Man's Effort to Fly - History of Flight | PDF

MAN’S EFFORT TO FLY THE IMPORTANCE OF AIR TRANSPORTATION  Economic Manufacturing Transportation size General Aviation  Social  Political  The beginning of the story of the earliest known evidence of human efforts to fly goes back to the ancient literature of Greek and Roma...

MAN’S EFFORT TO FLY THE IMPORTANCE OF AIR TRANSPORTATION  Economic Manufacturing Transportation size General Aviation  Social  Political  The beginning of the story of the earliest known evidence of human efforts to fly goes back to the ancient literature of Greek and Roman mythology PHAETON Apollo’s son Phaeton rode the skies in a sun chariot SINBAD  Sinbad the sailor who flew on his bird “Roc” MAGIC CARPETS  The Arabs had their magical flying carpets  TRAVEL BY SMOKE? The pre-Christian settlers of the Middle East dreamed of travelling by smoke DAEDALUS AND ICARUS  One of the oldest tales is about the Greek mythical character Icarus  He was the son of Daedalus who was a:  Sculptor  Architect  Inventor DAEDALUS AND ICARUS  Legend says that he feared that his nephew Talus would surpass him in originality, so he threw him form the Acropolis in Athens and fled to Crete DAEDALUS AND ICARUS  At Crete he built a labyrinth to house the Minotaur for King Minos  The king refused to allow him to leave and put him in prison  Daedalus then constructed wings made out of wax feathers for himself and his son Icarus DAEDALUS AND ICARUS  They flew away but Icarus flew too close to the sun  His wings melted and he felt to his death into the sea  Daedalus flew on and successfully escaped to live alone in Sicily ICARUS AND DAEDALUS NIKE  Nike the winged goddess of victory whose statute appeared on an island in the Aegean Sea in 300 B.C. MERCURY  Hermes, the Greek God called Mercury by the Romans, was the winged messenger of the Gods PEGASUS  There is the story of the flying horse Pegasus, the famous ancestor of our present-day horse, who carried Perseus whenever he chose KING KA’US  A Persian legend from 1500 B.C. says that King Kai Ka’us who built the tower of Babylon, was tempted by evil spirits to invade the heavenly realm KING KA’US  To his gold and wood throne he had attached four poles  Four large eagles were tied to the poles  The birds flapped furiously and as the story goes, lifted the throne a short distance before becoming exhausted, causing the king and throne to crash KING KA’US His fall was taken as a sign that people were not meant to fly Thereafter the king was known as the Foolish King AYAR UTSO  In the Americas, the Incas had their legend of Ayar Utso, who grew wings and flew to the sun BLADUD  In 863, Bladud, the King of Britain attempted to fly using wings of feathers  He jumped from a Lindon church tower, broke his neck and died SARACEN  In 1100 B.C. in the presence of his emperor, Comnenus, attempted to fly around the Hippodrome of Constantinople  Legend says that he took off clad in a long white robe spread out to catch the breeze  He jumped from a high tower, but the weight of his body dragged him down and he did not survived ABBAS IBN-FIRNAS  Spain was the scene of an attempted flight about the year 875 when an Andalusian physician named Abbas ibn-Firnas ventured to fly  He covered himself with feathers, attached a couple of wings to his body, climb into a ledge and flung himself into the air ABBAS IBN-FIRNAS  According to witnesses he flew to a considerable distance as he had been a bird  However, when the ambitious physician attempted to land like a bird, he crashed heavily to the ground and severely injured his back ABBAS IBN- FIRNAS  With more sympathy than understanding the account explained that he had crashed because “not knowing that birds when they alight come down upon their tails, he forgot to provide himself with one” EILMER  The lack of tail was blamed also for the near undoing of an eleven century English monk named Eilmer who was one of the first tower jumpers  In 1065 he fitted himself with wings and leaped from a tower at Malmesbury Abbey EILMER  A medieval historian reported that Elimer “had by some means fastened wings to his hands and feet so that, mistaking fable for truth, he might fly like Daedalus, and collecting the breeze on the summit of the tower, he flew for the distance of several hundred feet” EILMER  Historians agree that Eilmer did achieve some sort of uncontrolled glide  He too, had a rough landing; he fell hard to the ground, broke his legs and was crippled for life  He said that “the cause of his failure was his forgetting to put a tail on the back part”  ROGER BACON  The celebrated English philosopher and scientist, who lived from 1214 to 1292 was probably the first person to suggest as apparatus might propel a man through the air  He was also the first to commit to paper any scientific speculation about flight ROGER BACON  Around the year 1250 he wrote a book Of the Marvelous Powers of Art and Nature in which he sought to demonstrate the superiority of reason over magical powers  He said, mankind was fully capable