Airmanship PDF - Visit to Airfield

42 AIRMANSHIP CHAPTER IX- VISIT TO AIRFIELD 1. Visit to Airfield- ATC , Met : Before commencing flying , the cadets need to be taken to ATC & M...

42 AIRMANSHIP CHAPTER IX- VISIT TO AIRFIELD 1. Visit to Airfield- ATC , Met : Before commencing flying , the cadets need to be taken to ATC & Met Section. At the ATC the cadets are to be shown the Airfield Layout and RT procedures. The basics of meteorology need to be explained at the Met Section for better understanding and assimilation Airmanship is a study of rules and regulations which must be followed both on the ground and in air to ensure safety and proper discipline in flying. It, thus, includes all air traffic control procedures and other actions laid down to deal with any type of aircraft emergencies, and other contingencies 2. Importance of Airmanship. (a) Airmanship helps to inculcate the sense of discipline amongst pilots & other crew members. (b) It helps the pilot to know the standard procedures laid down for the airfield on which he is operating. It helps the pilot to know procedure to be followed in emergency situation. (c) Finally, airmanship when studied in correct sense promotes flight safety and prevents aircraft accidents. (d) Good airmanship ensures a pilot at his best, when the situation is at its worst. BASIC TERMINOLOGIES 3. Aerodrome. Defined area on land or water including any buildings, installations and equipment intended to be used either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure and movement of ac. 4. Aerodrome Reference Point (ARP).It is a designated geographical location of an aerodrome, normally taken as the geometrical centre of Runway 5. Air Report. It is a report passed during the course of a flight in conformity with requirements for position, operational, or meteorological reporting in the AIREP or POMAR forms. 6. Air Route. The navigable airspace between two points, identified to the extent necessary for the application of flight rules. 7. Air Traffic Control Centre. An organisation established to provide: (a) Air traffic control within a control area (where established). (b) Flight information service within a flight information region. (c) Alerting service for search and rescue within its flight information region. 8. Air Traffic Control Services. A service provided for the purpose of:Preventing collisions between ac in the air, and on the manoeuvering area between a/c and obstructions.(Expediting and maintaining an orderly flow of traffic. Air Traffic Control Services are provided by licensed Air Traffic Controllers).  43 9. Heading. The direction in which the longitudinal axis of an aircraft is pointed usually expressed in degrees from North (magnetic). 10. Height. The vertical distance of a level, a point or an object considered as a point, measured from a specified datum. 11. Load Classification Number (LCN). The bearing strength of a pavement or runway is defined by a number. This is associated with an indication of the characteristics and type of construction of the pavement 12. Prohibited Area. Airspace of defined dimensions, above the land areas of territorial waters of a State, within which the flight of aircraft is prohibited. 13. Restricted Area. An airspace of defined dimensions, above the land areas or territorial waters of a State, within which the flight of aircraft is restricted in accordance with specified conditions. 14. QFE. Aerodrome pressure corrected for temperature. When set on the altimeter on the ground, the Altimeter should read zero. 15. Transition Altitude (TA). The altitude in the vicinity of an aerodrome at or below which the Vertical position of an aircraft is controlled by reference to altitudes above mean sea level or height above the aerodrome depending on whether QNH or QFE is set on the altimeter. 16. Transition Layer. The airspace between the transition altitude and the transition level. The depth of the layer will normally be insignificant, and will in any case never exceed 500 ft. 17. Transition Level. The lowest flight level above the transition altitude. It will vary in accordance with the relationship between the QNE and the standard pressure datum. 18. Visibility. The ability, as determined by atmospheric conditions and expressed in units of distance, to see and identify prominent lighted objects by night. 19. QNH. Aerodrome pressure corrected for temperature and adjusted to Mean Sea Level, using the ICAO formula. When set on the altimeter on the ground, the altimeter should read aerodrome elevation. 20. Alerting Service. A service provided to notify appropriate organizations regarding ac in need of search and rescue aid, and assist such organizations as required. 21. Alternate Aerodrome. An aerodrome specified in the flight plan to which a flight may proceed when it becomes inadvisable to land at planned aerodrome. 22. Altitude. The vertical distance of a level, a point or object considered as a point measured from mean sea level (MSL). 