Intermediate Volleyball Study Guide PDF

Health And Physical Education Department Intermediate volleyball Study Guide 1  Introduction To Volleyball Volleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a net. Each team tries to score points by groundin...

Health And Physical Education Department Intermediate volleyball Study Guide 1  Introduction To Volleyball Volleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a net. Each team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team's court under organized rules. It has been a part of the official program of the Summer Olympic Games since 1964. But simply, play proceeds as follows: a player on one of the teams begins a 'rally' by serving the ball, from behind the back boundary line of the court, over the net, and into the receiving team's court. The receiving team must not let the ball be grounded within their court. The team may touch the ball up to 3 times, but individual players may not touch the ball twice consecutively. Typically, the first two touches are used to set up for an attack, an attempt to direct the ball back over the net in such a way that the serving team is unable to prevent it from being grounded in their court. The rally continues, with each team allowed as many as three consecutive touches, until either: a team makes a kill, grounding the ball on the opponent's court and winning the rally; or: a team commits a fault and loses the rally. The team that wins the rally is awarded a point and serves the ball to start the next rally. A few of the most common faults include: Causing the ball to touch the ground or floor outside the opponents' court or without first passing over the net. Catching and throwing the ball. Double hit: two consecutive contacts with the ball made by the same player. Four consecutive contacts with the ball made by the same team. Net foul: touching the net during play. Foot fault: the foot crosses over the boundary line when serving. The ball is usually played with the hands or arms, but players can legally strike or push (short contact) the ball with any part of the body. A number of consistent techniques have evolved in volleyball including spiking and blocking as well as passing, setting, and specialized player positions and offensive and defensive structures. History Of Volleyball Volleyball was invented in 1895 by William G. Morgan. It was designed as an indoor sport for businessmen who found the new game of basketball too vigorous. Morgan called the sport “mintonette,” until a professor from Springfield College in Massachusetts noted the volleying nature of play and proposed the name of “volleyball.” In 1916 rules were issued jointly by the YMCA and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The first nationwide tournament in the United States was conducted by the National YMCA Physical Education Committee in New York City in 1922. The United States 2 Volleyball Association (USVBA) was formed in 1928 and recognized as the rules-making, governing body in the United States. From 1928 the USVBA—now known as USA Volleyball (USAV)—has conducted annual national men’s and senior men’s (age 35 and older) volleyball championships, except during 1944 and 1945. Its women’s division was started in 1949, and a senior women’s division (age 30 and older) was added in 1977. Volleyball was introduced into Europe by American troops during World War I, when national organizations were formed. The Fédération Internationale de Volley Ball (FIVB) was organized in Paris in 1947 and moved to Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1984. The USVBA was one of the 13 charter members of the FIVB, whose membership grew to more than 210 member countries by the late 20th century. International volleyball competition began in 1913 with the first Far East Games, in Manila. During the early 1900s and continuing until after World War II, volleyball in Asia was played on a larger court, with a lower net, and nine players on a team. The FIVB-sponsored world volleyball championships (for men only in 1949; for both men and women in 1952 and succeeding years) led to acceptance of standardized playing rules and officiating. Volleyball became an Olympic sport for both men and women at the 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo. A four-year cycle of international volleyball events, recommended by the FIVB, began in 1969 with World Cup championships, to be held in the year following the Olympic Games; the second year is the World Championships; in the third the regional events are held (e.g., European championships, Asian Games, African Games, Pan American Games); and in the fourth year the Olympic Games. 