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Questions and Answers

What is the primary source of energy for living organisms?

  • Fats
  • Vitamins
  • Carbohydrates (correct)
  • Proteins

What occurs during aerobic respiration in the mitochondria?

  • Carbon dioxide reacts with glucose
  • Fatty acids break down anaerobically
  • Oxygen reacts with glucose (correct)
  • Nutrients react with carbon dioxide

What is the main function of red blood cells?

  • Carry oxygen (correct)
  • Transport nutrients
  • Produce antibodies
  • Fight against pathogens

Which statement best describes the role of white blood cells in the immune response?

<p>Phagocytize pathogens and produce antibodies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the diaphragm behave during the process of breathing in?

<p>It contracts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does plasma play in the blood?

<p>Transports blood cells and nutrients (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the process of breathing out?

<p>The diaphragm relaxes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is responsible for the release of energy from glucose?

<p>Mitochondria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do producers play in an ecosystem?

<p>They convert solar energy into chemical energy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of the introduction of invasive species in an ecosystem?

<p>They can lead to the extinction of native species. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does DDT affect organisms in the ecosystem?

<p>It accumulates and persists in animal tissues. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of white blood cells in the immune system?

<p>To engulf and destroy pathogens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of seed dispersal primarily involving ants known for?

<p>Storing seeds which may grow into new plants. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do plants and pollinators interact after rainfall?

<p>Plants bloom and provide resources for pollinators. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between herbivores and producers in an ecosystem?

<p>Herbivores consume producers for energy transfer. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the concept of parts per million (ppm) important in ecosystems?

<p>It quantifies the number of chemicals in living organisms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of air passage into the lungs?

<p>Nose &gt; Larynx &gt; Trachea &gt; Bronchi &gt; Alveoli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the process of gas exchange in the lungs?

<p>Oxygen moves from alveoli to blood, and carbon dioxide moves from blood to alveoli. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do plants and animals interact in ecosystems?

<p>Plants and animals depend on each other's actions for survival. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of the Saguaro cactus best supports its survival in the Sonoran Desert?

<p>Storage of water within its stems. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes aerobic respiration?

<p>It uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide as a waste product. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of red blood cells in the human body?

<p>To transport oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is attributed to white blood cells in the immune system?

<p>Fighting infections and foreign bodies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant feature of the Sonoran Desert ecosystem?

<p>Adaptations of organisms to survive with minimal water. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Aerobic Respiration

A chemical reaction in mitochondria where oxygen reacts with glucose to release energy.

Mitochondria

Tiny structures in cells that release energy from glucose.

Red Blood Cells (RBC)

Round, dented cells that carry oxygen.

White Blood Cells (WBC)

Spherical cells that fight against pathogens.

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Blood Plasma

The liquid part of blood, carrying blood cells, nutrients, and carbon dioxide.

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Energy Source

Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy.

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Breathing in

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract to expand the lungs.

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Breathing out

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax allowing the lungs to shrink.

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Gas Exchange in Lungs

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the lungs and the blood.

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Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

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Ecosystem

A community of living organisms interacting with each other and their nonliving environment.

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Adaptation

A characteristic that helps an organism survive in its environment.

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Saguaro Cactus Adaptation

A cactus that stores water, has deep roots, and can survive in a hot, dry environment.

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Desert Ecosystem

A hot, dry environment with plants and animals adapted to survive with little water.

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Mangrove Forest

A forest that grows in salty coastal areas.

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Rice paddy formation

Rice paddies are human-made areas for growing rice, often with added fertilizers.

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Food web concept

A network of interconnected food chains showing energy transfer between organisms.

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Producer example

Plants are organisms that produce their own food and energy through photosynthesis.

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Invasive species impact

Non-native species introduced to an ecosystem can harm or outcompete native species, like kiwis and rats in New Zealand.

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DDT's persistence

DDT is a toxic insecticide that doesn't break down easily in the environment, accumulating in organisms.

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Bioaccumulation definition

The buildup of harmful substances like DDT in living organisms over time.