23. Distress M e s s a ge. Emergency message to be used when an aircraft is threatened by  44 serious or imminent danger and the crew is in need of immediate assistance. 24. Elevation. The vertical position of a point or a level, above, on or affixed to the surface of the earth, measured from mean sea level. 25. Estimated Ti m e of Arrival (ETA). For IFR flights, the time at which it is estimated that the ac will arrive over a designed point, defined by reference to navigation aids, from which it is intended that an instrument approach procedure will be commenced, or, if no navigational aid is associated with the aerodrome, the time at which the ac will arrive overhead. For VFR flights, it is the time at which it is estimated that the ac will arrive over the aerodrome. AIRFIELD LAYOUT 26. The sitting, layout and physical characteristics of an airfield should facilitate safe, orderly and expeditious flow of air traffic. The basic are as associated with physical characteristics have been standardised for all airfields/aerodromes with subsequent amendments from time to time. The standardized physical characteristics have been worked out considering most of the aircraft available today and standardised by DGCA conforming to international rules and regulations. 27. Following are the areas laid down at the airfields to facilitate safe and expeditious conduct of aircraft operations 28. Movement Areas. Movement areas are that part of an airfield intended for the surface movement of the aircraft. These are paved areas and include runways, taxiways, dispersal areas, aprons etc. 29. Flight Strip. It is the rectangular portion of an airfield containing the runway and paved over-runs along with the shoulders and cleared zones 30. Runways. Runways are paved surfaces intended for take-off and landing of ac. The number and orientation of runways at an airfield will depend upon the volume of traffic, runway occupancy time and climatological data on surface winds. 31. Taxiways.These are paved surfaces provided for the taxing of aircraft and intended to provide a link between one part of the aerodrome and another. 32. Shoulders. Theseare areas immediately adjacent to the edges of the runway, taxiways, over- runs and SGAs prepared for accidental or emergency use in the event of an aircraft running off the paved surface. 33. C̀leared Zones. These are those areas of the flight strip adjacent to the shoulders which for safety  45 of aircraft operations, should be obstructions as far as possible. levelled and be free of 34. Over-Run Areas. A defined rectangular area on ground at the end of runway in the direction of take-off prepared as a suitable area in which an aircraft can be stopped in case of abandoned take off, or during a landing emergency. AERODROME MARKINGS 35. Aerodrome markings consist of signs aeronautical information.on surface of movement areas to convey 36. Aerodrome ground markings shall consist of the following: (a) Runway markings. (b) Taxiway markings. (c) Unserviceability markings.  46 37. Runway Markings. Runway markings shall consist of: (a) Runway Designation Markings. Runway designation markings shall consist of a two-digit number and on parallel runways shall be supplemented by a letter. The two- digit number shall be the whole number nearest to one tenth of magnetic azimuth of centre line measured clockwise from magnetic North when viewed from direction of approach. (b) Runway Centre Line Markings. Runway centre line markings shall consist of a series of broken longitudinal lines along the runway centre line and extending along the whole length of the runway (c) Runway Threshold Markings. The markings shall consist of a series of longitudinal strips of uniform dimensions symmetrically placed on both sides of runway centre line and extending laterally to 1.5 m (5 ft) from the edge of runway. (d) Runway Touch Down Zone Markings. Touch down zone markings shall be located over the first 600 m (2000 ft) of instrument runways at longitudinal spacing of 150 m (500 ft). These markings shall be provided with distance coding. (e) Runway Side Strip Markings. Side strip markings shall be provided on all paved runways. These markings shall consist of two lines extending the whole length of the runway parallel to and equidistant from runway centre line. 38. Taxiway Markings. These markings shall consist of: (a) Taxiway Centre Line Markings These markings shall be single unbroken lines 0.15 m (6") wide along the centre line of taxiway. (b) Runway Holding Position Markings. These markings shall consist of four lines of 0.15 m (6") width each with spacing of 0.15 m (6"). (c) Unserviceability Markings Unserviceability markings shall be displayed on those parts of movement area, which are unfit for landing, take-off or surface movement of aircraft. Unserviceability markings shall be in the form of a cross as given.  