3  Volleyball Equipment Ball: The ball shall weigh between 9 and 10 oz. (260-280 grams) and shall have 12 or more pieces that measure 25.5”-27” (62 cm-68 cm). The ball pressure must be between 4.3 and 4.6 lbs. (0.30 and.325 kg/cm2). Volleyball Court: Volleyball is playing in 18 meters by 9 meters divided by the net and the center line. Each side of the court is 9 meters to 9 meters. The attack line is marked 3 meters from the center line in each side of the court. The 3 meters line is used to divide back row and front row players. Back row players cannot make any offensive play (blocking or attacking) over the net inside of the 3 meters line. The service line is laterally limited by two short lines, each 15 cm long, drawn 20 cm behind the end line as an extension of the sidelines. The net height is 2.43m for men and 2.24m for women. The minimum ceiling height should be 7 meters. The antennas are considered as part of the net and laterally delimit the crossing space. If a team makes a play from outside of the court, the ball must travel in between the two antennas to be a legal play. Official volleyball. 4 Volleyball Net: The net height is 2.43m for men and 2.24m for women. The official size of the net is 9.5 meters by 1 meter. The minimum ceiling height should be 7 meters. The antennas are considered as part of the net and laterally delimit the crossing space. If a team makes a play outside of the court, the ball must travel between the two antennas to be a legal play. An antenna is a flexible rod, 1.80 m long on the sides of the net and extend upwards and considered as part of the net. 5  Volleyball Advance Skills Offensive Technical Skills Serving. - Underhand Serve. - Sidearm Serve. - Standing Overhand Serve. - Jump Overhand Serve. Passing. - Forearm Pass. - Overhead Pass. - Front Set. - Back Set. - Jump Set. - One hand Set. - Forearm Set. Attacking. - Front – row Attack. - Back – row Attack. - Quick Attack. Serving. Serving is the only skill in volleyball where the individual player is in complete control of the ball. Although there are many different types of serves, common guiding principles should be applied to every serve. The objective of the serve is, minimally, to put the ball in play and, maximally, to score a point. The easiest way to score a point is to make the serve difficult to pass. Being able to serve different types of serves will keep the opposing team off balance with their passing. Any type of serve with good speed will give the opponents less time to react to the ball coming over the net. There are several guiding principles that players must be aware of when serving: 6  There is a point scored on every serve. The serve is the only skill in volleyball where the player has control over all factors, such as location, velocity, and trajectory. If there is a serving error, the other team scores. An aggressive serve has a better chance of taking the opponents out of their offensive system or rhythm. There should be more aces than errors. Players should use the same routine each serve, which includes taking a deep breath, selecting a target, and serving. Simple, efficient mechanics lead to repeatability and more success. Always practice serves in game like situations Underhand Serve An underhand serve is a method of putting the ball in play over the net by holding the ball below the waist, tossing it slightly out of the hand, and hitting underneath it with the other hand to send it over the net. The underhand serve is the easiest type of volleyball serve and is usually taught to young, beginning players who may not be physically strong enough to serve the ball over the net using an overhand motion. Sidearm Serve The sidearm serve is another method of introducing the ball into play by hitting it over the net to the opponents from a sideways position with a short toss. The sidearm serve can also be used with young players. Players not yet strong enough to get the ball over the net using an overhand motion may be taught this technique in which the body rotates, or torques, providing even more power than the previous underhand serve. Standing Overhand Serve This serve is the basic overhand serve technique used by most players, from beginners to international athletes. If a player is strong enough to throw the ball over the net from the end line with an overhand motion, she can learn how to execute this type of serve. It is such an effective serve because when done correctly, the ball floats (without spinning) and has an unpredictable path that makes it very difficult to pass accurately. Jump Overhand Serve The jump overhand serve is the same as the standing overhand serve except there is an approach and jump to make contact with the ball. This type of serve allows the server to contact the ball at a higher point, making the trajectory of the serve flatter over the net and keeping the ball in the air for a shorter period, giving the passer less time to react and adjust to the serve. If a player is strong enough to throw the ball over the net overhand from the end line, then she can learn how to execute 7 this type of serve. It is such an effective serve because when done correctly, the ball floats (without spinning) and has an unpredictable path, which makes it very difficult to pass accurately. Passing. Passing is used in its many variations to receive serves, free balls, down balls, or even tips or attacks. The forearm pass is the most common form and is usually used for any ball coming over the net that is too low to play using an overhead pass. Passing is one of the most important skills in volleyball and is a key to whether a team is