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Questions and Answers
What is the primary source of energy for living organisms?
What is the primary source of energy for living organisms?
What occurs during aerobic respiration in the mitochondria?
What occurs during aerobic respiration in the mitochondria?
What is the main function of red blood cells?
What is the main function of red blood cells?
Which statement best describes the role of white blood cells in the immune response?
Which statement best describes the role of white blood cells in the immune response?
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How does the diaphragm behave during the process of breathing in?
How does the diaphragm behave during the process of breathing in?
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What role does plasma play in the blood?
What role does plasma play in the blood?
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What happens during the process of breathing out?
What happens during the process of breathing out?
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What structure is responsible for the release of energy from glucose?
What structure is responsible for the release of energy from glucose?
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What role do producers play in an ecosystem?
What role do producers play in an ecosystem?
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What is one consequence of the introduction of invasive species in an ecosystem?
What is one consequence of the introduction of invasive species in an ecosystem?
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How does DDT affect organisms in the ecosystem?
How does DDT affect organisms in the ecosystem?
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What is the primary function of white blood cells in the immune system?
What is the primary function of white blood cells in the immune system?
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What is the process of seed dispersal primarily involving ants known for?
What is the process of seed dispersal primarily involving ants known for?
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How do plants and pollinators interact after rainfall?
How do plants and pollinators interact after rainfall?
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What is the relationship between herbivores and producers in an ecosystem?
What is the relationship between herbivores and producers in an ecosystem?
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Why is the concept of parts per million (ppm) important in ecosystems?
Why is the concept of parts per million (ppm) important in ecosystems?
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What is the correct order of air passage into the lungs?
What is the correct order of air passage into the lungs?
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Which of the following best describes the process of gas exchange in the lungs?
Which of the following best describes the process of gas exchange in the lungs?
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How do plants and animals interact in ecosystems?
How do plants and animals interact in ecosystems?
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Which characteristic of the Saguaro cactus best supports its survival in the Sonoran Desert?
Which characteristic of the Saguaro cactus best supports its survival in the Sonoran Desert?
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Which statement correctly describes aerobic respiration?
Which statement correctly describes aerobic respiration?
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What is the primary role of red blood cells in the human body?
What is the primary role of red blood cells in the human body?
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Which function is attributed to white blood cells in the immune system?
Which function is attributed to white blood cells in the immune system?
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What is a significant feature of the Sonoran Desert ecosystem?
What is a significant feature of the Sonoran Desert ecosystem?
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Study Notes
Respiration
- Living things need energy
- Energy comes from food
- Carbohydrates are good sources of energy
- Carbohydrates break down to glucose
- Glucose stored for later use
- Mitochondria release energy from glucose
- Aerobic respiration: a chemical reaction in mitochondria where oxygen reacts with glucose to release energy
Blood
- Plasma: liquid part of the blood (pale yellow)
- Red blood cells (RBCs): most abundant, round with a dent, carry oxygen and nutrients, transport carbon dioxide
- White blood cells (WBCs): fewer than RBCs, spherical, protect against pathogens
- Blood transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients
Respiration System
- Respiration happens inside all living cells
- Nose/Mouth: entrance
- Larynx: voice box
- Windpipe (Trachea): rings of cartilage
- Bronchioles
- Bronchus (plural: bronchi)
- Lungs
- Air sacs
- Ribs
- Intercostal muscles
- Diaphragm
Breathing
- Part of respiratory system
- Physical process between lungs and air
- Does not produce energy
- Measuring volume of liquid using a measuring cylinder
Cell Parts
- Cell membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Nucleus
- Mitochondria
- Kill pathogens inside cells
- Produce antibodies
- Stick to pathogens
- Make it easier for white blood cells to destroy pathogens through phagocytosis
Aerobic Respiration
- Uses oxygen.
- Cells produce carbon dioxide as a waste product.
- Air passage into the lungs: Nose/mouth→Larynx→Trachea→Bronchi→Bronchioles→Alveoli.
- Air passage out of the lungs: reverse order
- process occurs in alveoli
Lungs (Alveoli)
- Lungs mainly composed of Alveoli (singular: Alveolus)
- Tiny air sacs with blood vessels wrapped around
- Gas exchange: Oxygen from air sacs into blood; Carbon dioxide from blood to air sacs
- High concentration of oxygen in air sacs moves to low concentration in blood, and high concentration of carbon dioxide in blood moves to low concentration in air sacs
Diffusion (Model)
- Small holes in jelly (Alveoli model)
- Pigment (model of oxygen) diffuses from holes to the surface of jelly
- In the lungs, oxygen diffuses from alveoli to the blood
Plants and Animals
- Plants provide food, shelter, and medicine for animals
- Plants pollinate and disperse seeds
- Habitats in ecosystems: a place where organisms normally live
Food Chains and Food Webs
- Ecology studies ecosystems
- Food webs are made of interconnected food chains
- Food chains show the feeding relationship between organisms
- Plants are producers
- Herbivores are consumers that eat producers
- Predators are animals that eat other animals (consumers)
- Seed dispersal: seeds collected by animals to grow in new areas
Bioaccumulation
- Parts per million (ppm): measures concentration
- Bioaccumulation: a chemical substance builds up in an organism's body
- Biomagnification: concentration of a substance increases as you go up the food chain (e.g. DDT)
Types of Ecosystems
- Mangrove forests (grow in sea water close to tropical countries)
- Sea ice in the Arctic Ocean (forms from frozen water)
- Rice paddies (fertilised rice paddies, increase algae growth rate)
Invasive Species
- Non-native species in an ecosystem
- Humans introduced species (sheep, rabbits, etc.) harm native species (e.g. 60% of kiwi chicks affected)
Sonoran Desert
- Dry, hot desert.
- Plants and animals need adaptations for little water.
- Saguaro cacti store water; have deep roots.
Desert Non-living Things
- Interactions between organisms and non-living environment in a desert habitat
- Sunlight helps plants photosynthesise
- Temperature helps plants avoid overheating and overheating
- Soil provides shelter for some organisms
- Water essential for life.
- Air for oxygen
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