47 39. Aerodrome Lighting. There are several types of approach and airfield lighting in use in the service. All permanent installations are normally on the mains electricity supply but also have some alternative arrangements for use in the event of power failure. Aerodrome lighting is considered under two headings. (a) Approach Lighting. This is to assist the pilots to make an approach for landing in poor visibility or at night. (b) Airfield Lightings. Modern installation consist of raised high intensity white lights along each side of the runway, beamed towards the landing aircraft. At the beginning of runway, called the thresh hold, is a bar of green lights going across the full width of the runway. RULES OF THE AIR 40. Flying, in general is of a complex nature, therefore there are many rules and regulations which must be observed by pilots and air traffic control personnel alike if the maximum degree of safety is to be ensured to aircraft, flying personnel, civilians and property. VISUAL FLIGHT RULES 41. Visual Meteorological Conditions. Visual Meteorological Conditions are said to exist when the prevailing visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling are equal to or better than the specified minimum. In Flight the criteria are: 42. (a) Visibility: 5 nm / 8 km. (b) Distance from cloud: 200 yards / 1.5 km horizontally and 1000 feet / 200 meters vertically. 43. Special VFR Flights. VFR Flights, specially authorised can be permitted even in weather conditions below VMC, subject to obtaining ATC clearance. Such flights are known as special VFR flights. 44. lnflight Operation. VFR Flight shall be flown only in condition of visibility and distance from clouds equal to or greater than those specified for VMC in the laid down orders. 45. Compliance with Instructions. VFR flights shall comply with the provisions of ATC services as laid down in general flights rule (a) When forming part of aerodrome traffic at controlled aerodromes. (b) When operated as special VFR flights. (c) When operated in controlled airspace (instrument visual). 46. Change from VFR to IFR. A VFR flight when electing to change to IFR shall:- (a) Communicate the necessary changes to be effected to its current flight plan. (b) Submit a flight plan to the appropriate ATS unit and obtain clearance prior to changing over the IFR flight when in controlled airspace. (c) When operated during night with exception of such local flights as may be exempted by the Air Traffic Control. For this purpose, the local flight is wholly conducted in the immediate vicinity of the aerodrome. (d) When operated more than 100 nm seaward from the coast-line in controlled airspaces.  48 INSTRUMENTS FLIGHT RULES 47. Aircraft Equipment. Aircraft shall be equipped with suitable instruments and with navigational aids appropriate to the route to be flown. 48. Change from IFR Flight to VFR Flight. An IFR flight electing to change to Visual Flight Rules, shall notify the appropriate unit, specifically, that the IFR flight is cancelled and communicate the change to be made to its current flight plan. RIGHT OF WAY RULE 49. The following are some of the basic rules laid down to reduce the risk of collision:- (a) Right of way procedure: Aircraft are to give way to each other in the following orders:- (i) Aero plane (ii) Helicopters (iii) Airships (iv) Tug and glider combinations (v) Gliders (vi) Balloons (vii) For example, aero planes give way to all other types of aircraft. (b) Converging. When two aircrafts are on the paths which cross, the aircraft which has the other on its right is to give way. (c) Approaching Head On. When two aircrafts are approaching head on, each is to alter heading to the right. (d) Overtaking. An aircraft overtaking another aircraft is to avoid the overtaking aircraft by altering heading to the right, and is to keep clear until all risk of collision is past. Sub para (a) does not apply to this rule. An aircraft is overtaking another aircraft, when it is approaching from the rear at an angle of less than 70 degree to the fore and aft axis of the overtaken aircraft. (e) Landing. Aircraft in the final stage of landing have the right of way over aircraft in the air and on the ground. (f) Approaching to Land. The aircraft at the lower altitude on the approach has the right of way; normally, however, as a matter of courtesy, captains of light maneuverable aircraft give way for the heavier types in which the overshoot procedure is involved. (g) Emergency landing. An aircraft seen, or known to be carrying out an emergency landing has the right of way over all others. Every aircraft obliged by the above rules to keep out of the way of another, is, if possible, to avoid passing over or under the other or crossing ahead of it. The aircraft having the right of way should normally maintain its heading and speed. CIRCUIT RULES 50. The airfield circuit is the airspace extending to 3,000 ft. above airfield elevation, on a radius of 18,000 ft. from the centre of the airfield. When flying in the circuit, a pilot is to: (a) Keep a sharp look out for other aircraft in the vicinity. (b) Conform with or avoid the traffic pattern. Maintain a continuous listening watch on the aerodrome R/T frequencies and keep a sharp look out for any visual signals which may be displayed. Obtain, by R/T or visual means, authorization for any movements.  