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Part per million (ppm)

A unit of measurement representing the concentration of a substance by mass.

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New Zealand ecology

New Zealand's ecosystem has unique traits due to its isolation and the introduction of species by humans.

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Study Notes

Respiration

  • Living things need energy
  • Energy comes from food
  • Carbohydrates are good sources of energy
  • Carbohydrates break down to glucose
  • Glucose stored for later use
  • Mitochondria release energy from glucose
  • Aerobic respiration: a chemical reaction in mitochondria where oxygen reacts with glucose to release energy

Blood

  • Plasma: liquid part of the blood (pale yellow)
  • Red blood cells (RBCs): most abundant, round with a dent, carry oxygen and nutrients, transport carbon dioxide
  • White blood cells (WBCs): fewer than RBCs, spherical, protect against pathogens
  • Blood transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients

Respiration System

  • Respiration happens inside all living cells
  • Nose/Mouth: entrance
  • Larynx: voice box
  • Windpipe (Trachea): rings of cartilage
  • Bronchioles
  • Bronchus (plural: bronchi)
  • Lungs
  • Air sacs
  • Ribs
  • Intercostal muscles
  • Diaphragm

Breathing

  • Part of respiratory system
  • Physical process between lungs and air
  • Does not produce energy
  • Measuring volume of liquid using a measuring cylinder

Cell Parts

  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondria
  • Kill pathogens inside cells
  • Produce antibodies
  • Stick to pathogens
  • Make it easier for white blood cells to destroy pathogens through phagocytosis

Aerobic Respiration

  • Uses oxygen.
  • Cells produce carbon dioxide as a waste product.
  • Air passage into the lungs: Nose/mouth→Larynx→Trachea→Bronchi→Bronchioles→Alveoli.
  • Air passage out of the lungs: reverse order
  • process occurs in alveoli

Lungs (Alveoli)

  • Lungs mainly composed of Alveoli (singular: Alveolus)
  • Tiny air sacs with blood vessels wrapped around
  • Gas exchange: Oxygen from air sacs into blood; Carbon dioxide from blood to air sacs
  • High concentration of oxygen in air sacs moves to low concentration in blood, and high concentration of carbon dioxide in blood moves to low concentration in air sacs

Diffusion (Model)

  • Small holes in jelly (Alveoli model)
  • Pigment (model of oxygen) diffuses from holes to the surface of jelly
  • In the lungs, oxygen diffuses from alveoli to the blood

Plants and Animals

  • Plants provide food, shelter, and medicine for animals
  • Plants pollinate and disperse seeds
  • Habitats in ecosystems: a place where organisms normally live

Food Chains and Food Webs

  • Ecology studies ecosystems
  • Food webs are made of interconnected food chains
  • Food chains show the feeding relationship between organisms
  • Plants are producers
  • Herbivores are consumers that eat producers
  • Predators are animals that eat other animals (consumers)
  • Seed dispersal: seeds collected by animals to grow in new areas

Bioaccumulation

  • Parts per million (ppm): measures concentration
  • Bioaccumulation: a chemical substance builds up in an organism's body
  • Biomagnification: concentration of a substance increases as you go up the food chain (e.g. DDT)

Types of Ecosystems

  • Mangrove forests (grow in sea water close to tropical countries)
  • Sea ice in the Arctic Ocean (forms from frozen water)
  • Rice paddies (fertilised rice paddies, increase algae growth rate)

Invasive Species

  • Non-native species in an ecosystem
  • Humans introduced species (sheep, rabbits, etc.) harm native species (e.g. 60% of kiwi chicks affected)

Sonoran Desert

  • Dry, hot desert.
  • Plants and animals need adaptations for little water.
  • Saguaro cacti store water; have deep roots.

Desert Non-living Things

  • Interactions between organisms and non-living environment in a desert habitat
  • Sunlight helps plants photosynthesise
  • Temperature helps plants avoid overheating and overheating
  • Soil provides shelter for some organisms
  • Water essential for life.
  • Air for oxygen

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