of building “instruments to fly that would be propelled through the air by flapping, birdlike wings”   He said: “It is not necessarily impossible for humans to fly, but is so happens that God did not give them the knowledge of how to do it. It follows, therefore, anyone who claims that he can fly must have sought that aid of the devil. To attempt to fly is therefore sinful” ROGER BACON JOHN DAMIAN DE FALCUIS  John Damian de Falcuis was an Italian scientist and court physician for King James IV in Scotland  He promised the king that he could create gold from base metals  When unable to do so he then said that he was able to fly JOHN DAMIAN DE FALCUIS  In September 1507, he had constructed a set of ten-foot wings  He jumped from the castle wall breaking a leg in doing so  He said that his failure was because he had used chicken feathers and chickens do not fly RESNIER DE GOUE  As late as 1801, a 72 year-old French general, Resnier de Goue, jumped from a castle rampart while flapping wildly  He landed in the river below and survived with no injury LEONARDO DA VINCI LEONARDO DA VINCI  It’s the 16th Century  Leonardo Da Vinci, an incredible genius, prophet of flight and a man of Renaissance  Known for famous paintings LEONARDO DA VINCI  Also known for his insatiable thirst for knowledge  The idea of flight captured his imagination and he spent hours devoting his fertile mind to the problem of man joining birds in flight LEONARDO DA VINCI  Leonardo, for all  The brillance of his his genius, failed 15th Century to achieve a sketches pointed the way to eventual design that could development of the: get a man off the  Parachute ground  Helicopter  If not, the airplane itself LEONARDO DA VINCI  Born on April 15, 1452, near the Tuscan town of Vinci, Leonardo was the illegitimate son of notary Ser Piero da Vinci and a young woman named Caterina  Raised by his father and the age of 16 he began his apprenticeship with Master Verrochio of Florence, a master goldsmith, sculptor and typical Renaissance seeker of truth LEONARDO DA VINCI  Leonardo mastered:  The arts  Music  Mathematics  Biology  Astronomy  Physics  By the age of 21, he had the skilled hands of an artist and the mind of a scientist- philosopher LEONARDO DA VINCI  He calculated the center of gravity of various birds, and he worked out the weight/lift ratios and the wing area necessary to support an average man, as well as the leg and arm power required to move the wings in a birdlike manner LEONARDO DA VINCI  There is no evidence that  It wasn’t until 1800’s that any of Leonardo’s his work received serious aeronautical designs were notice ever built, not put to test  By then, many of his ideas  When he died in 1519 he have been discovered by left his collection of over others 5,000 pages of manuscripts and drawings to a friend who never made them  If his work had been known public earlier the progress of flight may well have advanced by centuries LIGHTER THAN AIR SHIP JOSEPH & ETIENNE MONTGOLFIER  First successful experiment in Air Transportation  Joseph Montgolfier threw a piece of light weight paper into the fireplace and saw it go up the chimney  He thought this occurred because the fire produced a lighter than air gas, and reasoned it could be used as lifting power JOSEPH & ETIENNE MONTGOLFIER  June 4, 1783, a balloon made its first public appearance  It was 31,784 cubic foot envelop made of cotton sew on paper  The balloon ascended 6,600 feet for ten minutes JOSEPH & ETIENNE MONTGOLFIER JOSEPH & ETIENNE MONTGOLFIER  First aerial passengers in a man-made machine:  September 19, 1783  Who were the first passengers?  Sheep  Rooster  Duck JEAN DE ROZIER  French scientist  Head of Louis XVI’s natural history collection  November 21, 1783 de Rozier became the world’s first successful test pilot JEAN DE ROZIER  He was also the first human to accomplish flight in a man-made device  Ascended an altitude over 1,000 feet and stayed aloft 23 minutes JEAN DE ROZIER  June 1785 de Rozier fell to his death when his balloon caught fire in an attempt at crossing the English Channel  June 4, 1784 Ms. Elizabeth Thible became the first woman to fly a balloon (balloon pilot) Father of hydrogen balloon FIRST KNOWN BALLOON ASCENT IN THE USA  Where: Baltimore, MD  When: June 24, 1784  Who: Peter Carnes  What: Built a Montgolfier-type balloon First aerial passenger in the USA: Edward Warren, 13 year old boy JEAN PIERRE BLANCHARD  What: First balloon flight across the English Channel  When: January 7, 1785  Where: From Dover to Calais, England  January 9, 1793, arrived to Philadelphia and President George Washington gave him a letter of passage  In the USA he ascended 5,812 feet and floated 15 miles in 46 minutes with a temperature of 55 degrees F JEAN PIERRE BLANCHARD  His wife, Marie Madeline Sophie Armant became the first woman to die in a balloon accident in 1819, as she continued her husband’s legacy THE DIRIGIBLE THE DIRIGIBLE  In order to gain control, balloons became elongated with vertical and horizontal planes at the end for directional