Consonant Descriptions PDF

# CONSONANT NAMES | **IPA Symbol** | **Description** | |---|---| | [p] | voiceless bilabial (oral) stop | | [b] | voiced bilabial (oral) stop | | [m] | (voiced) bilabial nasal (stop) | | [w] | (voiced) labial velar approximant | | [f] | voiceless labio-dental fricative | | [v] | voiced labio-dent...

# CONSONANT NAMES | **IPA Symbol** | **Description** | |---|---| | [p] | voiceless bilabial (oral) stop | | [b] | voiced bilabial (oral) stop | | [m] | (voiced) bilabial nasal (stop) | | [w] | (voiced) labial velar approximant | | [f] | voiceless labio-dental fricative | | [v] | voiced labio-dental fricative | | [θ] | voiceless inter-dental fricative | | [ð] | voiced inter-dental fricative | | [t] | voiceless alveolar (oral) stop | | [d] | voiced alveolar (oral) stop | | [n] | voiced alveolar nasal (stop) | | [s] | voiceless alveolar fricative | | [z] | voiced alveolar fricative | | [r] | (voiced) alveolar trill | | [l] | (voiced) alveolar lateral approximant | | [ʃ] | voiceless alveo-palatal fricative | | [ʒ] | voiced alveo-palatal fricative | | [tʃ] | voiceless alveo-palatal affricate | | [dʒ] | voiced alveo-palatal affricate | | [j] | (voiced) palatal approximant | | [k] | voiceless velar (oral) stop | | [g] | voiced velar (oral) stop | | [ŋ] | (voiced) velar nasal (stop) | | [h] | (voiceless) glottal fricative | ## MAJOR ARTICULATORS - **Lips:** Velum (soft palate) - **Tongue:** Tongue root - **Teeth/Jaw:** Larynx ### Active Articulators: articulators that move - Lips - Tongue ### Passive Articulators: non-mobile parts - Upper lip, Teeth - Roof of the mouth (alveolar ridge, hard & soft palate, uvula) - Pharynx ## SECONDARY ARTICULATION - Indicated in diacritics (mark placed over/under/through a letter in some language to show particular pronunciation) - Palatalisation: - [t] = [tʲ] - [l] = [lʲ] - [t] = [tʷ] - Labio-velarisation - [i] = [ɪʷ] - Velarisation - [i] = [ɪ] - Others: labialisation, pharyngealisation, rhotacisation, etc # PHONETICS & PHONOLOGY ## PHONETICS: the study of speech sounds - **Articulatory Phonetics:** The study of how speech sounds are produced - **Acoustic Phonetics:** The study of the physical properties of speech sounds - **Auditory Phonetics:** The study of how sounds are perceived by the ears/brain ### ARTICULATORY PHONETICS ### ACOUSTIC PHONETICS: investigates physical properties of speech sounds - Waveforms - Frequency - Amplitude - Intensity - Duration ### AUDITORY PHONETICS: investigates how speech sounds are perceived **Factors affecting perception:** Content ## PHONOLOGY: Study of how speech sounds are organized in our minds. - Observe differences in production & perception of speech sounds - Inventory differences: pronunciation based on speech sounds used in a specific language. (no/p/in Arabic). - Distributional differences: where and how speech sounds appear in different positions within words. (sh sound in Korea) - Structural differences: - Eng: CCCVCCCC - Korean: CVC - Malay perceive [i:] & [I] as the same sounds # AIRSTREAM MECHANISM: the air, which is used in speech, that may start from the - - **Lungs (Pulmonic airstream)** - **Tongue & soft palate (Velaric airstream)** - **Glottis (Glottalic airstream)** - **Ingressive (Incoming air)** - **Egressive (Outgoing air)** ## ORGANS OF SPEECH - **Articulatory system:** Supraglottal: - **Phonatory system:** Larynx/Glottis - **Respiratory system:** Subglottal - **Pulmonic egressive airstream (common)** - Eg: smapping gasping, knaprinad - **Pulmonic ingressive (common for non speech sounds)** - Eg: gasping, slurping - **Larynx (Voice box):** [voicing (phonation)] - **Vocal chords:** - **Glottis:** [opening between vocal folds] ## Glottal settings for: - **Voiceless:** Vocal chords apart, with significant amount of airflow through glottis - **Voiced:** Vocal chords brought together, vibrate during production - **Glottal stop:** vocal chords completely closed, blocking airflow, then released suddenly - **Whisper:** vocal chords held apart, but close enough for turbulent airflow to create sound - **Creaky:** vocal chords tightly adducted but vibrate slowly, with irregular tension. - **Resonating cavities** - **Throat (pharyngeal cavity)** - **Nose (nasal cavity)** - **Mouth (oral cavity)** # Describing consonants - **Where is the sound made?** [Place of Articulation] - **How is the sound made?** [Manner of Articulation] - **What is happening at the nose ?** [Nasal or Oral] - **What is happening at the larynx?** [Voiced or Voiceless] - **Place of Articulation:** Labio, Labio-dental, Interdental, Alveolar, Alveo-palatal, Palatal, velar, glottal ## Manner of Articulation: - **Stops/Plosives:** airstream is completely stopped at some point - **Fricatives:** airstream is partially obstructed causing friction in the airflow - **Affricates:** combination of a stop + fricative. - **Lateral:** there is some obstruction in the mouth but not enough to cause turbulence in the airflow - **Approximant:** little or no obstruction in the airstream - **TAPS:** single quick flip of the tongue against the upper part of the mouth. - **TRILLS:** vibration or series of flaps of the tongue, lips, or uvula against some other part of your mouth - **RETROFLEX:** tip of the tongue curled back toward the hard palate - **CENTRAL APPROXIMANT:** air flows along a central path over the tongue - **LATERAL APPROXIMANT:** the tongue touches the roof of the mouth in the central area and the air flows around this obstacle # PLACE OF ARTICULATION - **LABIAL/BILABIAL:** using one or both lips - [p], [b], [m], [w] - **LABIO-DENTAL:** articulated with the lower lip and upper teeth. - [f], [v] - **INTER-DENTAL:** articulated using the tongue against upper teeth - [θ], [ð] - **ALVEOLAR:** articulated with the tongue against /close to the superior alveolar ridge. - [t], [d], [s], [z], [l], [n], [r] - **ALVEO-PALATAL:** tongue articulated with the area between alveolar ridge and hard palate. - [ʃ], [ʒ], [tʃ], [dʒ] - **PALATAL:** body of the tongue raised against the hard palate: a bit more behind the post-alveolar - [j] - **VELAR:** back part of the tongue against the soft palate - [k], [g], [ŋ] - **GLOTTIS:** using glottis - [h]