, usually in rows, so that elements with similar atomic structure (and hence similar chemical properties) appear in vertical columns. INSTRUCTION: MATCH COLUMN A to COLUMN B A B 1. HE ARRANGED THE A.DMITRI 1. A PERIODIC TABLE OF MENDELEEV ELEMENTS BASED ON INCREASING ATOMIC MASS 2. HE ARRANGED THE B. HENRY 2. B PERIODIC TABLE OF MOSELEY ELEMENTS BASED ON Why is that the proposed periodic table INCREASING ATOMIC of elements made by Henry Mosely is the correct arrangement of the NUMBER elements? DIVIDED INTO DIFFERENT FAMILIES AND PERIODS DIVIDED INTO REPRESENTATIVE, TRANSITIONAL, s LANTHANIDE, AND ACTINIDE s DIVIDED INTO BLOCKS d P d f QUANTUM MECHANICAL PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER (n): n =1, 2, 3, …,∞ SPECIFIES THE ENERGY OF AN ELECTRON AND THE SIZE OF THE ORBITAL ANGULAR MOMENTUM (SECONDARY AZIMUTHAL) QUANTUM NUMBER (l): l = 0,…, n -1 SPECIFIES THE SHAPE OF AN ORBITAL WITH A PARTICULAR PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER. THE SECONDARY QUNATUM NUMBER DIVIDES THE SHELLS INTO SMALLER GROUPS OF ORBITALS CALLED SUBSHELLS (SUBLEVELS) s=0, p=1, d=2, f=3 MAGNETIC QUANTUM NUMBERS (𝒎𝒍 ) : 𝒎𝒍 = -l, …, 0, …, +l SPECEFIES THE ORIENTATION IN SPACE OF AN ORBITAL OF A GIVEN ENERGY (n) AND SHAPE (l) s= 1, p=3, d=5, f= 7 SPIN QUANTUM NUMBER (𝒎𝒔 ) : 𝒎𝒔 = + 𝟏Τ𝟐 or − 𝟏Τ𝟐 SPECIFIES THE ORIENTATION OF THE SPIN AXIS OF AN ELECTRON. AN ELECTRON CAN SPIN IN ONLY ONE OF TWO DIRECTIONS (SOMETIMES CALLED UP AND DOWN) n l 𝒎𝒍 NO. OF NO. OF 𝑴𝑺 n-1 (-) to (+) ORBITALS ELECTRONS 1 0 (s) 0 1 2 𝟏ൗ , − 𝟏ൗ 𝟐 𝟐 2 0 (s) 0 1 2 𝟏ൗ , − 𝟏ൗ 𝟐 𝟐 1 (p) -1,0,1 3 6 𝟏Τ , − 𝟏Τ𝟐, 𝟏Τ𝟐 , − 𝟏Τ𝟐, 𝟏Τ𝟐 , − 𝟏Τ𝟐 𝟐 How many possible values of l and 𝒎𝒍 are there when n=5 n l 𝒎𝒍 NO. OF NO. OF 𝑴𝑺 ORBITALS ELECTRON S 5 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION representation of the arrangement of electrons distributed among the orbital S=2 p=6 d= 10 f=14 shells and subshells ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION AND QUANTUM MECANICAL RELATIONSHIP Determine the electronic configuration of Cerium 𝟏𝒔𝟐 𝟐𝒔𝟐 𝟐𝒑𝟔 𝟑𝒔𝟐 𝟑𝒑𝟔 𝟒𝒔𝟐 𝟑𝒅𝟏𝟎 𝟒𝒑𝟔 𝟓𝒔𝟐 𝟒𝒅𝟏𝟎 𝟓𝒑𝟔 𝟔𝒔𝟐 𝟒𝒇𝟐 How many energy levels are in Cesium? How many orbits are there in Cesium? What are the azimuthal quantum numbers present in energy level 5? How many electrons are there in 𝟒𝒔𝟐 ? How many electrons are there in n=4? How many electrons are there in n=4, considering the element Cerium? What is/are the azimuthal quantum number and sublevel(s) of 𝟑𝒅𝟏𝟎 What is the principal quantum number of 𝟑𝒅𝟏𝟎 ? How many orbital(s) are there in 𝟒𝒅𝟏𝟎 ? How many orbitals are there in n=4? REMEMBER 𝒏 = 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍 = 𝒐𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒎𝒍 = 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒔 = 𝒐𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒔 𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠 ≉ 𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝟐 