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i rs ve y op ni U C ge w ie id ev br am -R -C s es y Pr op ity C Biology rs w ie ve y ev op ni R U C for Cambridge International AS & A Level ge w ie id ev br COURSEBOOK am -R -C s Mary Jones, Richard Fosbery, Dennis Taylor & Jennifer Gregory es y Pr op ity C rs w ie ve y ev op ni R U C ge w ie id ev br am -R -C s es y Pr op ity C rs w ie ve y ev op ni R U C ge w ie id ev br Fifth edition Digital Access am -R -C s es Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistribution  R R R ev ev ev ie ie ie w w w C C C op op op y y y -C -C -C -C am am am am br br br br id id id id ge ge ge ge U U U U ni ni ni ni ve ve ve ve rs rs rs rs ity ity ity i Pr Pr Pr es es es es s s s s -R -R -R -R ev ev ev ev ie ie ie ie w w w w C C C C op op op op Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistribution y y y y  ity rs ve y op ni U C ge w ie id ev br am -R -C s es y Pr op Biology ity C rs w ie ve y ev op ni R U for Cambridge International AS & A Level C ge w ie id ev br COURSEBOOK am -R -C Mary Jones, Richard Fosbery, Dennis Taylor & Jennifer Gregory s es y Pr op ity C rs w ie ve y ev op ni R U C ge w ie id ev br am -R -C s es y Pr op ity C rs w ie ve y ev op ni R U C e w g ie id ev br am -R -C s es Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistribution  ity rs ve y op ni U C University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom ge w One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA ie id 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia ev 314–321, 3rd Floor, Plot 3, Splendor Forum, Jasola District Centre, New Delhi – 110025, India br 79 Anson Road, #06–04/06, Singapore 079906 am -R Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. -C It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, s learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. es www.cambridge.org y Pr Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781108859028 op © Cambridge University Press 2020 ity C This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, rs w no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. ie ve First edition 2003 y ev Second edition 2007 op ni Third edition 2012 R U Fourth edition 2014 C Fifth edition 2020 ge 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 w Printed in Dubai by Oriental Press ie id A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library ev br ISBN 978-1-108-85902-8 Coursebook Paperback with Digital Access (2 Years) am ISBN 978-1-108-79651-4 Digital Coursebook (2 Years) -R ISBN 978-1-108-79653-8 Coursebook eBook Additional resources for this publication at www.cambridge.org/9781108859028 -C s Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy es of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, y Pr accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables, and other op factual information given in this work is correct at the time of first printing but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information ity C thereafter. rs w NOTICE TO TEACHERS IN THE UK ie ve It is illegal to reproduce any part of this work in material form (including y ev photocopying and electronic storage) except under the following circumstances: op ni (i) where you are abiding by a licence granted to your school or institution by the Copyright Licensing Agency; R U C (ii) where no such licence exists, or where you wish to exceed the terms of a licence, and you have gained the written permission of Cambridge University Press; ge w (iii) where you are allowed to reproduce without permission under the provisions of Chapter 3 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, which covers, for ie id example, the reproduction of short passages within certain types of educational anthology and reproduction for the purposes of setting examination questions. ev br am -R NOTICE TO TEACHERS Cambridge International copyright material in this publication is reproduced under licence -C and remains the intellectual property of Cambridge Assessment International Education. W s es Cambridge Assessment International Education bears no responsibility for the example answers to questions taken from its past question papers which are contained in this y Pr publication. op Exam-style questions and sample answers have been written by the authors. ity C In examinations, the way marks are awarded may be different. References to assessment and/or assessment preparation are the publisher’s interpretation of the rs w syllabus requirements and may not fully reflect the approach of Cambridge Assessment International Education. ie ve y Cambridge International recommends that teachers consider using a range of teaching and ev op ni learning resources in preparing learners for assessment, based on their own professional judgement of their students’ needs. R U C e w g ie id ev br am -R -C s es Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistribution  ity rs ve y op ni U C ge w ie id ev br am -R -C s es y Pr op Teachers play an important part in shaping futures. ity C rs w Our Dedicated Teacher Awards recognise the hard ie ve y ev op ni work that teachers put in every day. R U C ge Thank you to everyone who nominated this year; we have