Untitled Quiz

Respiration

• Living things need energy
• Energy comes from food
• Carbohydrates are good sources of energy
• Carbohydrates break down to glucose
• Glucose stored for later use
• Mitochondria release energy from glucose
• Aerobic respiration: a chemical reaction in mitochondria where oxygen reacts with glucose to release energy

Blood

• Plasma: liquid part of the blood (pale yellow)
• Red blood cells (RBCs): most abundant, round with a dent, carry oxygen and nutrients, transport carbon dioxide
• White blood cells (WBCs): fewer than RBCs, spherical, protect against pathogens
• Blood transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients

Respiration System

• Respiration happens inside all living cells
• Nose/Mouth: entrance
• Larynx: voice box
• Windpipe (Trachea): rings of cartilage
• Bronchioles
• Bronchus (plural: bronchi)
• Lungs
• Air sacs
• Ribs
• Intercostal muscles
• Diaphragm

Breathing

• Part of respiratory system
• Physical process between lungs and air
• Does not produce energy
• Measuring volume of liquid using a measuring cylinder

Cell Parts

• Cell membrane
• Cytoplasm
• Nucleus
• Mitochondria
• Kill pathogens inside cells
• Produce antibodies
• Stick to pathogens
• Make it easier for white blood cells to destroy pathogens through phagocytosis

Aerobic Respiration

• Uses oxygen.
• Cells produce carbon dioxide as a waste product.
• Air passage into the lungs: Nose/mouth→Larynx→Trachea→Bronchi→Bronchioles→Alveoli.
• Air passage out of the lungs: reverse order
• process occurs in alveoli

Lungs (Alveoli)

• Lungs mainly composed of Alveoli (singular: Alveolus)
• Tiny air sacs with blood vessels wrapped around
• Gas exchange: Oxygen from air sacs into blood; Carbon dioxide from blood to air sacs
• High concentration of oxygen in air sacs moves to low concentration in blood, and high concentration of carbon dioxide in blood moves to low concentration in air sacs

Diffusion (Model)

• Small holes in jelly (Alveoli model)
• Pigment (model of oxygen) diffuses from holes to the surface of jelly
• In the lungs, oxygen diffuses from alveoli to the blood

Plants and Animals

• Plants provide food, shelter, and medicine for animals
• Plants pollinate and disperse seeds
• Habitats in ecosystems: a place where organisms normally live

Food Chains and Food Webs

• Ecology studies ecosystems
• Food webs are made of interconnected food chains
• Food chains show the feeding relationship between organisms
• Plants are producers
• Herbivores are consumers that eat producers
• Predators are animals that eat other animals (consumers)
• Seed dispersal: seeds collected by animals to grow in new areas

Bioaccumulation

• Parts per million (ppm): measures concentration
• Bioaccumulation: a chemical substance builds up in an organism's body
• Biomagnification: concentration of a substance increases as you go up the food chain (e.g. DDT)

Types of Ecosystems

• Mangrove forests (grow in sea water close to tropical countries)
• Sea ice in the Arctic Ocean (forms from frozen water)
• Rice paddies (fertilised rice paddies, increase algae growth rate)

Invasive Species

• Non-native species in an ecosystem
• Humans introduced species (sheep, rabbits, etc.) harm native species (e.g. 60% of kiwi chicks affected)

Sonoran Desert

• Dry, hot desert.
• Plants and animals need adaptations for little water.
• Saguaro cacti store water; have deep roots.

Desert Non-living Things

• Interactions between organisms and non-living environment in a desert habitat
• Sunlight helps plants photosynthesise
• Temperature helps plants avoid overheating and overheating
• Soil provides shelter for some organisms
• Water essential for life.
• Air for oxygen