Blood, Pericardium, Heart, Large Arteries, Veins Lecture 13 PDF

Blood Blood is the circulating portion of the extracellular fluid (1/4 of extracellular fluid), responsible for carrying material from one part of the body to another. It is a complex mixture of plasma and specialized cells (white and red blood cells, and platelets). Total blood vo...

Blood Blood is the circulating portion of the extracellular fluid (1/4 of extracellular fluid), responsible for carrying material from one part of the body to another. It is a complex mixture of plasma and specialized cells (white and red blood cells, and platelets). Total blood volume is equal to about 7% of the total body weight.  ‫هنا يجب عليك ان تركز‬ ‫‪Blood‬‬  Blood Plasma Plasma Plasma is the fluid matrix of the blood, within which cellular elements are suspended. It composed mainly of water (92% by weight) followed by proteins, ions, oxygen and carbon dioxide.  Blood Plasma  Red blood cells  (erythrocytes) (RBC)  Red blood cells play a key role in transporting oxygen from lungs to tissues, and carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs.  They are the most abundant cell type in the blood. A microliter of blood contains about 5 million red blood.  Blood Red blood cells Plasma (erythrocytes) (RBC) Mature mammalian red blood cells are biconcave disks, losing their nuclei during maturation, simple membranous “bags” filled with enzymes and hemoglobin. 0 Blood Plasma (Hb) Hemoglobin It is the main component of red blood cells, is best known for its role in oxygen transport. Hemoglobin is a large, complex protein with four globular protein chains, each of which is wrapped around an iron- containing heme group.  Blood What is Anemia ? It occurs when hemoglobin level is too low so the blood cannot transport enough oxygen to the tissues. People with anemia are usually tired and weak, especially during exercise.  Blood Plasma Platelets Are a component of blood whose function (along with the coagulation) is to stop bleeding by clumping and clotting blood vessel injuries by a process called hemostasis.  Blood White blood cells Plasma (leukocytes) (WBC) They play a key role in the body’s immune responses, defending the body against foreign invaders, such as parasites, bacteria, and viruses. Although most white blood cells circulate through the body in the blood, their work is usually carried out in the tissues rather than in the circulatory system.  Blood White blood cells Plasma (leukocytes) (WBC) Blood contains five types of mature white blood cells: (1) lymphocytes, (2) monocytes, (3) neutrophils, (4) eosinophils, and (5) basophils..  Blood White blood cells Plasma (leukocytes) (WBC) Monocytes that leave the circulation and enter the tissues develop into macrophages. Tissue basophils are called mast cells.  Bone marrow Is semisolid tissue located within spongy or cancellous portion of bone. It is the primary site of new blood cell production or hematopoiesis. Human marrow produces approximately 500 billion blood cells per day.  Lymph It is a fluid that circulates throughout the body in the lymphatic system. It forms when tissue fluids and blood plasma (mostly water, with protein) drain into the lymphatic system. The main cellular element within the lymph is lymphocytes. Lymph Plasma Lymph vessels Walled, valved structures that carry lymph around the body. Lymph Lymph nodes Small bean-shaped glands that produce lymphocytes, filter harmful substances from the tissue and contain macrophages, which are cells that digest cellular debris, pathogens and other foreign bodies. Major group of lymph nodes are located in the tonsils, adenoids, armpits, neck, groin and mediastinum.  Thymus It is a specialized organ of immune system, located between the breast bone and the heart. It serves a vital role in training and development of T lymphocytes  Spleen It is an organ in the upper left abdomen, which filters blood from worn- out red blood cells, and provides a reserve supply of blood.  Tonsils A cluster of lymphatic tissue under the mucosa lining of the nose, mouth, and throat. They contain the lymphocytes and macrophages to provide protection against foreign bodies and pathogens that enter the body through the nose and mouth.  Adenoids A cluster of lymphatic tissue that hangs on the upper part of the back of the nasal cavity. Adenoids get bigger after birth but usually stop growing by the age of 7. Like tonsils, they can be surgically removed without significantly increase risk of infections.