successful. Being able to receive a serve and accurately pass it to the setter, whether using a forearm or an overhead pass, will determine the offense the team will be able to use. There are several guiding principles that players must be aware of when passing: Angle of arms at contact is the key—the ball knows angles. Keep the head in front of the feet. Arms and body act independently. Arms move faster than the body to pass from outside the midline. One motion to the ball. Less movement means more repeatability. Passing needs to be consistent under pressure Forearm Pass A forearm pass is used in volleyball to receive a ball coming over the net from a serve or a free ball. The hands and arms are held together to make a flat, solid platform to contact and direct the ball to the setter or target area on the court near the net. This skill is critical to master to be successful in the sport of volleyball. Overhead Pass The overhead (overhand) pass can be used by any player to receive a ball coming over the net. Volleyball rules at most levels have changed, allowing more leniency on receiving a serve or spike with an overhead pass. This first contact does not necessarily need to be a clean contact. The ball travels faster on the volleyball serve, so only players who have strong hands should attempt this. Players must understand that they need to keep their fingers protected and away from the oncoming ball. The overhead pass is also used to pass a free ball to a setter. 8 Front Set The front set, which is essentially an overhead pass, is a specific application of the overhead pass skill and is used by a setter as a method of delivering a hittable ball to an attacker. The front set is used to get the ball to the attacker so he can get a good hard swing at the ball without getting into the net or going over the center line. The front set is the most accurate method of getting a hittable ball to the attacker since the passer is using two hands rather than the forearms. Since the forearms can sometimes have different angles depending on the way the arms are put together to form a platform, the overhead set is usually more accurate. Back Set Because most hitters are right-handed, the setter usually faces the hitter on the left side of the court when setting the ball. It is easier for a right-handed hitter to hit the ball when it just needs to fall in front of her hitting shoulder instead of going across her body. There are going to be instances, however, when the hitter is behind the setter, so the setter must be able to back-set to the hitter as they spread out the offense. The back set needs to be disguised as long as possible in order to hold the middle blocker in her position and not release to the hitter early, since the goal of the setter is to get the hitter up against only one blocker. The back set is similar to the front set except for the follow-through. Jump Set In a jump set, the setter jumps off the ground and then sets the ball. This is an advanced move that increases the tactical advantage if the setter is accurate with the location of the set. One reason for using this skill is that the ball is in the air a shorter amount of time, giving the attacker a better opportunity to hit around the blocker. The jump set can be used to speed up the offense because the ball is delivered more quickly out of the setter’s hands since she is setting the ball in the air instead of waiting for it to come down to her standing on the floor. It may also be used if the setter is positioned in the front row and is considered a threat to attack the ball on the second hit. This puts more pressure on the blockers to determine whether the setter will hit the ball over or set to another attacker. If the setter is left-handed, this is even more effective since the setter can decide to swing at the ball as an attacker or dump the ball over instead of setting it. One-Hand Set A one-hand set is used only when the ball is passed tight to the net or is going over the net, and the setter cannot set the ball with both hands. In this situation, the setter is just trying to keep the ball from going over the net until the hitter can get up in the air to hit it. The setter and hitter will be in the air at the same time, with the setter using the pads of the fingers and thumb of the right hand to keep the ball in play. The setter must be ready for the blocker to try to attack the ball at the same time she is jumping up to keep it on her side for the hitter. 