Unit 1 Bio - PDF

## **Unit 1: Bio** ### **1.4 Respiration** - All living things respire to get energy. - All of our energy comes from the food that we eat. - Carbohydrates are especially good for giving us energy. **Energy Source** - Primary source of energy: carbohydrates - Carbohydrates are broken down into gluc...

## **Unit 1: Bio** ### **1.4 Respiration** - All living things respire to get energy. - All of our energy comes from the food that we eat. - Carbohydrates are especially good for giving us energy. **Energy Source** - Primary source of energy: carbohydrates - Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose. - Glucose acts as an energy store, requiring release for use. **Mitochondria** - Tiny structures in cells that release energy from glucose. **Aerobic Respiration** - A chemical reaction taking place inside the mitochondria in which oxygen reacts with glucose to release energy. ### **1.5 Blood** - **Plasma:** The liquid part of the blood, pale yellow in color. - **Red blood cells:** The most abundant blood cells, round with a dent in the middle. They carry oxygen. - **White blood cells:** Fewer than red blood cells, spherical in shape. They fight against pathogens. - Blood carries carbon dioxide, nutrients like glucose, and other substances. ### **1.3 Breathing** - A part of the respiratory system. - Breathing is a physical process taking place between the lungs and air and does not provide energy. - The volume of liquid can be measured by a measuring cylinder. **Breathing In And Out Mechanism** | Action | Diaphragm | Intercostal Muscles | | ------------------- | ---------- | ------------------- | | Breathing in | Contract | Contract | | Breathing out | Relax | Relax | ### **Components of Blood** | Component | Appearance | Function | | ---------- | -------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------- | | RBC | - Round with a dent in the middle | - Transport oxygen | | | - Red | | | | - No nucleus | | | WBC | - Spherical shape | - Protect against pathogens | | | - Have a nucleus | | | Plasma | - Liquid | - Transport blood cells, nutrients, and carbon dioxide | ### **4.0 Check Your Progress** - A cell contains: - **Cell membrane** - **Cytoplasm** - **Nucleus and Mitochondria** - White blood cells **kill pathogens once they are inside the cells** - White blood cells **produce antibodies** which are like chemicals that **stick onto the pathogens, glue lots of pathogens together and kill them** or make it easier for other white blood cells to destroy them (by phagocytosis). ### **Aerobic Respiration** - Uses oxygen. - Cells produce carbon dioxide as a waste product. **Air Passage Into The Lungs** - Nose/Mouth>Larynx>Trachea>Bronchi>Bronchioles>Alveoli **Air passage out of the lungs** ### **1.8 Lungs** - Mostly holes - Air sacs- alveoli (singular: alveolus) - There are lots of very tiny blood vessels in the lungs, wrapped around the air sacs. - **Blood vessels** - **capillaries** - **Inspired air:** Air that you breathe in - **Expired air:** Air that you breathe out - Gas exchange takes place inside the alveoli. - Inside alveoli, oxygen goes into the blood, and carbon dioxide goes out of the blood. - This is called gas exchange. **Direction of Oxygen** - **From air sac (high concentration) to blood (low concentration)** **Direction of carbon dioxide** - **From blood to air sac** - **Small holes in agar jelly - alveoli in the lungs** - **Color dye - oxygen** - **In the model, the color diffuses from the holes to the surface of the agar jelly.** - **In the lungs, oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the blood** ### **Plants & Animals** - **Plants and animals** depend on each other. - They interact with each other. - The actions of one organism affect another - **Non-living things in the desert.** - Interactions between the organisms and the non-living parts of their environment. - **Light** helps the plants to photosynthesize. - **Temperature** avoids overheating or drying out. - **Soil** provides shelter. - **Water** keeps cells alive. - **Air** provides oxygen for animals (respiration) and for plants. ### **4.1 Ecosystems** - **Sonoran Desert:** - Dry, hot desert, does not get much rainfall. - Not easy places for animals and plants to live. - Must have adaptations that help to survive with little water. **Saguaro Cactus:** - **The ability to survive in an environment** - Grows very slowly - Stores water - Has deep roots - Tall plant - Uses teddy bear cholla to make their nests - Cactus wrens - **Sonoran Desert:** Rains heavily at least once a year. - Desert's transformed, and many plants quickly produce flowers. - **Night:** Nocturnal - **Day:** Diurnal ### **4.2 Different Ecosystems** - Not all ecosystems are natural. - **Types Of Ecosystems:** - **Mangrove Forests** - Grow with their roots in the sea water. - Form forests along the coasts of many tropical countries. - **Sea Ice in the Arctic Ocean** - During winter, it is so cold that some of the sea water freezes. - **Rice Paddy** - The area of rice paddies in Malaysia is formed by people. - Farmers often add fertilizer to the paddy field, which makes not only rice but also the algae grow faster. ### **Ecology** - **Ecology** is the subject that studies ecosystems - **Food web** is made of **food chains** - Animals eat their food, and there is energy transfer. **Example Food Chain** - Plants > Rabbit > Fox **Energy Transfer** - **Producers:** Plants (e.g., cacti, grasses) - **Consumers:** - **Herbivores:** (Kangaroo rats) - **Predators:** (Coyotes) ### **Seed Dispersal** - Seeds collected by ants are stored as food for months or years. - Uneaten seeds may grow into new plants. ### **Plants-Pollinator Relationships** - Plants bloom after rainfall, providing nectar and pollen. - Insects and bats help with pollination. (e.g., agave plants attract bats). ### **4.4 Bioaccumulation** - **DDT:** An insecticide. - Grown that it kills insects (it's toxic). - **DDT was first produced in the 1940s.** - **DDT was used to kill insects that transmit diseases.** - **DDT was especially useful for killing mosquitoes, fleas and was also used to kill insects that eat crops.** - **DDT is very good for killing insects.** - **In 1962, American author Rachel Carson wrote a book, *Silent Spring*, about how DDT was killing not only mosquitoes, but also birds.** - DDT doesn't break down. - **DDT is a persistent chemical that stays in the environment for many years.** - **DDT is not broken down by decomposers.** - When DDT gets into an animal's body, it stays there for the whole life of the organism. - **DDT never breaks down.** ### **4.3 Intruders in an Ecosystem** - **New Zealand:** - Separated from all other areas of land on the planet about 66 million years ago. - **No predatory mammals were present before humans arrived in New Zealand.** - **Native Species:** - Belong naturally to the ecosystem. (e.g., Kiwi bird) - **Invasive Species:** - Non-native to the ecosystem. (e.g., rats) They cause harm. - ** Nobody knows when humans arrived in New Zealand, but it was probably about 700 years ago.** - **Invasive species have been introduced to New Zealand by humans.** (e.g., sheep, rabbits, stoats) - **Stoats are a threat to kiwi birds, and have resulted in the extinction of almost 60% of all kiwi chicks.** ### **Part per million (ppm)** - It means the number of chemical in one million grams of body mass that the animal eats. (e.g., insecticide - to kill or killing) ### **Food web** - Shows how all of the food chains in an ecosystem are connected. ### **Food chain** - Shows the feeding relationship between organisms in a habitat. ### **Extinct** - A species that no longer exists in the wild or has died out completely. ### **Eradicate** - To completely get rid of something ### **Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification** - **ppm:** parts per million - measured concentration. - **Bioaccumulation:** - Something gets into the body and builds up. - **Biomagnification:** - Trophic level: - Tertiary - Secondary Consumer - Primary Consumer - Producer - **The concentration of DDT in an animal's body increases as you go up the food chain.**