49 MINIMUM ALTITUDES 51. Except for taking off and landing, aircraft are not to be flown over built up areas, or assemblies of people, etc. unless at an altitude that would enable them to be landed clear in the event of an emergency landing being necessary. In all cases, their altitude must be such that a minimum height of 2,000 ft above the ground in maintained. CIRCUIT PROCEDURES 52. A pattern for traffic movement has been established for use at all aerodromes. It is called a traffic circuit and it expedites and separates airplanes using the same aerodrome. It is the responsibility of every pilot, for safety and efficiency, to learn and follow the proper traffic procedures when coming in to land at an aerodrome. The cadets are to be shown the circuit procedure in the Flying experience. TRAFFIC CIRCUIT PROCEDURE 53. The following definitions apply to portions of the traffic circuit: (a) The upwind side is the area on the opposite side of the landing runway from the downwind leg. Approach should be made into this area at or above circuit height. (b) The circuit joining crosswind is a corridor, lying within the airspace between the centre of the landing runway and its upwind end, linking the upwind side and the downwind leg. (c) The downwind leg is a flight path, opposite to the direction of landing, which is parallel to and at a sufficient distance from the landing runway to permit a standard rate–one turn to the base leg. (d) The base leg is a flight path at right angles to the direction of landing and sufficiently downwind of the approach end of the landing run-way to permit at least a ¼ mile final approach leg after completion of a standard rate –one turn to final approach. (e) The final approach leg is a flight path in the (f) direction lf landing, commencing at least ¼ mile from the runway threshold, wherein an airplane is in line with the landing runway and descending towards the runway threshold. THE TRAFFIC CIRCUIT AT CONTROLLED AIRPORTS 54. The traffic circuit consists of the cross wind leg, a downwind leg, a base leg and a final approach leg. 55. Pilot must establish and maintain radio communication with the control tower prior to operating within the control zone served by an operational control tower. You must, therefore, call the control tower on the appropriate frequency prior to entering the control zone, give your identification and position and request landing instructions.  50 56. The tower controller will advise the runway in use, wind direction and speed, altimeter setting and any other pertinent information and then will clear you to enter the circuit. “Cleared to the Circuit” authorizes you to join the circuit on the downwind leg at circuit height. If, because of your position in relation to the runway in use, it is necessary to proceed crosswind prior to joining the circuit on the downwind leg, do so as indicated in above diagram, approaching the active runway from the upwind side at a point midway between each end of the runway staying clear of the approach and departure paths of the active runway.When joining the circuit, you must conform as closely as possible to the altitude, speed and size of the circuit being flown by other traffic. 57. The airport controller may clear you to a straight in approach and in this instance; you may join the traffic circuit on the final approach leg without having executed any other portion of the circuit. 58. Once established in the traffic circuit, you should advise the tower of your position (e.g.“Foxtrot Romeo Lima Tango is downwind”).The tower will then give you your landing instructions.For example: Tower: Piper Foxtrot Romeo Lima Tango you are number one. Give call on finals Or Tower: Piper Foxtrot Romeo Lima Tango you are number two. Follow Cessna 185 now on base leg. 59. You must have landing clearance prior to landing. Normally, the controller will clear you to land as you turn on to final. If this does not happen, it is your responsibility as pilot to request landing clearance in sufficient time to accommodate the operating characteristic of your airplane. If you do not receive landing clearance, you must pull up and make another circuit. Even after landing clearance is given, the tower may advise you to pull off and go around again if the situation on the runway becomes unsafe for landing. If, after landing clearance is accepted, the situation is such that you, as pilot, feel that there is a hazard to the safe operation of your flight you should advise ATC of your intentions and go around again. Always advise ATC of your intentions. 