9 Forearm Set The setter may need to use her forearms to set the ball to the hitter instead of her hands if the ball is passed too low or too fast to the net. This is an emergency skill and should be used only when the player cannot receive the ball above the forehead. Essentially, the setter just passes the ball off her forearms to get it to land in a target area about 5 feet (1.5 m) off the net and 5 feet inside the sideline so the attacker can hit it Attacking (Spiking) The attack, also called a spike or a hit, is the most popular and exciting skill in the sport of volleyball. Most players want to work on the technique for their attack as much as possible. It is a very difficult skill in which the player jumps in the air to hit a moving ball over the net while avoiding the opposing blockers. The attacker’s goal is to direct the ball around, over, or off the blockers’ hands or to hit the ball down into the opposing team’s court away from the defenders. The attacker can hit sets from her on-hand or off-hand side. On-hand refers to a ball that comes from the right side of the court to a right-handed hitter. This is the easiest ball to hit since an attacker can contact it before it travels across her body. Off-hand refers to a ball that comes from the left side of a right-handed hitter. These balls are more difficult to hit because they must travel across the attacker’s body and drop in front of her right shoulder before she can hit it. For a player to hit any ball she is set, she must have her body in the correct position every time. She can do this using efficient footwork and by getting the hitting arm fully extended, with the ball slightly in front of her hitting shoulder. There are several guiding principles you and your players must be aware of when attacking: Attackers should be able to put the ball away. Attackers should be able to keep the ball in play. Attackers should make as few unforced errors as possible. Front-Row Attack An attack from the front row is a skill that involves a player jumping up to hit the ball over the net. The attacker moves to a ball that is set to her and then jumps up to contact the ball above the net, sending it down into the opposing team’s court. This skill requires a good sense of timing and coordination to jump up and hit the ball with an open hand around or through opposing players who are trying to stop the attack from coming over the net (block). Back-Row Attack The back-row attack is made by a player in the back-row. The player must take off from behind the attack line (10 feet, or 3 m, away from the center line). This type of attack can be very effective when the opponents are strong blockers and can block the front-row hitters. It also adds a fourth 10 or fifth attacker and helps balance the attack. The back-row attack is essentially the same as a front- row attack, except the approach starts deeper off the net and a little sooner. Also, the set should be antenna height, or 3 to 4 feet (.9 to 1.2 m) above the top of the net, to make sure the attacker can hit against fewer blockers. Setting the ball higher will allow more time for a block to form in front of the hitter, taking away the benefit of attacking from the back row. Quick Attack A quick attack is used when the opponent has strong blockers and there is a need to get the ball by them before they have a chance to set up a solid block. This set is most often hit by a middle attacker. This attack requires an accurate pass and an excellent setter because of the critical timing. In a true first-tempo quick attack, the hitter is up in the air before the set is actually released, and the setter must put the ball in her hand quickly and with great accuracy. Being able to use this type of attack will also open up the outside hitters by keeping the middle blocker more occupied with the threat of your middle attacker. However, remember that a team should only attempt tactically what it can do technically, and this is a perfect example of that principle. Defensive Technical Skills ◼ Block. ◼ Dig. ◼ Covering the Hitter. ◼ Dig out of the net. ◼ Overhand Dig. ◼ Barrel Roll (Log Roll). ◼ Pancake. Block. Blocking—the first line of defense in volleyball—is the act of jumping up and placing the hands above and over the net to keep the ball on the opposing team’s side of the court. This can be done by positioning your blockers, so they essentially eliminate a part of the court from the opponent, forcing the attacker to hit the ball into the block or to hit the ball in a different direction toward the back-row defenders or with different speed than he wanted to. 11  Dig. A dig is an individual defensive skill performed by a player to deflect the ball up off his forearms. The defensive player will read the play as it develops, position herself around the blockers, and prepare to keep a ball hit by an attacker off the floor. When the blockers and the back-row defenders work together to cover the court, it can make for very exciting action Covering the Hitter. As the ball is set to an attacker, every other player on that team should move to an area of the court to dig up a spike coming back into the court off the opposing team’s block. They should be in a ready position to dig the ball up on their own side of the court if it is blocked. Dig out of the net. There are times when the ball may accidentally be passed or dug into the net, perhaps because of a poor serve reception or dig from a spiked ball. If the ball cannot be intercepted with control before it hits the net, the player can use the net as a rebound point. It is important to train players to see where the ball goes into the net, so they know where to position themselves to make a good play when it comes out of the net. Overhand Dig. To make a defensive play, players should position themselves on the court so they can keep the ball low and in front of their bodies, using the forearms as a platform to dig the ball up. There are some situations or team defenses, however, where players start closer inside the sideline or end line, or the attacker may have hit the ball with a higher, flatter trajectory, forcing the digger to dig the ball overhead. 