𝒐𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒔 = 𝒏 BRAIN DRILLS Number of electrons in n=9 162 Number of orbitals in n=9 81 Number of orbits in n=9 9 VALUE(S) OF AZIMUTHAL QUANTUM NUMBER IN 𝟑𝒑 𝟔 1 SUBSHELL(S) OF AZIMUTHAL QUANTUM NUMBER IN 𝟒𝒇 𝟕 f PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER IN 𝟕𝒑𝟒 7 ENERGY LEVEL OF AN ATOM HAVING 4 ORBITS 4 ENERGY LEVEL OF AN ATOM HAVING 49 ORBITALS 7 ELECTRONS OF 16 ORBITALS 32 FAMILY 7 PERIOD 6 Re FAMILY III-A PERIOD 1 NONE FAMILY VIII-A PERIOD 7 Og PROPONENT OF PERIODIC TABLE BASED ON ATOMIC MASS DM PRINCIPLE OF HAVING NO TWO ELECTRONS CAN HAVE THE SAME QUANTUM NUMBERS (SPINS) PAULI’S EXCLUSION EVERY ORBITAL IN A SUBSHELL IS SINGLE OCCUPIED WITH ONE ELECTRON BEFORE ANY ONE ORBITAL IS DOUBLY OCCUPIED HUNDS’ RULE CORRECT OR INCORRECT CORRECT CORRECT OR INCORRECT INCORRECT CORRECT OR INCORRECT INCORRECT CORRECT OR INCORRECT INCORRECT DETERMINE THE SUBSHELL OF THIS ORBITALS D DETERMINE THE SUBSHELL OF THIS ORBITALS NONE DETERMINE THE SUBSHELL OF THIS ORBITALS NONE DETERMINE THE SUBSHELL OF THIS ORBITALS NONE CORRECT OR INCORRECT 𝟐 𝟐 𝟔 𝟐 𝟔 𝟐 𝟏𝟎 𝟔 𝟐 𝟏𝟎 𝟔 𝟐 𝟏𝒔 𝟐𝒔 𝟐𝒑 𝟑𝒔 𝟑𝒑 𝟒𝒔 𝟑𝒅 𝟒𝒑 𝟓𝒔 𝟒𝒅 𝟓𝒑 𝟔𝒔 CORRECT CORRECT OR INCORRECT 𝟐 𝟐 𝟔 𝟐 𝟔 𝟏𝟎 𝟐 𝟔 𝟐 𝟏𝟎 𝟔 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏𝒔 𝟐𝒔 𝟐𝒑 𝟑𝒔 𝟑𝒑 𝟑𝒅 𝟒𝒔 𝟒𝒑 𝟓𝒔 𝟒𝒅 𝟓𝒑 𝟔𝒔 𝟒𝒇 INCORRECT CORRECT OR INCORRECT 𝟐 𝟐 𝟔 𝟐 𝟔 𝟐 𝟏𝟎 𝟔 𝟐 𝟗 𝟔 𝟐 𝟏𝒔 𝟐𝒔 𝟐𝒑 𝟑𝒔 𝟑𝒑 𝟒𝒔 𝟑𝒅 𝟒𝒑 𝟓𝒔 𝟒𝒅 𝟓𝒑 𝟔𝒔 INCORRECT DETERMINE THE ELEMENT 𝟐 𝟐 𝟔 𝟐 𝟔 𝟐 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝒔 𝟐𝒔 𝟐𝒑 𝟑𝒔 𝟑𝒑 𝟒𝒔 𝟑𝒅 𝟒𝒑𝟔 Kr SPECEFIES THE ORIENTATION IN SPACE OF AN ORBITAL OF A GIVEN ENERGY (n) AND SHAPE (l) MAGNETIC QN ELECTRONIC CONFICURATION OF NICKEL 𝟐 𝟐 𝟔 𝟐 𝟔 𝟐 𝟖 𝟏𝒔 𝟐𝒔 𝟐𝒑 𝟑𝒔 𝟑𝒑 𝟒𝒔 𝟑𝒅 NUMBER OF ENERGY LEVEL(S) OF NICKEL 𝟒 NUMBER OF ORBITS(S) OF NICKEL 𝟒 NUMBER OF ELECTRONS IN NICKEL 𝟒 NUMBER OF ELECTRONS IN NICKEL 𝟐𝟖 NUMBER OF ELECTRONS IN 𝟑𝒅𝟖 𝟖 CHEMICAL FORMULA AND NAMING COMPOUNDS LEWIS STRUCTURE Simplified representation of the valence shell electrons in a molecule. It is used to show how the electrons are arranged around individual atoms in a molecule. Electrons are shown as "dots" or for bonding electrons as a line between the two atoms. The goal is to obtain the "best" electron configuration, i.e. the octet rule and formal charges need to be satisfied DETERMINING THE VE REPRESENTATIVE ELEMENTS Use the FAMILY or GROUP of the element in determining the VE Use the ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION of the Element (Principal Quantum Number & Angular Momentum Quantum NUMBER TRANSITION ELEMENTS A valence electron for a transition metal is defined as the electron that resides outside a noble gas core Use the ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION of the Element (Principal Quantum Number & Angular Momentum Quantum Number) CENTRAL ATOM COMPARE ELECTRONEGATIVITY LEAST NUMEROUS MEMORIZE A LIST C, Si, N, P, S and O C3O16P4 Show the structural formula of the following compounds through Lewis structure given the chemical formula 𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍 𝑵𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝟔 𝑯𝟏𝟐 𝑶𝟔 𝑪𝑶𝟐 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑩𝒓 𝑴𝒈𝑪𝒍𝟐 NAMING OF COMPOUNDS USING THE CHEMICAL FORMULA CHEMICAL NAME is the scientific name given to a chemical in accordance with the nomenclature system developed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). RULES IN NAMING MONOATOMIC IONS CATIONS Cations with only one charge – the name is its atomic name plus the word ion. + K Potassium Ion 2+ Ag Silver Ion 2+ Ca Calcium Ion CATIONS Cations with variable charges – they are named using either Latin or English name of the atom plus the word ion. LOWER CHARGE = OUS HIGHER CHARGE = IC ANIONS Anions – the atomic name’s ending is changed to ide plus the word ion. Cl - Chloride Ion O 2- Oxide Ion N 3- Nitride Ion Oxyanions or Oxoanions – are polyatomic anions made up of nonmetal (usually, Cl, N, P & S) and Oxygen. If the element has two oxyanions, ✓ the name of the one with higher oxidation state (more oxygens) ends in –ate ✓ the name of the one with lower oxidation state (less oxygen) ends in –ite EXAMPLES: RULES IN NAMING COMPOUNDS IONIC COMPOUNDS a. Binary ionic compounds with cation carrying single charge. The name is derived from the names of the elements with the nonmetal given the suffix –ide EXAMPLES: NaCl sodium chloride BaS barium sulfide ZnO zinc oxide AlBr 3 aluminum bromide b. Binary ionic compounds with cation having a variable charge. The compound can be named in 2 ways: ✓ using the Stock/English system ✓ using the Latin/Traditional system. EXAMPLES: COVALENT COMPOUNDS – Greek prefixes are used to indicate the number of each element in the formula of a compound. EXAMPLES: CO carbon monoxide CO2 carbon dioxide P 2O 5 diphosphorus pentoxide P4O10 tetraphosphorus decoxide 4. Ternary compounds – these are compounds made up of metals and a radical (a group of atoms that react as a unit in a chemical reaction). The name is derived from the names of the cations and the radical. EXAMPLES: Ba(OH)2 barium hydroxide Zn3(PO4)2 zinc phosphate ferric sulfate or iron Fe2(SO4)3 (III) sulfate Cu(NO3)2 cupric nitrate or copper (II) nitrate RULES IN NAMING ACIDS AND BASE ACIDS -are compounds of the form H+ radical. The –ate radicals use the Suffix –ic, while the –ite radicals use the suffix – ous. BASE The hydroxyl group, OH- , is found in bases along with a metal ion. The name of the metal ion is followed by the word hydroxide when naming bases MIDTERM PLUS 5 DIRECTIONS: Complete the chart by writing the ions and chemical name of the chemical formulas. FORMULAS CATION ANION CHEMICAL NAME 𝑲𝑵𝑶𝟑 𝑲+ 𝑵𝑶− 𝟑 Potassium nitrate 𝑷𝒃(𝑵𝑶𝟑 )𝟒 𝑷𝒃𝟒+ 𝑵𝑶− 𝟑 Lead (IV) Nitrate 𝑳𝒊𝑶𝑯 𝑳𝒊+ 𝑶𝑯− Lithium hydroxide 𝑴𝒈𝑪𝒍𝟐 𝑴𝒈𝟐+ 𝑪𝒍− Magnesium Chloride 𝑯𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝑯+ 𝑪𝑶𝟐− 𝟑 Carbonic Acid 𝑺𝑶𝟐 𝑺𝟐+ 𝑶− Sulfur dioxide