been inspired and moved w ie id by all of your stories. Well done to all our nominees for your dedication to learning ev br and for inspiring the next generation of thinkers, leaders and innovators. am -R -C s es y Pr op ity C rs w ie ve y ev op ni R U C ge w ie id ev br am -R -C WINNER WINNER s es y Ahmed Saya Sharon Kong Foong Abhinandan Bhattacharya Anthony Chelliah Candice Green Jimrey Buntas Dapin Pr op Cordoba School for A-Level, Sunway College, JBCN International School Oshiwara, Gateway College, St Augustine’s College, University of San Jose-Recoletos, Pakistan Malaysia India Sri Lanka Australia Philippines ity C rs w For more information about our dedicated teachers and their stories, go to ie ve y ev dedicatedteacher.cambridge.org op ni R U C e w g ie id ev br am -R -C s es Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistribution  ity rs ve y CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL BIOLOGY: COURSEBOOK op ni U C ge Contents w ie id ev br am -R -C Introduction vii 4 Cell membranes and transport s es 4.1 The importance of membranes 98 How to use this series ix y Pr op 4.2 Structure of membranes 98 How to use this book xi 4.3 Roles of the molecules found in ity C membranes 101 rs 1 Cell structure w 4.4 Cell signalling 102 ie ve 1.1 Cells are the basic units of life 3 4.5 Movement of substances across y ev op ni 1.2 Cell biology and microscopy 4 membranes 104 R U 1.3 Plant and animal cells as seen with C a light microscope 4 5 The mitotic cell cycle ge w 1.4 Measuring size and calculating 5.1 Growth and reproduction 124 ie id magnification 11 5.2 Chromosomes 125 ev br 1.5 Electron microscopy 14 5.3 The cell cycle 126 am -R 1.6 Plant and animal cells as seen with an 5.4 Mitosis 127 electron microscope 17 -C 5.5 The role of telomeres 132 s 1.7 Bacteria 32 es 5.6 The role of stem cells 133 1.8 Comparing prokaryotic cells with y 5.7 Cancers 134 Pr op eukaryotic cells 34 1.9 Viruses 34 6 Nucleic acids and protein synthesis ity C 6.1 rs The molecule of life 144 w 2 Biological molecules ie ve 6.2 The structure of DNA and RNA 144 2.1 Biochemistry 45 y ev 6.3 DNA replication 149 op ni 2.2 The building blocks of life 45 R 6.4 The genetic code 150 U C 2.3 Monomers, polymers and 6.5 Protein synthesis 151 ge macromolecules 45 w 2.4 Carbohydrates 46 6.6 Gene mutations 153 ie id 2.5 ev Lipids 53 br 7 Transport in plants 2.6 Proteins 57 am -R 7.1 The transport needs of plants 163 2.7 Water 66 7.2 Vascular system: xylem and phloem 163 -C s 3 Enzymes 7.3 Structure of stems, roots and leaves and es the distribution of xylem and phloem 164 y 3.1 What is an enzyme? 75 Pr op 7.4 The transport of water 170 3.2 Mode of action of enzymes 76 7.5 Transport of assimilates 180 ity C 3.3 Investigating the progress of an rs w enzyme-catalysed reaction 79 8 Transport in mammals ie ve 3.4 Factors that affect enzyme action 81 8.1 Transport systems in animals 194 y ev 3.5 Comparing enzyme affinities 84 op ni 8.2 The mammalian circulatory system 194 R U 3.6 Enzyme inhibitors 85 C 8.3 Blood vessels 195 3.7 Immobilising enzymes 87 e w g ie id ev br am -R iv -C s es Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistribution  ity rs ve y Contents op ni U C ge 8.4 Tissue fluid 200 13 Photosynthesis w 8.5 Blood 202 ie id 13.1 An energy transfer process 332 ev 8.6 br The heart 209 13.2 Structure and function of chloroplasts 333 am -R 13.3 The light-dependent stage of 9 Gas exchange photosynthesis 337 -C 9.1 Gas exchange 224 s 13.4 The light-independent stage of es 9.2 Lungs 225 photosynthesis 339 y 9.3 Trachea, bronchi and bronchioles 226 Pr 13.5 Limiting factors in photosynthesis 340 op 9.4 Warming and cleaning the air 226 ity C 9.5 Alveoli 228 14 Homeostasis rs w 14.1 Homeostasis 349 10 Infectious disease ie ve 14.2 The structure of the kidney 352 y ev 10.1 Infectious diseases 238 op ni 14.3 Control of water content 360 R 10.2 U Antibiotics 253 14.4 The control of blood glucose 364 C ge 14.5 Homeostasis in plants 371 11 Immunity w ie id 11.1 Defence against disease 267 15 Control and coordination ev br 11.2 Cells of the immune system 268 15.1 Hormonal communication 388 am -R 11.3 Active and passive immunity 277 15.2 Nervous communication 389 15.3 -C Muscle contraction 406 P1 Practical skills for AS Level s es 15.4 Control and coordination in plants 413 P1.1 Practical skills 292 y Pr op P1.2 Experiments 292 16 Inheritance P1.3 Variables and making measurements 292 ity C 16.1 Gametes and reproduction 428 P1.4 Recording quantitative results 298 16.2 The production of genetic variation 433 rs w P1.5 Displaying data 299 ie 16.3 ve Genetics 435 y P1.6 ev Making conclusions 301 16.4 Monohybrid inheritance and genetic op ni P1.7 Describing data 301 diagrams 437 R U C P1.8 Making calculations from data 301 16.5 Dihybrid inheritance 441 ge w P1.9 Identifying sources of error and 16.6 The chi-squared (χ2) test 449 ie id suggesting improvements 303 16.7 Genes, proteins and phenotype 451 ev br P1.10 Drawings 304 16.8 Control of gene expression 453 am -R 12 Energy and respiration 17 Selection and evolution -C 12.1 The need for energy in living organisms 312 s 17.1 Variation 465 es 12.2 Aerobic respiration 313 17.2 Natural selection 469 y Pr 12.3 Mitochondrial