12  Barrel Roll (Log Roll). The barrel roll, or log roll, is used to make a defensive save in an emergency in order to play a ball up, recover, and quickly get back into a ready position. In the event that a player extends her body by taking a low lunge step to play a ball, she can cover a little extra distance and keep from stopping herself abruptly by rolling on the floor using this technique. This move is called a barrel roll or log roll because the body simulates a barrel or a log rolling. To use this technique, it is important that players feel comfortable with the floor; if they stay low enough during this move, they will develop more confidence in going to the floor after they have played the ball up. Pancake. The pancake is an emergency defensive move to get the hand flat and, on the floor, like a pancake, with the palm down and under the ball just as it gets ready to hit the floor. The ball will hit the back of the hand and rebound up enough for a teammate to get to it to keep it in play. This is the last option to use when the player can’t reach the ball any other way. Volleyball Court Positions Right Back: The player that is right back is in the rotation position in the backcourt on right side of the court. At the start of the rally, this is the player that starts in Zone 1. When a team rotates, it's the player rotating to the right back position that goes back to serve. Right Front: The player that is right front is in the rotation position at the net on right side of the court. At the start of the rally, this is the player that starts in Zone 2. Center Front: The player that is middle front is in the rotation position at the net in the center. At the start of the rally, this is the player that starts in Zone 3 Left Front: The player that is left front is in the rotation position at the net on left side of the court. At the start of the rally, this is the player that starts in Zone 4. Left Back. The player that is left back is in the rotation position in the backcourt on the left side of the court. At the start of the rally, this is the player that starts in Zone 5. Center Back: 13  The player that is middle back is in the rotation position in the backcourt in the middle. At the start of the rally, this is the player that starts in Zone 6. Game Play Volleyball is a sport played by two teams on a playing court divided by a net. The objective of the game is to send the ball over the net in order to ground it on the opponent's court, and to prevent the same effort by the opponent. The team has three hits for returning the ball (exception for block contact). The ball is put in play with a service: hit by the server over the net to the opponents. The rally continues until the ball is grounded on the playing court, goes "out" or a team fails to return it properly. In Volleyball, the team winning a rally scores a point (Rally Point System). When the receiving team wins a rally, it gains a point and the right to serve, and its players rotate one position clockwise. Each team consists of six players, and six more in the bench. The three contacts usually consist first of the bump or pass so that the ball's trajectory is aimed by the net, towards the player designated as the setter; second of the set (usually an over- hand pass using wrists to push finger-tips at the ball) by the setter so that the ball's trajectory is aimed towards a spot where one of the players designated as an attacker can hit it, and third by the attacker who spikes (jumping, raising one arm above the head and hitting the ball so it will move quickly down to the ground on the opponent's court) to return the ball over the net. 14  Rotation Pl The concept of rotation is entrenched to allow for all-round athletes. The rules on player positions must permit teams to have flexibility and to create interesting developments in tactics. Rotational order is determined by the team’s starting line-up, and controlled with the service order, and players’ positions, throughout the set. Player’s position is determined one to six starting from the service. However, the position number is the opposite from the rotation (Figure below). When the receiving team has gained the right to serve, its players rotate one position clockwise: the player in position 2 rotates to position 1 to serve; the player in position 1 rotates to position 6, etc. Scoring The FIVB changed the rules in 1999 to use the current scoring system (known as rally point system), primarily to make the length of the match more predictable and to make the game more spectator- and television-friendly, meaning marketing money and increasing interest. When the ball contacts the floor within the court boundaries or an error is made, the team that did not make the error is awarded a point, whether they served the ball or not. The team that won