People + Performance Revision PDF

10 multiple choice = 20 marks 4 short answers (10 lines) = 20 marks 2 long answer (15 lines) = 60 marks **4 components of organizational behavior** 1. Sociology -- Measuring social systems 2. Social -- Interpersonal + Working relationships 3. Anthropology -- How do diff cultures interact wi...

10 multiple choice = 20 marks 4 short answers (10 lines) = 20 marks 2 long answer (15 lines) = 60 marks **4 components of organizational behavior** 1. Sociology -- Measuring social systems 2. Social -- Interpersonal + Working relationships 3. Anthropology -- How do diff cultures interact with one another 4. Psychology -- Attitudes, workplace behavior changes **5 important factors of organizational behavior in the workplace** 1. People -- Install efficiency, monitor external factors 2. Structures -- people structure, organizational structure, coordination between levels 3. Technology -- complete tasks quicker + to good standards 4. Environment -- working environment to enable employee motivation, internal, external environments 5. Teamwork -- Higher efficiency in teams, share tasks, ideas + responsibilities, the team understands the dynamics, employee retention + loyalty meaning lower training costs **IQ -- Intelligence Quotient**. Inborn, and can implement the knowledge. Logical Reasoning, Abstract Thinking. Recognizes people with high intelligence **EQ -- Emotional Quotient**. Emotional intelligence which can be learnt through experiences. How you recognise control and express ones emotions. Recognizes leaders, and people with social challenges **Conscientious employees**. Hard working. Motivated. Confident. Committed. Satisfied with their jobs. More likely to employee Citizenship, Team player **Extroversion Employees**. Extroverts. Sociable. Team leaders. Successful. Influential. Strive for status + recognition **Agreeableness Employees**. Care more about pleasing people than getting ahead in organizations. Likely to avoid conflicts. Likely to involve with counterproductive behaviors **Theories of Personality:** **Idiographic** -- personality trains individual to one person **Nomothetic** -- personality traits that vary in specific dimensions across people **Freuds Psychodynamic Theory** **ID** -- unconscious part of our personality that drives us to seek gratification **Ego** -- Conscious level where you think, control + organize oneself **Super Ego** -- Moral regulator of personality, culturally influenced and tells us what we should + shouldn\'t do **Eysenck\'s Type Theory** Emotionally stable Extrovert -- Sociable, outgaining, Carefree Emotionally stable Introvert- Calm, passive, reliable Emotionally unstable Extrovert -- Quick, aggressive, Hot tempered Emotionally unstable Introvert- Quiet, reserved, rigid, anxious, moody **Cattel\'s Trait Theory** Surface Traits -- Observed through people\'s behavior Source Traits -- Fundamental building blocks of personality caused through behavioral Cattell\'s 16 personality factor questionnaire **The Big 5** (OCEAN) 1. Openness -- willing to try 2. Conscientiousness -- High to accomplish goals 3. Extroversion -- sociable, assertive 4. Agreeableness -- high adaptability 5. Neurotism -- Emotional Stability **Self Esteem**. How close we are to our ideal self **Self-Efficacy**. One\'s belief on how well they can execute a task **Locus of Control** Perception of where the seat of power is located over our lives Internal -- We are in control of oneself circumstances External -- Force outside of ourselves controls our fate **Myers Briggs Type Indicator** 1. Motion of opposites in personality types 2. Short description of oneself that feels quite positive 3. e.g. Extrovert, Introvert thinking, felling **Perceptual Process** 1. Environmental stimuli 2. Attention + selection 3. Organization 4. Reaction 5. Interpretation **What are perceptual distortions**. Errors that people make about others and events and conclude to a wrong judgement. Take error on information received. E.g. Stereotyping, Prejudice **Contrast Effect**. Compare individuals against one other, as appose to assessing them individually on their own merits **Attribution Theory** **Consensus** -- If the behavior is the same as others in the same situation **Consistency** -- How many times have they behaved like this in the past **Distinctiveness** -- How many times the person behaves the same way over different situations **3 Components of an attitude** **Cognitive** -- attitude and belief over a certain thing **Effective** -- Feeling and emotions felt over a certain thing **Behavioral** -- Behavioral outcome of the process **Prejudice** Negative attitude to members of a specific group Implicit = conscious Explicit = Unconscious **What is value** Degree of importance a person holds to an object **What are attitudes** Shaped by social factors, such as from parents, friends + culture **What external environments can influence job satisfaction**. Family circle. Social circles. Professional circle. Macro economics. Soceity beliefs and situation. Religion. Historical events. Institutions. Natural environment **Icebergs Theory** Visible -- Behavior, language, rituals Invisible -- Culture, traditions, family, history, religion **What is Power distance** - How people view and accept power is distributed unequally High power distance = hierarchical order **What is Individualism vs Collectivism** Degree if interdependence a society maintains amongst its members Individualism = Only look after oneself and immediate family members Collectivism= people prefer to look after each other in return for loyalty **Masculinity vs femineity** Masculinity = society driven by competition, success and achievements Femineity = caring and strive for quality of life **What is uncertainty avoidance** Measures in culture to prepare for the uncertainty in the future High score = culture has many rules and regulations to