structure and function 319 op 17.3 Genetic drift and the founder effect 474 12.4 Respiration without oxygen 320 17.4 The Hardy–Weinberg principle 476 ity C 12.5 Respiratory substrates 322 17.5 Artificial selection 478 rs w 17.6 Evolution 482 ie ve y 17.7 Identifying evolutionary relationships 486 ev op ni R U C e w g ie id ev br am -R v -C s es Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistribution  ity rs ve y CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL BIOLOGY: COURSEBOOK op ni U C ge 18 Classification, biodiversity and P2 Practical skills for A Level w ie conservation id P2.1 Practical skills 582 ev br 18.1 Classification 497 P2.2 Planning an investigation 582 am -R 18.2 Biodiversity 507 P2.3 Constructing a hypothesis 582 18.3 Maintaining biodiversity 521 P2.4 Identifying variables 583 -C s 18.4 Protecting endangered species 524 P2.5 Describing the sequence of steps 586 es 18.5 Controlling alien species 530 P2.6 Risk assessment 586 y Pr op 18.6 International conservation P2.7 Recording and displaying results 587 organisations 531 ity P2.8 Analysis, conclusions and evaluation 587 C P2.9 Evaluating evidence 600 rs w 19 Genetic technology P2.10 ie Conclusions and discussion 600 ve 19.1 Genetic engineering 544 y ev op ni 19.2 Tools for the gene technologist 545 Appendix 1: Amino acid R groups 608 R U C 19.3 Gene editing 552 Appendix 2: DNA and RNA triplet codes 609 ge 19.4 Separating and amplifying DNA 555 w ie 19.5 id Analysing and storing genetic Glossary 611 ev information 560 br 19.6 Genetic technology and medicine 564 Index 631 am -R 19.7 Genetic technology and agriculture 570 Acknowledgements 643 -C s es y Pr op ity C rs w ie ve y ev op ni R U C ge w ie id ev br am -R -C s es y Pr op ity C rs w ie ve y ev op ni R U C e w g ie id ev br am -R vi -C s es Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistribution  ity rs ve y Introduction op ni U C ge Introduction w ie id ev br am -R This is the fifth edition of the Cambridge International AS & A Level Biology -C s Coursebook, and it provides everything that you need to support your course for es Cambridge AS & A Level Biology (9700). It provides full coverage of the syllabus for y examinations from 2022 onwards. Pr op The chapters are arranged in the same sequence as the topics in the syllabus. ity C Chapters 1 to P1 cover the AS material, and Chapters 12 to P2 cover the material rs w needed for A Level. The various features that you will find in these chapters are ie explained on the next two pages. ve y ev Many questions will test a deeper understanding of the facts and concepts that you op ni will learn during your course. It is therefore not enough just to learn words and R U C diagrams that you can repeat in your examinations; you need to ensure that you really ge understand each concept fully. Trying to answer the questions that you will find within w each chapter, and at the end of each chapter, should help you to do this. ie id ev br Although you will study your biology as a series of different topics, it is very important to appreciate that all of these topics link up with each other. You need to make links am -R between different areas of the syllabus to answer some questions. For example, you -C might be asked a question that involves bringing together knowledge about protein s synthesis, infectious disease and transport in mammals. In particular, you will find that es certain key concepts come up again and again. These include: y Pr op Cells as units of life ity C Biochemical processes rs w DNA, the molecule of heredity ie ve y Natural selection ev op ni Organisms in their environment R U C Observation and experiment. ge w As you work through your course, make sure that you keep reflecting on the work that ie id you did earlier and how it relates to the current topic that you are studying. Some of ev br the reflection questions at the ends of the chapters suggest particular links that you am -R could think about. They also ask you to think about how you learn, which may help you to make the very best use of your time and abilities as your course progresses. You -C can also use the self-evaluation checklists at the end of each chapter to decide how well s es you have understood each topic in the syllabus, and whether or not you need to do y more work on each one. Pr op Practical skills are an important part of your biology course. You will develop these skills ity C as you do experiments and other practical work related to the topics you are studying. Chapters P1 (for AS Level) and P2 (for A Level) explain what these skills are and what rs w you need to be able to do. ie ve y ev op ni R U C e w g ie id ev br am -R vii -C s es Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistribution  ity rs ve y CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL BIOLOGY: COURSEBOOK op ni U C ge You may like to look at two other books in this series – the Workbook and the w Practical Workbook. The Workbook provides clear guidance on many of the skills ie id that you need to develop as you work through the course – such as constructing ev br and analysing graphs, and planning experiments – with exercises for you to try. am -R The Practical Workbook is full