the point serves for the next point. If the team that won the point served in the previous point, the same player serves again. If the team that won the point did not serve the previous point, the players of the team rotate their position on the court in a clockwise manner. The game continues, with the first team to score 25 points (and be two points ahead) awarded the set. Matches are best-of-five sets and the fifth set (if necessary), called “Tie-Break” is played to 15 points 15  Libero In 1998 the libero player was introduced, meaning free in Italian because does not count as a regular (6) substitution. When the ball is not in play, the libero can replace any back-row player, without prior notice to the officials. This replacement does not count against the substitution limit each team is allowed per set, although the libero may be replaced only by the player whom they replaced. The libero is a player specialized in defensive skills: the libero must wear a contrasting jersey color from his or her teammates and cannot block or attack the ball when it is entirely above net height. 16  Volleyball Basic Rules The Serve Server must serve from behind the end line until after contact. Ball may be served underhand or overhand. Ball must be clearly visible to opponents before serve. Served ball may graze the net and drop to the other side for point. First game serve is determined by a volley; each subsequent game shall be served by the previous game loser. Serve must be returned by a pass, no attacking a serve. Serve may touch the net but must land in on the other side. Scoring Rally scoring will be used. There will be a point scored on every score of the ball. Offense will score on a defense miss or out of bounds hit. Defense will score on an offensive miss, out of bounds hit, or serve into the net. A volleyball match is won by the team that wins the best of three or five sets. A set is won by the team which first scores 25 points with a minimum lead of two points. In the case of a 24-24 tie, play is continued until a two-point lead is achieved. The deciding set of any match (3rd or 5th game) is played to 15 points. The winner is the first team to achieve 15 points with a minimum lead of two points Rotation Team will rotate each time they win the serve Players shall rotate in a clockwise manner Playing the Game Maximum of three hits per side Player may not hit the ball twice in succession (A block is not considered a hit) Ball may be played off the net during a volley and on serve A ball touching a boundary line is good A legal hit is contact with the ball by a player body above and including the waist which does not allow the ball to visibly come to a rest If two or more players contact the ball simultaneously, it is considered one play and the players involved may not participate in the next play A player must not block or attack a serve Switching positions will be allowed (after the serve only) 17 Basic Violations Stepping on or over the line on a serve Failure to serve the ball over the net successfully Hitting the ball illegally (Carrying, Palming, Throwing, etc.) Touches of the net with any part of the body while the ball is in play. If the ball is driven into the net with such force that it causes the net to contact an opposing player, no foul will be called, and the ball shall continue to be in play Reaching over the net, except under these conditions a) When executing a follow-through b) When blocking a ball which is in the opponent’s court but is being returned (the blocker must not contact the ball until after the opponent who is attempting to return the ball makes contact). Except to block the third play Reaches under the net (if it interferes with the ball or opposing player) Failure to serve in the correct order Blocks or spikes from a position which is clearly not behind the 10-foot line while in a back row position Preparation for the Match A coin is tossed at the beginning of the match. The winner of the coin toss may choose to serve, receive the serve, or the side of the court. The same choices are offered at a toss before the deciding game of a match if one is needed. After each set of a match, players change sides of the court and bench areas at courtside. The Referees The refereeing corps for a match is composed of the following officials: The 1st referee. The first referee is in charge from the beginning until the end of the match. Has the most authority over all other members of the officiating crew. He should talk to all the officiating crew members before the match starts, going over any question's officials might have about their responsibilities. The first referee stands on the referee stand. 