decrease uncertainty **Tasks characteristics approach** Framework used to understand how the attributes of tasks influence employee motivation, satisfaction, and performance **Social Information Processing approach** Job attributes are shaped by social ques + interactions e.g. organizational culture **Dispositional approach** Consistent and stable ways of thinking Unstable and inconsistent = low job satisfaction **3 organizational commitments distinguished from Allen + Myer** **Continuous commitment** = perception of risks involved in leaving the organization **Affective Commitment** = Concerns the emotional investment into the organization **Normative commitment** = individuals perceived moral obligation to remain with the organization, e.g. invested a lot of time and training into them so they feel obliged to stay **Pro social behaviors** - Those that benefit the organization **Deviant behaviors** - Negatively and counterproductive to the organization **Presenteeism** - When an employee shows up to work even when they are ill **What drives performance** - Work attitudes + culture - Skills - Ability - Motivation **What indicates low motivation** - Absenteeism - Not productive - High staff turnover rates - Increase number of work accidents - High number of complaints - Harassment **What are Maslow\'s hierarchy of needs** 1. Self-Actualization 2. Self-esteem 3. Love + Belonging 4. Safety 5. Physiological needs **Herzberg's 2 Factor Theory** **Hygiene Factors** (basic needs to stop the chance of job dissatisfaction). Salary. Working environment. Benefits. Supervision on the Job (Supervisors + Leaders). Status and employment security **Motivation Factors** (Increases Job satisfaction). Career evolution. Recognition. Work autonomy. Responsibilities. Self-fulfillment **What is the Mccelland Theory of 3 needs** 1. **Need for achievement** (master complex tasks + Succeed) 2. **Need for affiliation** (desire to form close personal relationships + avoid conflict) 3. **Need for power** (desire to influence or control others + have authority over them) **Equity Theory** How individuals compare their circumstances and oneself to others, and attempts to how such Comparisions can motivate certain behaviors e.g. loyalty, trust, equity + fair balance between them and their work colleges **Expectancy Theory** Thought process when choosing among a course of action, and anticipating the consequences of taking those actions - Effort leads to performance - Performance leads to an outcome - Outcome leads to motivation **Goal Setting Theory** Emphasis the importance of conscientious goals and intentions in directing human behavior Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic Time-Specific - Goals not too low or too high just challenging enough to stretch individuals **Positive Reinforcement** Desirable consequences that follow a behavior, which increases the chance of the behavior again **Negative Reinforcement** Undesirable consequences, that follows undesirable behaviors, that intends to decrease the chance of the behavior happening again **Tuckman Model** 1. Forming 2. Brainstorming Solutions 3. Norming 4. Performing 5. Adjouring **What makes a successful team** - Interpersonal skills - Open communication - Commitment - Motivation - Interdependence on each other - Leadership + Accountability - Appropriate team composition **Methods to developing a Needs Assessments** - Analyse the organization - Analyse the individuals - Analyse tasks and behavior\'s - Work Sampling - Performance Appraises - Skills test - Exit interviews and surveys **Off the job training** - Conferences - Training camps - Role plays - Business games **On the job training** - Job rotation - Job instruction - Coaching **4 levels of training evaluation** 1. Evaluate reactions 2. Evaluate learning 3. Evaluate behavior 4. Evaluate results **What is an Interactive process** - Research and development method is found as a result from repeated trial and error - Not random but systematic - Each cycle has a specific timeframe **What is the VARK model** **V**isual learners **A**uditory learners **R**eading learners **K**inesthetic learners **Psychological symptoms of stress** - Muscle pains - Shortness of breath - Chest pains - Panick attack - Difficulties in sleeping **Behavioral symptoms of stress** - Short tempered - Change of eating habits - Reduction in productivity - Increase of Smoking and alcohol consumption - Rapid speech - Fidgeting - Sleep disorders **Environmental factors causing stress** - Economic - Political - Technological change **Organizational factors causing stress** - Task demands - Workload - Role demands - Interpersonal demands **Personal factors causing stress** - Family - Economic stability - Perception of things - Job experience - Social support - Personality traits **Positives of being stressed** - Body releases cortisol around your body to make the brain extra alert **Individual strategies to manage stress** - Listen to music - Sport + walking - Yoga + meditation - Pray **Mangement strategies to manage stress** - Training courses on awareness of stress - Workshops - Stress management page for employees - Staff feedback - Organizational changes **Leader member exchange theory** - Leaders often have a special relationship with an inner circle of trusted assistants - Identify relationships with leaders and followers - Nurture the relationships in the inner circles **Distributed leadership** - A group of leaders and not just one person - Actions are openly challenged **Charismatic Leadership** - Personal characteristics of a leader which attracts and interacts with followers - Charisma is a positive atribute **Transformational leadership** - Inspire positive changes in those who follow - Starts with a development of a vision and future **Transactional leadership** - Managing and supervising employees - More concerned with maintaining the status quo