of detailed explanations of how to carry out all the practicals required in the syllabus, and many others too, that will help you to become -C more confident in practical work. s es This is an exciting time to be studying biology, with new discoveries and technologies y Pr constantly finding their way into the news. We very much hope that you will enjoy op your biology course, and that this book will help you not only to prepare for your ity C examinations but also to develop a life-long interest in this subject. rs w ie ve y ev op ni R U C ge w ie id ev br am -R -C s es y Pr op ity C rs w ie ve y ev op ni R U C ge w ie id ev br am -R -C s es y Pr op ity C rs w ie ve y ev op ni R U C e w g ie id ev br am -R viii -C s es Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistribution  ity rs ve y How to use this series op ni U C ge How to use this series w ie id ev br am -R This suite of resources supports students and teachers following the Cambridge -C s International AS & A Level Biology syllabus (9700). All of the books in the series es work together to help students develop the necessary knowledge and scientific y skills required for this subject. With clear language and style, they are designed for Pr op international learners. ity C rs w ie ve y ev op ni The coursebook provides comprehensive support R U C Biology for the full Cambridge International AS & A ge w for Cambridge International AS & A Level Level Biology syllabus (9700). It clearly explains ie facts, concepts and practical techniques, and id COURSEBOOK uses real-world examples of scientific principles. ev br Mary Jones, Richard Fosbery, Dennis Taylor & Jennifer Gregory Two chapters provide full guidance to help am -R students develop investigative skills. Questions within each chapter help them to develop their -C s understanding, while exam-style questions es provide essential practice. y Pr op ity C Fifth edition Digital Access rs w ie ve y ev op ni R U C ge w ie id The workbook contains over 100 Biology ev exercises and exam-style questions, br carefully constructed to help learners for Cambridge International AS & A Level am -R develop the skills that they need as they WORKBOOK progress through their Biology course. Mary Jones & Matthew Parkin -C s The exercises also help students develop es understanding of the meaning of various y Pr command words used in questions, op and provide practice in responding ity C appropriately to these. rs w ie ve y ev Second edition Digital Access op ni R U C e w g ie id ev br am -R ix -C s es Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistribution  ity rs ve y CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL BIOLOGY: COURSEBOOK op ni U C ge w ie id ev br am -R Biology This write-in book provides students with a wealth -C for Cambridge International AS & A Level s of hands-on practical work, giving them full guidance es PRACTICAL WORKBOOK and support that will help them to develop all of y Mary Jones & Matthew Parkin Pr the essential investigative skills. These skills include op planning investigations, selecting and handling ity C apparatus, creating hypotheses, recording and rs displaying results, and analysing and evaluating data. w ie ve y ev op ni R U C Second edition ge w ie id ev br am -R -C The teacher’s resource supports and enhances the questions and practical activities s es in the coursebook. This resource includes detailed lesson ideas, as well as answers y and exemplar data for all questions and activities in the coursebook and workbook. Pr op The practical teacher’s guide, included with this resource, provides support for the practical activities and experiments in the practical workbook. ity C rs Teaching notes for each topic area include a suggested teaching plan, ideas for w active learning and formative assessment, links to resources, ideas for lesson starters ie ve y and plenaries, differentiation, lists of common misconceptions and suggestions ev op ni for homework activities. Answers are included for every R U question and exercise in the coursebook, workbook C and practical workbook. Detailed support is provided ge w for preparing and carrying out for all the investigations ie id in the practical workbook, including tips for getting ev br things to work well, and a set of sample results that can be used if students cannot do the experiment, or fail to Biology am -R collect results. for Cambridge International AS & A Level -C s es y Pr op Biology ity C for Cambridge International AS & A Level DIGITAL TEACHER’S RESOURCE ACCESS CARD rs w ie ve y ev Digital Teacher’s Resource op ni R U C DO NOT Code inside is required to activate your DISCARD purchase of the Teacher’s Resource e w g ie id ev br am -R x -C s es Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistribution  ity rs ve y How to use this book op ni U C ge How to use this book w ie id ev br am -R Throughout this book, you will notice lots of different features that will help your -C s learning. These are explained below. es y Pr LEARNING INTENTIONS KEY WORDS op ity C These set the scene for each chapter, help with navigation through the Key vocabulary coursebook and indicate the important concepts in each topic. is highlighted in rs w the t