OCHS 1000 Study Guide PDF

OCHS 1000 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2qwf7m 1. All of the following are knowledge areas of safety Chemistry and bi- science: ology Physics...

OCHS 1000 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2qwf7m 1. All of the following are knowledge areas of safety Chemistry and bi- science: ology Physics Ergonomics Environmental sci- ences Psychology Physiology, bio- mechanics and medicine Engineering, busi- ness manage- ment, economics, and even sociolo- gy and geology 2. How many things does a safety professional do? 17 3. What are the 17 things safety professional do? Hazard Recogni- tion Inspections/Au- dits Fire Protection Regulatory Com- pliance Health Hazard Control Ergonomics Hazardous Mate- rials Management Environmental Protection Training Accident and Incident Investiga- tions Advising Man- agement Record Keeping 1 / 94  OCHS 1000 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2qwf7m Evaluating Emergency Re- sponse Managing Safety Programs: Product Safety Security 4. Hazard Recognition: identifying condi- tions or actions that may cause injury, illness or property damage. 5. Inspections/Audits: assessing safety and health risks associated with equipment, mate- rials, processes, facilities or abilities. 6. Fire Protection: reducing fire haz- ards by inspection, lay- out of facilities and processes, and design of fire de- tection and sup- pression systems. 7. Regulatory Compliance: ensuring that mandatory safety and health stan- dards are satis- fied. 8. Health Hazard Control: controlling haz- ards such as noise, chemical 2 / 94  OCHS 1000 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2qwf7m exposures, radia- tion, or biological hazards that can create harm. 9. Ergonomics: improving the workplace based on an under- standing of hu- man physiologi- cal and psycho- logical character- istics, abilities and limitations. 10. Hazardous Materials Management: ensuring that dan- gerous chemicals and other prod- ucts are procured, stored, and dis- posed of in ways that prevent fires, exposure to or harm from these substances. 11. Environmental Protection: controlling haz- ards that can lead to undesirable re- leases of harmful materials into the air, water or soil. 12. Training: providing employ- ees and managers with the knowl- edge and skills necessary to rec- ognize hazards and perform their 3 / 94  OCHS 1000 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2qwf7m jobs safely and ef- fectively. 13. Accident and Incident Investigations: determining the facts related to an accident or inci- dent based on wit- ness interviews, site inspections and collection of other evidence. 14. Advising Management: helping man- agers establish safety objectives, plan programs to achieve those ob- jectives and inte- grate safety into the culture of an organization. 15. Record Keeping: maintaining safe- ty and health in- formation to meet government re- quirements, as well as to provide data for problem solving and deci- sion- making. 16. Evaluating: judging the effec- tiveness of ex- isting safety and health related pro- grams and activi- ties. 17. Emergency Response: 4 / 94  OCHS 1000 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2qwf7m organizing, train- ing and coordinat- ing skilled employ- ees with regard to auditory and vi- sual communica- tions pertaining to emergencies such as fires, accidents or other disasters. 18. Managing Safety Programs: planning, orga- nizing, budgeting, and tracking com- pletion and effec- tiveness of activ- ities intended to achieve safety ob- jectives in an orga- nization or to im- plement adminis- trative or techni- cal controls that will eliminate or re- duce hazards. 19. Product Safety: assessing the probability that ex- posure to a prod- uct during any stage of its lifecy- cle will lead to an unacceptable im- pact on human health or the en- vironment and de- termining the ap- propriate auditory 5 / 94  OCHS 1000 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2qwf7m and visual hazard warnings. 20. Security: identifying and im- plementing design features and pro- cedures to pro- tect facilities and businesses from threats that intro- duce hazards. 21. Practitioner A person who reg- ularly does a par- ticular activity, es- pecially one re- quiring skill. 22. Professional Of or belonging to or connected with a profession. Having or showing the skill of a pro- fessional, compe- tent. Worthy of a pro- fessional (profes- sional conduct). 23. Specialists is someone who specializes in something, usual- ly a sub-branch in a broader field. 24. Generalists is someone who knows a cer- tain amount about many things, but does not special- 6 / 94  OCHS 1000 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2qwf7m ize in any one area. 25. Who has a responsibility for safety within the work- The ultimate re- place? sponsibility for OH&S belongs to employers (own- ers, directors, and managers). They have the au- thority to make changes and es- tablish manage- ment conduct, in- cluding health and safety. 26. What is the role of Supervisors? Supervisors en- sure that the di- rectives of the em- ployer are car- ried out in re- gard to produc- tivity, quality, and safety. They have an administrative responsibility for health and safety. 27. What is the role of Workers? Workers are re- quired to follow di- rectives to accom- plish productivity, quality, and safety goals, and there- fore have an im- mediate responsi- bility for their own health and safe- 7 / 94  OCHS 1000 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2qwf7m ty, and the health and safety of their co-workers. 