control  Engines were soon developed for driving power  History may prove that the balloon was of no real assistance to the development of aviation  It may even be considered an obstacle to the progress of the airplane, because it distracted the direction of research which could have been devoted to the study of the airplane  DIRIGIBLES AND AIRSHIPS Dirigibles Airships  Balloons that have power and  Semi-rigid or rigid internal a steering mechanism. framework (gas plus inside structure)  Non-rigid (gas)   1852 French engineer Henry Giffard constructed the first practical steerable balloon of the elongated design  It was 44 feet long and 40 feet in diameter HENRY GIFFARD ALBERTO SANTOS-DUMONT Named “The Father of  A Brazilian, was among the early builders and pilots of Aviation” by its controlled airships countrymen  September 1898 – Santos- Dumont flew his airships in Paris and later around the Eiffel Tower ALBERTO SANTOS-DUMONT  Once he solved the problem of steering the lighter-than-air vehicle, Santos Dumont devoted himself to the heavier-than-air problem  On November 12th, 1906 that Santos Dumont’s airplane, the 14-BIS, flew a distance of 220 meters at the height of 6 meters and at the speed of 37,358 km/h  Thanks to this flight the "Archdecon Prize" was awarded to Santos Dumont, who had thus, solved the problem of making a heavier-than- air machine take off by its own means ALBERTO SANTOS-DUMONT Information: http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/scitech /impacto/graphic/aviation/alberto.html Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o7Rf- MnERfo FERDINAND VON ZEPPELIN  Greatest contributor lighter-than-air craft  July 2, 1900 – First rigid airship to fly made history with its 17 minute flight over Lake Constance near Friedrichshafen, Germany FERDINAND VON ZEPPELIN  LZ-1  420 foot  LZ-1=Luftship Zeppelin One  Built rigidly with aluminum framework  Inflated with hydrogen gas  Propelled by two 16 horsepower engines  Cruising Speed: 20 mph Original picture from the first take off LZ-1 FERDINAND VON ZEPPELIN  LZ-4 1908: Zeppelin LZ-4 on Lake Constance  National Acclaim  Flights lasted 12 sand 24 hours  L-4 crashed and burned at FERDINAND VON ZEPPELIN  Dr. Hugo Eckener joined Count Zepelin in 1909  They formed DERLAG, the world’s first passenger airline  Aerodrome facilities were built at Berlin, Dresden, Frankfurt and Hamburg Perfect Record: By 1913 they boasted of a perfect safety record in 1,600 flights carrying more than 35,000 passengers FERDINAND VON ZEPPELIN  Zeppelin designed and built airships for the German war machine in WW1  They were used to fly over England and drop bombs from high altitudes  Zeppelins proved to be vulnerable to bad weather, anti-aircraft fire, fighter planes  Graf Zepelin: Airship LZ-127, crossed over the North Pole on one of its record-making flights FERDINAND VON ZEPPELIN  Graf Zepelin: Airship LZ-127, crossed over the North Pole on one of its record-making flights  Flew from Germany to Rio de Janeiro  Crossed the ocean 144 times and flew more than one million miles with no accidents GOOD YEAR: AIRSHIP BUILDER  1932: They built the Akron for the US Navy IN THE USA  1933: They built the Macon Akron was designed to be a flying aircraft carrier ▪ Internal hangar bay that carried 5 Sparrow Hawk biplanes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WKQkx8 G3Heg GOOD YEAR: AIRSHIP BUILDER  1932: They built the Akron for the US Navy IN THE USA  1933: They built the Macon https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AkCF0m2 IKP8 HINDENBURG  Built in the 1930s by German  This was the world’s largest and greatest airship  The USA had the monopoly on Helium, the only practical nonflammable gas  Successfully carried It had: passengers across the North Staterooms Atlantic to Lakehurst, NJ Restaurant facilities Smoking lounges Other Extreme comforts HINDENBURG  It was the largest ship ever built  800 feet long  135 feet in diameter  May 6, 1937 - Unfortunately, it exploded and burned while attempting a landing at Lakehurst, NJ  Of the 97 people aboard, 65 escaped death https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CgWHbp MVQ1U THE FUTURE OF ZEPPELINS  There is uncertainty as to the use of the airship for passenger transportation  Airships have served a purpose in the effort to fly and they may be used successfully in the future  The idea still persists LIGHTER-THAN-AIR VIDEOS  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i2jPDAU4l-o Montgolfier Balloon History  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LkU4lTt2dmM Lighter-than-air until 7:02  Ballooning History Part 1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w6vbxTO-Ixk  Ballooning History Part 2 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TUBx9Qxk2c0  Secret History of the Airship http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=biZFg_H8i88 REFERENCES  Kane, R. Adams, Steve E., Gallion, Donald Kinnard. (2021). Air Transportation. 17th ed. Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt.