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Questions and Answers
What distinguishes the elements in the periodic table's vertical columns?
What distinguishes the elements in the periodic table's vertical columns?
- They share the same electron configuration.
- They occupy the same period.
- They have similar chemical properties. (correct)
- They have similar atomic masses.
Who arranged the periodic table based on increasing atomic number?
Who arranged the periodic table based on increasing atomic number?
- Henry Moseley (correct)
- Robert Boyle
- John Dalton
- Dmitri Mendeleev
Which quantum number primarily specifies the size of the orbital?
Which quantum number primarily specifies the size of the orbital?
- Spin quantum number (ms)
- Magnetic quantum number (ml)
- Principal quantum number (n) (correct)
- Angular momentum quantum number (l)
What does the angular momentum quantum number (l) represent?
What does the angular momentum quantum number (l) represent?
How many possible orientations can an f orbital have?
How many possible orientations can an f orbital have?
Which of the following describes the spin quantum number (ms)?
Which of the following describes the spin quantum number (ms)?
Which characteristic divides the periodic table into different families and periods?
Which characteristic divides the periodic table into different families and periods?
What does the secondary quantum number divide the shells into?
What does the secondary quantum number divide the shells into?
What suffix is used when naming compounds formed from the nonmetal in binary ionic compounds?
What suffix is used when naming compounds formed from the nonmetal in binary ionic compounds?
Which system can be used to name binary ionic compounds with cations that have a variable charge?
Which system can be used to name binary ionic compounds with cations that have a variable charge?
In covalent compounds, what do Greek prefixes indicate?
In covalent compounds, what do Greek prefixes indicate?
What base is formed when combining lithium ion with a hydroxyl group?
What base is formed when combining lithium ion with a hydroxyl group?
What is the correct compound name for Fe2(SO4)3?
What is the correct compound name for Fe2(SO4)3?
When naming acids formed from –ate radicals, which suffix is used?
When naming acids formed from –ate radicals, which suffix is used?
Which of the following compounds is a ternary compound?
Which of the following compounds is a ternary compound?
What is the name of the compound KNO3?
What is the name of the compound KNO3?
What is the primary goal when arranging electrons in a molecule?
What is the primary goal when arranging electrons in a molecule?
Which of the following elements is typically considered when comparing electronegativity?
Which of the following elements is typically considered when comparing electronegativity?
How is the name of a cation with variable charges formed?
How is the name of a cation with variable charges formed?
In naming binary ionic compounds with cations that have a single charge, how is the cation named?
In naming binary ionic compounds with cations that have a single charge, how is the cation named?
How are anions typically named in the nomenclature system?
How are anions typically named in the nomenclature system?
What is the naming convention for oxyanions with two forms based on oxidation states?
What is the naming convention for oxyanions with two forms based on oxidation states?
Which of the following elements is not a representative element when determining valence electrons?
Which of the following elements is not a representative element when determining valence electrons?
In the context of Lewis structures, what does a bond between two atoms usually represent?
In the context of Lewis structures, what does a bond between two atoms usually represent?
How many possible values of l are there when n=5?
How many possible values of l are there when n=5?
How many electrons are present in n=9?
How many electrons are present in n=9?
What is the electronic configuration of Cerium?
What is the electronic configuration of Cerium?
How many orbitals are present in the 4d sublevel?
How many orbitals are present in the 4d sublevel?
What is the number of orbitals in principal energy level n=9?
What is the number of orbitals in principal energy level n=9?
What are the azimuthal quantum numbers present in energy level 5?
What are the azimuthal quantum numbers present in energy level 5?
What is the value of the azimuthal quantum number in 3p6?
What is the value of the azimuthal quantum number in 3p6?
How many total electrons are there in n=4 for the element Cerium?
How many total electrons are there in n=4 for the element Cerium?
Which subshell corresponds to the azimuthal quantum number 4f7?
Which subshell corresponds to the azimuthal quantum number 4f7?
What is the principal quantum number for 7p4?
What is the principal quantum number for 7p4?
How many energy levels are present in Cesium?
How many energy levels are present in Cesium?
What is the energy level of an atom with 49 orbitals?
What is the energy level of an atom with 49 orbitals?
What is the principal quantum number of 3d₁₀?
What is the principal quantum number of 3d₁₀?
How many electrons can be held in 16 orbitals?
How many electrons can be held in 16 orbitals?
How many electrons can the 4s sublevel hold?
How many electrons can the 4s sublevel hold?
What is the magnetic quantum number responsible for?
What is the magnetic quantum number responsible for?
What is the electronic configuration of Nickel (Ni)?
What is the electronic configuration of Nickel (Ni)?
Which rule states that every orbital in a subshell is singly occupied before any orbital is doubly occupied?
Which rule states that every orbital in a subshell is singly occupied before any orbital is doubly occupied?
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Study Notes
Periodic Table of Elements
- Arranged by atomic number in rows and groups sharing similar properties.
- Dmitri Mendeleev created the first periodic table based on atomic mass.
- Henry Moseley reorganized the periodic table based on atomic number, improving the accuracy.
Quantum Mechanical Model
- Principal quantum number (n): Indicates energy levels of electrons (n = 1, 2, 3,...).
- Angular momentum quantum number (l): Defines orbital shape (l can be 0 to n-1).
- Magnetic quantum number (ml): Specifies orbital orientation (ml ranges from -l to +l).
- Spin quantum number (ms): Describes the electron's spin direction (ms = +1/2 or -1/2).
Electronic Configuration
- Represents the distribution of electrons in atomic orbitals.
- Example for Cerium: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p⁶ 5s² 4d¹⁰ 5p⁶ 6s² 4f².
- Key energy and orbital counts for Cerium:
- Energy levels = 6
- Orbitals in n=4 = 9
- Electrons in 4s² = 2
- Electrons in n=4 = 18.
Quantum Numbers in Practice
- Understanding values for l and ml when n=5: l can range from 0 to 4; corresponding ml values need to be calculated.
- Rules of electron arrangement: No two electrons can have identical quantum numbers (Pauli’s Exclusion Principle), and orbitals in the same subshell are singly occupied before sharing (Hund’s Rule).
Chemical Compounds and Naming
- Lewis structure: Simplified depiction of valence electrons; aims for optimal electron configuration satisfying the octet rule.
- Valence electrons (VE) can be determined from group number or electronic configuration.
- Cations: Named directly from element with the addition of “ion.”
- Anions: Named by altering the element’s name to end in “ide.”
Ionic and Covalent Compounds
- Ionic compounds derive names from elements, with “ide” suffix for non-metals.
- Covalent compounds utilize Greek prefixes to indicate the number of each element (e.g., CO - carbon monoxide).
- Ternary compounds involve metals with radicals, named after cations and radicals.
Acid and Base Naming
- Acids: Represented as H+ combined with a radical; naming depends on the radical ending (-ate becomes -ic, -ite becomes -ous).
- Bases: Composed of a metal ion and hydroxide (OH-), named by the metal followed by "hydroxide."
Example Chemical Formulas
- NaCl: Sodium chloride; H₂O: Water; HCl: Hydrochloric acid; MgCl₂: Magnesium chloride.
- Ionic formula example: KNO₃ includes K+ and NO₃−, listed as potassium nitrate.
Miscellaneous Quantum Relationships
- Number of electrons in n=9 = 162; number of orbitals in n=9 = 81; number of orbits = 9.
- Magnetic Quantum Number specifies spatial orientation of orbitals defined by energy and shape.
- Electronic configuration of Nickel: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d⁸.
Important Concepts to Remember
- No two electrons can have the same set of quantum numbers (Pauli's Exclusion Principle).
- Effective electron configuration confirms correct arrangements based on energy levels and orbitals available.
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