28. Herzberg identified that real motivation must come opportunity for from within. The factors that drive this internal moti- achievement vation include: recognition a challenging work situation increased respon- sibility opportunity for personal growth. 29. Jurisdiction: The extent of a le- gal or other au- thority; the territo- ry it extends over. 30. A politcal or geographic entity A jurisdiction based on politi- cal or geographic boundaries, such as a city or municipal by-law, or provincial Work- ers Compensation Act such as the British Columbia Workers Compen- sation Act. 31. An emplyer type A jurisdiction based on the clas- sification of a workplace as fed- eral or provincial. 32. A specific industry A jurisdiction based on the in- 8 / 94  OCHS 1000 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2qwf7m dustry such as the railways or mines. 33. A specific activity A jurisdiction based on a specif- ic activity such as transporting dan- gerous goods. 34. Fourteen OH&S jurisdictions in Canada: one federal ten provincial three territorial 35. Legislation: The process of making laws. A law or a series of laws. 36. The legislated functions of occupational health and prevention of un- safety include: safe working con- ditions regulation and en- forcement of work- place health and safety compensation for workers who suf- fer a work-related injury or illness 37. Compliance: The act or an in- stance of comply- ing; obedience to a request, com- mand, etc. 38. Statute: A written law passed by a leg- islative body. 9 / 94  OCHS 1000 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2qwf7m 39. In Canada, the highest levels of health and safety "Acts". Generally, requirements are found in statutes, often referred to you will find that as : Acts or statutes are referred to as "enabling legisla- tion" because they define its jurisdic- tion, powers, and scope of all other requirements. 40. Depending on the jurisdiction, there may be separate Ontario has statutes for prevention of unsafe working conditions an Occupational and the provision of workers' compensation. Make an Health and Safe- example: ty Act which covers prevention of unsafe work- ing conditions and enforcement. On- tario also has a Workplace Safe- ty and Insurance Act, which ad- dresses compen- sation for injured workers. In British Colum- bia, the Workers Compensation Act covers all three aspects in the one statute. 41. Regulation: A rule or directive made and main- tained by an au- thority. 42. Standard: 10 / 94  OCHS 1000 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2qwf7m A document spec- ifying nationally or internationally agreed properties for manufactured goods, etc. 43. Code: A set of rules on any subject. 44. Best practices: A best practice is a voluntarily-im- plemented stan- dard that exceeds the legal require- ments. This term may be used inter- changeably with the term good in- dustry practice. 45. Related legal requirements Most jurisdictions have some legis- lation that, while not concerned with occupational health and safety as a whole, is re- lated to certain as- pects of it. 46. Mandate: An order given to a person, organiza- tion, etc. to carry out a certain task. 47. Offences under Part II of the Canada Labour Code can $100,000 to carry a fine in the range of: $1,000,000. 48. 11 / 94  OCHS 1000 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2qwf7m Criminal Code of Canada (Bill C-45), sometimes was developed in known as the Westray Amendment response to the 1992 methane gas explosion in the Westray coal mine in Nova Sco- tia, in which all 26 workers un- derground at the time died. At- tempts were made after the explo- sion to bring crim- inal negligence charges against the mine's owners, but there was little basis in the exist- ing law to do so. Criminal negli- gence charges can be more easi- ly brought against an organization, or senior offi- cers of an orga- nization (including directors, CEOs, CFOs, etc.), or representatives of an organization (including con- tractors, supervi- sors, managers, etc.) for actions that demonstrate a lack of care, or for failure to act in circumstances 12 / 94  OCHS 1000 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2qwf7m where such a fail- ure represents a lack of care. 49. Due: Proper, sufficient, or adequate. 50. Diligence: Careful and per- sistent application or effort. 51. Due Diligence: "There are two branches of the defence of due diligence. First, the defence will be available if the accused reason- ably believed in a mistaken set of facts which, if true, would render the act or omission in- nocent. Secondly the defence will be available if the ac- cused took all rea- sonable steps to avoid the particu- lar event." 52. Prescriptive approach describe what you must do and how you must do it. 53. performance-based (or goal-setting) describe a goal, without telling you how to achieve it 54. Prescriptive regulations 13 / 94  OCHS 1000 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2qwf7m Prescriptive regu- lations are gener- ally inflexible, and are often used for serious haz- ards where inter- pretation or vari- ance is not want- ed. Prescriptive reg- ulations, because of their inflexibil- ity, can be frus- trating to comply with if the exact method of compli- ance seems un- suited to some sit- uations. Prescriptive regu- lations are gener- ally more straight- forward to enforce, since compliance is objective. 