18 The 2nd referee. The second referee’s main job is to assist the first referee. He stands on the ground on the opposite side of the court from the first referee. He watches which team overlaps during serves, switching sides of the net, and handles substitutions and timeouts. The scorer The main responsibility is to make sure the score is correct all times. He notifies the referees if a substitution is requested. He notes the starting line ups of the team pre-game. Four (two) line judges. There are four-line judges used in a match. Each line judge stands in the free zone. Line judge's main responsibility is to make signals to help the referees in making judgment calls. When the Server steps on the end line during a serve, the line judge notifies the referees using a flag 19 Volleyball Referees Hand Signals 20  GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN VOLLEYBALL ACE - A serve that is not passable and results immediately in a point. ATTACK - The offensive action of hitting the ball. The attempt by one team to terminate the play by hitting the ball to the floor on the opponent's side. ATTACKER - Also "hitter" or " spiker " A player who attempts to hit a ball offensively with the purpose of terminating play in his or her team's favor. ATTACK LINE - A line 3m from the net that separates the front row players from the back row players. Commonly referred to as the "10-foot line." BACKCOURT - The area from the end line to the attack line. BLOCK - A defensive play by one or more players meant to deflect a spiked ball back to the hitter’s court. It may be a combination of one, two or three players jumping in front of the opposing spiker and contacting the spiked ball with the hands. CENTER LINE - The boundary that runs directly under the net and divides the court into two equal halves. DIG - Passing a spiked or rapidly hit ball. Slang for the art of passing an attacked ball close to the floor. DOUBLE BLOCK - Two players working in unison to deflect an attacked ball at the net back to the hitter’s side. DOUBLE HIT - Successive hits or contacts by the same player. (Illegal) FIVE-ONE – A 6-player offensive system that uses five hitters and one setter. FOREARM PASS - Join your arms from the elbows to the wrists and strike the ball with the fleshy part of your forearms in an underhand motion. FOUL - A violation of the rules. HIT - To jump and strike the ball with an overhand, forceful shot. HITTER - Also "spider" or "attacker" JUMP SERVE - A serve that is started by the server tossing the ball into the air and jumping into and hitting the ball in its downward motion. OVERHAND PASS - A pass executed with both hands open, controlled by the fingers and thumbs, played just above the forehead. OVERHAND SERVE - Serving the ball and striking it with the hand above the shoulder. READY POSITION - The flexed, yet comfortable, posture a player assumes before moving to contact the ball. RED CARD – a severe penalty in which an official displays a red card. The result of a red card may be a player is disqualified, the team loses the serve, or the team loses a point. A red card may be given with or without a prior yellow card as a warning; it is up to the official’s discretion. 21  ROTATION - The clockwise movement of players around the court and through the serving position following a side out. SERVE - One of the six basic skills; used to put the ball into play. It is the only skill controlled exclusively by one player. SERVER - The player who puts the ball into play. SET - The tactical skill in which a ball is directed to a point where a player can spike it into the opponent's court. SETTER – the player who has the 2nd of 3 contacts of the ball who "sets" the ball with an "Overhand Pass" for a teammate to hit. The setter normally runs the offense. UNDERHAND SERVE – a serve in which the ball is given a slight under-hand toss from about waist high and then struck with the opposite closed fist in an "underhand pitching" motion. YELLOW CARD – a warning from an official indicated by the display of a yellow card. Any player or coach who receives two yellow cards in a match is disqualified. A single yellow card does not result in loss of point or serve 22  References 1. FIVB. Official Volleyball Rules 2017 - 2020.International federation of Volleyball. , Switzerland, 2015. 2. FIVB. Coaches Manual Level 1.International federation of Volleyball. , Switzerland, 2011. 3. FIVB. Coaches Manual Level I1.International federation of Volleyball. , Switzerland, 2015. 4. FIVB. Mini – Volleyball Handbook. International federation of Volleyball. , Switzerland, 2008. 5. The Irish Sports Council. Teachers Volleyball Manual. Volleyball Association of Ireland. Dublin, 2012. 6. Volleyball Canada. Official Volleyball Rules. Ottawa, Ontario, 2020. 7. Cecile Renaud. Coaching Volleyball Technical and Tactical. Human Kinetics, 2011. 8. Hiroshi Toyoda. Theory of Basic Individual Techniques. FIVB, 2011. 9. USA Volleyball. A Guide to Volleyball Basics. SGMA Volleyball Council and USA Volleyball, 2013. 10. The Irish Sports Council. Teachers Volleyball Manual. Volleyball Association of Ireland. Dublin, 2012. 11. Katrine Barth and Antje Linker hand. Training Volleyball. Meyer and Meyer Sport, Aachen, 2006. 12. AAF. Volleyball Coaching Manual. Los Angeles, CA, 2012. 13. AIKEN. Guide to Coaching a Youth volleyball Team.2010. 14. Special Olympics. Volleyball Coaching Quick Start Guide.SO, 2008. 15. Ontario Volleyball Association. Learn to train Volleyball Manual. Ontario, 2011. 16. Amateur Athletics Federation. Volleyball, 2001. 17. Becky Schmidt. Volleyball Steps to Success. Human kinetics, 2016. 23