60. After landing you should clear the runway without delay by continuing forward to the nearest available taxi strip or turn off point. Continue to taxi until you have crossed the taxi position hold line, or until you are at least 200 ft from the runway. You must not exit a runway onto another runway unless authorized by ATC to do so. If you have landed beyond the last turn up point. Proceed to the end of the runway, turn off and wait for permission to taxi back to an intersection. Do not turn and taxi back against the direction of landing traffic unless instructed to do so by the tower. When clear of the active runway, the tower will advise you to switch to ground control who will give you instructions and authorization to taxi to the parking areas. 61. If you are intending to take off from a controlled airport, you must contact ground control for taxi instructions before starting up towards the active runway. Ground control will give you instructions on how to proceed to the active runway and will then advise you to switch to the tower frequency for take-off instructions. When cleared for take-off, you shall acknowledge and take off without delay. Once airborne, remain turned to the tower frequency during the time you are operating within control zone and preferably until you are at least ten miles outside it. ATC RT PROCEDURE 62. As an Air Wing NCC cadet it is must to know about ATC &RT procedure prior to start flying. Timely information of weather, wind speed, position are the essential parameters for flying. To access all the timely required information for a safe operation we must know the ATC & RT procedure. DEFINITIONS 63. Air Traffic Services. Services provided for the safe and efficient conduct of flight are termed as air traffic services. 64. Objectives of Air Traffic Services. (a) To prevent collision between aircraft. (b) To prevent collision between aircraft on the maneuvering area and obstructions on that area. (c) To expedite and maintain an orderly flow of traffic. (d) To provide advice and information useful for the safe and efficient conduct of flights. (e) To notify appropriate organisations regarding aircraft in need of search and rescue aid and assist such organisation as required.  51 65. The ATS include the following:- (a) Air Traffic Control Services: (i) Area Control Service. (ii) Approach Control Service. (iii) Aerodrome Control Service. (b) Flight Information Service. (c) Air Traffic Advisory Service. (d) Alerting Service. 66. Approach Control Service. ATC service for arriving or departing controlled flights. 67. Aerodrome Control Service. ATC service for aerodrome traffic. 68. Air Traffic Service Units. (a) Approach Control Office. A unit established to provide air traffic control service to controlled flights arriving at or departing from, one or more aerodromes. (b) Aerodrome Control Tower. A unit established to provide air traffic control service to aerodrome traffic. RT PROCEDURES AND PHRASEOLOGY Letter to be Identifying Word Representation of Identified Pronunciation in English A Alfa Alphah B Bravo BrahVoh C Charlie Charlee (or Shar Lee) D Delta Dell Tah E Echo Eck Oh F Foxtrot Foks Trot G Golf Golf H Hotel Hoh tell I India In Dee Ah J Juliet Jew Lee Et K Kilo Key Loh L Lima Lee Mah M Mike Mike N November No Vem Bar O Oscar Oss Car P Papa PahPah Q Quebec Qeh Beck R Romeo Row Me Oh S Sierra See Airrah T Tango Tang Go U Uniform You Nee Form V Victor VikTah  52 W Whiskey Wiss Key X X-Ray Ecks Ray Y Yankee Yan Key Z Zulu Zoo Loo  53 Pronunciation of Numbers 1 One Wun 2 Two Too 3 Three Tree 4 Four Fower 5 Five Fife 6 Six Six 7 Seven Saveen 8 Eight Ait 9 Nine Niner 0 Zero Zee Row. Decimal Day - See - Mal 1000 Thousand Tou - sond All numbers except whole thousand will be transmitted by pronouncing each number separately. Whole thousands shall be transmitted by pronouncing each digit in the number of thousand followed by the word thousand. Some of the examples are: Number 10 One Zero 75 Seven Five 100 One Zero Zero 583 Five Eight Three 5000 Five Thousand 25000 Two Five Thousand SUMMARY 69. The concept of airfields has changed considerably since the early days of flying. The earlier aircraft needed comparatively small, level grass surface. But as the aircraft became faster, their landing and take-off runs became longer and the airfields had to be enlarged to meet their ends. The modern tendency is f or operations to be confined to one or at the most two runways on each airfield. The longest of these runways is usually designed for instrument landings in bad weather and it is known as instrument runway having full, instrumentation and lighting. 70. It is mandatory for all the pilots to follow rules and regulations as given in the relevant publications and amended from time to time. In case the captain of an aircraft experiences circumstances which may lead to an unavoidable violation of ATC regulations he is to inform air traffic control by radio as soon as possible, so that other aircraft may be safeguarded. Air traffic control is also to be informed as soon as regular observance of the regulations can be resumed.