55. Performance-based regulations: Perfor- mance-based regulations allow for flexible application and customized effort. Perfor- mance-based enforcement can lead to concerns of arbitrariness, unless there are detailed written 14 / 94  OCHS 1000 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2qwf7m interpretations of what constitutes compliance. And impor- tantly, perfor- mance-based reg- ulations are usual- ly reactive by de- sign. 56. 1833 England's Factory Act The bill restrict- ed the hours of work by women and children in textile mills. Under the terms of the act, mill owners were required to show that children up to age 13 re- ceived two hours of schooling, six days per week. 57. 1864 Early pre-confed- eracy laws Norman Keith de- scribes a very ear- ly law in Nova Sco- tia (1864), as well as the appoint- ment of a mine safety inspector at that time. 58. 1884 Ontario Factories Act 15 / 94  OCHS 1000 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2qwf7m 59. 1888`Railway Act 60. 1913 First analysis of health and safety legislation The first important analysis of health and safety legis- lation in Canada was the 1913 Re- ports on Laws Re- lating to the Liabil- ity of Employers, by William Mered- ith, the Chief Jus- tice of Ontario (this document is sometimes called the Meredith Re- port). 61. 1814 Ontario Work- men's Compensa- tion Act In 1914, the first law was passed in Canada to in- troduce a work- ers' compensation insurance system, based on the his- toric compromise discussed earlier in this module: this was the Ontario Workmen's Com- pensation Act. 62. 1916 16 / 94  OCHS 1000 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2qwf7m Pineo Report A similar analysis led by Avard Pineo in BC, resulted in the Pineo Report of 1916 63. 1917 BC Workmen's Compensation Act Adoption of Cana- da's second com- pensation law (the BC Workmen's Compensation Act of 1917). 64. 1972 First occupation- al health & safety statute - Saskatchewan A new turning point was reached when Saskatchewan adopted Canada's first comprehensive occupational health and safety statute. 65. 1979 Other provinces adopt similar statute Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, 17 / 94  OCHS 1000 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2qwf7m Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan, and the federal government all had similar statutes. 66. The historic compromise took place when workers lost the right to sue for damages related to workplace in- jury and illness, in exchange for a workers' com- pensation system. (Note that there was no formal signed agreement between parties; the term simply refers in hindsight to the moment in time when this change came into existence.) 67. Safety is generally managed for three main reasons: economic legal moral 68. Economic Reasons Accidents cost money. 69. Legal Reasons there are laws and standards that must be complied with, and penal- ties can be im- 18 / 94  OCHS 1000 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2qwf7m posed for noncom- pliance. 70. Moral Reasons Employers have a moral obliga- tion to employ- ees and their fam- ilies to provide the safest work- ing environment possible. Similar- ly, workers have a moral obliga- tion to learn about OH&S, to follow workplace prac- tices, and to be alert and respon- sible. 71. Henri Fayol Henri Fayol (1841-1925) was one of the early distinguished pio- neers and contrib- utors to the man- agement move- ment. In 1916, he defined the func- tions of manage- ment as: forecasting and planning organizing commanding coordinating controlling 19 / 94  OCHS 1000 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2qwf7m 72. Today, the management functions are commonly cit- planning ed as: organizing leading controlling 73. management Refers to the process of get- ting activities com- pleted efficient- ly and effectively with and through other people. 74. Planning includes: Defining goals, es- tablishing strate- gy, and develop- ing plans to coor- dinate activities. 75. Organizing: Includes deter- mining what tasks are to be done, who is to do them, how the tasks are to be grouped, who reports to whom, and where decisions are to be made. 76. Leading; Includes motivat- ing subordinates, directing others, selecting the most effective commu- nication channels, and resolving con- flicts. To be most ef- fective, a manager 20 / 94  OCHS 1000 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2qwf7m must be a leader. Leading should be by example, not by force. A leader is someone who oth- er people will fol- low of their own free will. Man- agers are appoint- ed. Their ability to influence is based on the for- mal authority in- herent in their po- sitions. In contrast, leaders may either be appointed or emerge from with- in a group. Lead- ers can influence others to perform beyond the ac- tions dictated by formal authority. 77. According to Robbins, Coulter & Stuart-Kotze (1997), drive, the desire six traits have been found that differentiate leaders to lead, honesty from non-leaders — and integrity, ______________________________________________.self-confidence, Yet possession of these traits is no guarantee of intelligence, and leadership because situational factors also play a job-relevant role. knowledge 78. Controlling Includes monitor- ing activities to ensure that they are being ac- complished as planned, and cor- 21 / 94  OCHS 1000 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2qwf7m recting any sig- nificant deviations from the plan. 79. The control process consists of three separate and measuring actual distinct steps: performance comparing actu- al performance against a standard taking managerial action to correct deviations or inad- equate standards. 80. ISMEC Identification — of the work to be per- formed Standards — for the work at all lev- els Measurement — of performance to standards Evaluation — of performance level compared to stan- dards Commendation or correct — based on the level of compliance to standards 81. Identification The first step is to identify what work is required to achieve the de- sired loss control objectives. 22 / 94  OCHS 1000 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2qwf7m 82. Standards Measurement in- volves compari- son with stan- dards. Without ad- equate standards, there can be no meaningful mea- surement, evalu- ation, or correc- tion or commen- dation of per- formance. There should be clear, specific, demand- ing standards for all safety program elements, and for all major work ac- tivities. 83. Measurement Still, we don't know how well we are doing until we measure perfor- mance based on the degree of com- pliance with estab- lished standards. This may involve an audit or re- view of the safety program. We also need to regularly refine the objectiv- ity and quality of our measurement tools and tech- niques. 23 / 94  OCHS 1000 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2qwf7m 84. Evaluation We must then evaluate perfor- mance on a timely basis and commu- nicate the results to those account- able. We should regularly refine ex- isting communica- tion systems to enhance mean- ing and motiva- tion. If the activ- ities are achiev- ing the desired re- sults, they should be revalidated and reinforced. If the actions aren't happening as they should or aren't being accomplished at the desired lev- el, the evaluation should determine why and what needs to be done to reach it. Involve- ment and feed- back from the peo- ple doing the work are essential to develop the cor- rective action nec- essary for suc- cess. 85. Commendation or correct 24 / 94  OCHS 1000 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2qwf7m If we determine that we're meet- ing the standards, then we should commend those involved for their compliance. However, where we're not meeting the standards, we must constructive- ly correct the de- ficiencies in the performance stan- dards. If commen- dation and cor- rection are done well, it should set the tone for positive behav- iour reinforcement throughout the organization. All members of man- agement, espe- cially front-line su- pervisors, should be trained in and apply the moti- vational power of giving recognition and reinforcement for proper job per- formance. 86. PEME people equipment 25 / 94  OCHS 1000 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2qwf7m material environment 87. People People includes everyone in the organization as well as customers, visitors, suppliers, and each employ- ee's family. Man- aging the peo- ple element, and the interactions of people with the other elements of the system, is a major means of ef- fective control. 88. Equipment Equipment in- cludes all the tools, machinery, and vehicles used by the organiza- tion. The major goal is to design and use the equip- ment to make the people functions more natural and comfortable, and to prevent confu- sion, fatigue, frus- tration, overload- ing, errors, and ac- cidents. 89. Material Materials include raw materials, 26 / 94  OCHS 1000 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2qwf7m chemicals, other substances that people use, work with, and process, and finished prod- ucts. 90. Environment And finally, the environment in- cludes all parts of the surroundings, such as build- ings and enclo- sures, fluids and air which sur- round other el- ements, chemical hazards, weath- er phenomena, bi- ological hazards, and physical con- ditions. It also in- cludes the organi- zational and man- agement system environment. 91. Motivation: is something that must come from inside a person, but it is often trig- gered by outside influences. 92. 1995 McSween (The Values-Based Safety Process, 1995) "Culture is often 27 / 94 OCHS 1000 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2qwf7m defined as the practices common to a group of peo- ple. However, it is much more than merely what peo- ple do; it is also the way they do things and the reasons why they do them. In safety, we con- cern ourselves not just with the tasks that people do but with how they do them. Also we re- cently have be- come increasingly concerned about why they perform the tasks in a cer- tain way. When we talk about creating a safety culture, we usually are re- ferring to creat- ing an environ- ment in which peo- ple do their tasks safely and for the right reasons. The latter usu- ally means that employees are performing tasks safely to prevent injury to them- selves and others, not just because 28 / 94  OCHS 1000 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2qwf7m of pressure from management." 93. 1996 Petersen (Analyz- ing Safety Sys- tem Effectiveness, 1996) "Culture is "the way it is around here." A com- pany's culture is at the heart of how safety sys- tems' elements or tools... are used. The culture is also expressed in the way compa- ny values are demonstrated... The culture clearly announces every day to every work- er whether safe- ty is a key value and where it fits into the priorities. It dictates how em- ployees will act and how they will be treated. As a result, it also dictates behaviour (hard work, goof- ing off, or work- ing safely). We know to a large degree, that the organization's cul- 29 / 94  OCHS 1000 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2qwf7m ture will deter- mine the extent of casualties, trauma disorders, stress claims, and com- pensation paid. It dictates whether elements of a safety system will work or flop." Waring (Safety Management Sys- tems, 1996) "It is important to note that safety culture is not sep- arate and distinct from the culture of the organiza- tion concerned — it is part of that organization's cul- ture. An individ- ual's perception of culture and safe- ty culture will it- self be influenced by his or her own world view." 94. 1998 Krause (The Behaviour-Based Safety Process, 1998) "Culture is some- thing shared among people. The safety culture 30 / 94  OCHS 1000 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2qwf7m of an organization is the artifacts, val- ues, and assump- tions that people hold in common. In a strong cul- ture, there is wide- spread agreement on these things, and the commit- ment to them is intense. In weak- er cultures, either agreement is not extensive, or com- mitment is weak." 95. 2000 Geller, E.S. (The Psychology of Safety Handbook, 2000) "In a Total Safety Culture, Everyone feels re- sponsible for safe- ty and does some- thing about it on a daily basis. People go be- yond the call of duty to identify unsafe conditions and at-risk-behav- ious, and they in- tervene to correct them Safe work prac- tices are sup- ported intermit- 31 / 94  OCHS 1000 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2qwf7m tently with reward- ing feedback from both peers and managers People "actively care" continuous- ly fo the safety of themselves and others Safety is not con- sidered a priority that can be shifted depending on the demands of the situation; rather; safety is consid- ered a value linked with every priority of a given situa- tion." 96. 2005 Health and Safe- ty Executive (A re- view of safety cul- ture and safety climate literature for the develop- ment of the safety culture inspection toolkit, 2005) "The research has highlighted some confusion and in- consistency in the literature over the use of the terms 'safety climate' and 'safety cul- ture'....The term 32 / 94  OCHS 1000 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2qwf7m safety culture can be used to re- fer to the be- havioural aspects (i.e. 'what people do'), and the situ- ational aspects of the company (i.e. 'what the organi- sation has')." 97. 2011 Dianne Dyck (2011) "An OH&S culture is the moral, so- cial and behav- ioral norms of an organization that are based on the shared be- liefs, values, atti- tudes, habits and traditions on safe- ty that give mean- ing to an organiza- tion's employees, and provides them with the accepted safety behaviors within their organi- zation. In essence, it is the way safe- ty gets done with- in an organization when no one is looking. Newcom- ers learn the or- ganization's safe- ty patterns when 33 / 94 OCHS 1000 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2qwf7m they join the or- ganization, and eventually teach them to others. It is what employ- ees believe the organization real- ly wants and dic- tates whether em- ployees will or will not adhere to the safety rules when Line Management is not around. A Safety Culture is what makes a workplace a safe or unsafe place to work." The US Nuclear Regulatory Com- mission (2011) Safety culture is "the core values and behaviors re- sulting from a collective commit- ment by leaders and individuals to emphasize safe- ty over competing goals to ensure protection of peo- ple and the envi- ronment" US NRC Safe- ty Culture Poster. (External link ) 34 / 94  OCHS 1000 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2qwf7m The commission has a comprehen- sive safety cul- ture website which includes a vari- ety of case stud- ies describing in- cident investiga- tions which identi- fy safety culture as a contributing fac- tor to the course of events. 98. 2013 Ministry of Busi- ness, Innova- tion, and Em- ployment, New Zealand (2013) "When we talk about health and safety culture, we are talking about 'how we do things around here', even when no one is looking. All our behaviours reflect how we think: our assumptions, be- liefs and attitudes. In a strong safety culture, everyone has a shared safe- ty mindset and works together to achieve common goals." 35 / 94  OCHS 1000 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_2qwf7m Mathis T and Gal- loway S. (Steps to Safety Culture Ex- cellence, 2013) "A critical element to improving a safety culture in- volves changing a basic paradigm of what a safety cul- ture is. Is a safe- ty culture some- thing an organi- zation has, what the organization is, what the orga- nization does, or why the organiza- tion is the way it is? Is it a state of being or a dy- namic feature of performances? Is it passive or ac- tive? Most defini- tions of safety cul- ture define the cul- ture's characteris- tics. The definition we propose in- volves developing a culture's capa- bilities. The most basic capability of a safety culture is the ability to im- prove. " 99. Insured costs: