Literature Review & Research Framework PDF

BM2101  Theoretical Framework Literature Review Literature Review Heads up: This is included as Chapter 2 in your report - but should also be incorporated in your Chapter 1 to strengthen your Background of Study and Problem Statement. Literature review is a summary and evaluat...

BM2101  Theoretical Framework Literature Review Literature Review Heads up: This is included as Chapter 2 in your report - but should also be incorporated in your Chapter 1 to strengthen your Background of Study and Problem Statement. Literature review is a summary and evaluation of existing research on a specific topic. It is where you look at what other people have written or studied about that topic, find out what they discovered, and then explain how it relates to your own research.  Rules There is no single Many reviews Long literature Ways to write way to conduct a continue review is literature review: literature review - throughout a unnecessary. Integrate what others written in a research project It suffices to have done and found, descriptive rather than being review just the key Criticise previous manner that conducted only at concepts to develop scholarly works, the chapter / progressively the beginning of framework builds towards a study. Build bridges between related topics, the research Not an attempt to focus. cover everything on Identify the central the topic issues in a field.  Rules For Example Integrate what others have done and found Danial (2022) found that apples are the most popular fruit among Gen Z. However, Damia (2023) argued that oranges are actually the preferred choice. Criticise previous scholarly works While these studies offer valuable insights, both were conducted in the UK, where taste preferences may differ from those in Brunei. Build bridges between related topics This highlights the need for a deeper understanding of which fruits are most favoured by Bruneians, who traditionally consider rice a staple food (Syahnur, 2020). Identify the central issues in a field Gaining insight into other food preferences beyond rice is essential to ensure Bruneians have diverse options that contribute to their nutritional needs (Leha, 2019; Raudhah, 2020). Literature Sources OR Online (i.e., using Offline (i.e., Google and Google Hardcopy books @ Scholar) Library) High quality and reliable online sources may include Elsevier (Scopus), Emerald, ScienceDirect, MDPI, Springer and among others - not all are open access. The easiest way is to utilise GOOGLE SCHOLAR to search for relevant journal articles. Types of literature - Newspapers, Reports, Journal Articles, Conference Proceedings and among others.  Importance Gives Background Finds Missing Supports Compare and / Context: Pieces / Gaps: Credibility: Contrast with Findings: It shows what By looking at It shows you have others have existing studies, read and This shows if your already you can spot understood key work supports or researched, areas that have studies, making challenges helping you not been explored your research existing theories understand the yet, guiding your more reliable and and helps identify topic better and own research. well-supported. new insights you how your research bring to the field. connects.  Relevance How recent is the source? Do the research questions or objectives closely align with my research, making it directly relevant? Questions Does the source support or challenge my arguments, providing insights that either strengthen or refine my perspective? Value Has the source undergone a peer review process, ensuring its credibility and quality? Sufficiency Am I able to critically engage with the academic context of my research, demonstrating a deep understanding of the field? Have I reviewed enough relevant sources to meet the requirements and expectations of my report? Number 20-35 references are sufficient for a dissertation project. It is crucial to select those that are really significant for your work. Latest APA 7 th edition referencing style & arrange alphabetically. Use et al. for 3 or more authors. In text - use last name Ibrahim (2024) stated that UTB is fun Shaya and Haji Shahlehi (2025) claimed that Indomee is delicious Rahman et al. (2023) noted that cats are cute OR Malay novels are nice (Harun & Shaya, 2019; Zamani et al., 2025). In reference section (copy straight from Google Scholar + add DOI) Wuen, C. H., Ibrahim, F., & Ringim, K. J. (2020). The Impact of Human Resource Management Practices on SMEs Performance: An Exploratory Study in Brunei Darussalam. International Journal of Asian Business and Information Management (IJABIM), 11(2), 68-87. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJABIM.2020040105 What to Read in Every Journal Article that You Search in Google Scholar? Read the abstract to see whether the paper fits with your study. Read the full-text to understand the whole context. Sometimes not all journal articles are open access as the authors chose this path when publishing their works. Use SCI-HUB to openly access journal articles (unethical but this makes your reading more comprehensive) - insert DOI but latest articles are rarely inclusive.  What to Include in Your Chapter 2 - Literature Review? Identify 3-5 relevant KEY CONCEPTS (based on your Research Focus). Use flexible yet suitable keywords in Google Scholar. Challenges to Barriers to successful successful university- university-industry industry collaboration collaboration Solutions to successful Strategies to Recommendations to university-industry successful university- successful university- collaboration industry collaboration industry collaboration Identifying To examine the importance of effective UIC within Brunei’s agricultural sector. Overview of Brunei’s Agricultural Sector To evaluate the barriers hindering University-Industry Collaboration - successful UIC implementation in Forms and Importance Brunei’s agricultural sector. Barriers to Successful University- To propose practical solutions aimed Industry Collaboration at strengthening UIC within Brunei’s agricultural sector. Solutions to Successful University- Industry Collaboration  Reminders Use the literature to find The literature review will theories and ideas that you summarise what is already can later test with your own known, but it might also data. highlight an area where little is known or where there is no clear explanation yet.  Quantitative Style For Instance, 2.3 Barriers to Successful University-Industry Collaboration Surveys conducted by Ahmad (2020) in Indonesia revealed that conflicting interests among stakeholders have led to a decrease in collaboration within the agricultural sector. However, Ali (2022) argued that the issue extends beyond this, pointing out that financial constraints are a significant barrier to potential collaborations, as has been experienced in Malaysia. Similarly, Haji Shahlehi et al. (2023) echoed this view, noting that while collaborations can improve sectoral performance, limited budgets often hinder their effective implementation. Hypothesis 1: Financial constraints as the main barrier to successful collaboration in agriculture  Quantitative Style For Instance, You want to study on “Barriers to Successful University-Industry Collaboration” but, you have limited the barriers into only financial factors, cultural factors, and communication factors [already mentioned in Chapter 1]. These three specific factors are your independent variables hence the CONFIRMED THREE HYPOTHESES DERIVED BASED ON THESE FACTORS. On the other hand, unsuccessful university industry collaboration is your dependent variable. Independent variables mean the factors that influence / affect the dependent variable. Dependent variables mean the outcome that is affected by changes in the independent variable. Not For DEGREE Extra Information LEVEL Moderating Variable VS Mediating Variable Not For Mediating Variable: This is something that explains how or why two things are related. It shows the process that happens between the independent DEGREE variable and the dependent variable. LEVEL For example, if studying time (independent variable) leads to better grades (dependent variable), a mediating variable might be “number of practice”- the hours of study impacts the number of practice problems, which in turn impacts the exam score. Hours of study Exam score Independent Variable Dependent Variable Number of practice problems completed Mediator Variable Not For Moderating Variable: This changes the strength or direction of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. It affects DEGREE how strong or weak the connection is between the two. LEVEL For example, the relationship between studying time (independent variable) and grades (dependent variable) might be stronger for students with higher IQs (moderating variable) than for those with lower IQs. Hours of study Exam score Independent Variable Dependent Variable IQ Moderator Variable Not For Control Variable DEGREE Control variables are When testing a For example, if a LEVEL factors that we keep cause-and-effect student is sick, they the same in a study. relationship, it's might score lower on They are not the main important to think an exam. So, we can focus of the research, add "health" as a about other factors but we control them control variable. This that might influence means we make sure because they could the outcome, even if affect the results. all participants in the we’re not measuring study are in good them directly. health on exam day to Health avoid health influencing the results. Control Variable Hours of study Exam score Independent Variable Dependent Variable  Hypothesis Development A hypothesis is a Before collecting data, A hypothesis is not just a prediction about the you need to write a guess; it is grounded in relationship between two hypothesis to predict existing knowledge and or more factors (variables) what your research will theory. that can be tested through find. It is a testable research. It is based on statement that answers existing theories and helps your research question, guide the development of a but has not yet been conceptual model. proven or disproven. Qualitative Style For Instance, 2.3 Barriers to Successful University-Industry Collaboration Wickramasinghe and Malik (2018) illuminate significant barriers to successful UIC in developing countries, particularly in Sri Lanka. These include insufficient experience in new product development and commercialisation, resource constraints in equipment and facilities, and divergent objectives between universities and industries. In other developing countries, such as Nigeria, Oyelaran-Oyeyinka and Adebowale (2012) underscored critical issues like inadequate facilities and financing, which pose formidable barriers to UIC initiatives. In contrast, the challenges in developed countries are less about experience or resources. For instance, Awasthy et al. (2020) highlighted complexities in intellectual property rights negotiations and information dissemination that hinder seamless academia-industry collaboration in Australia. Furthermore, as stressed by Mogyorosi and Bucsai (2010), significant challenges to effective collaboration also include inadequate knowledge of collaboration processes and partners, along with difficulties in managing collaborative projects. Crespo and Dridi (2007) underscored that the lack of academic freedom and inconsistent missions of both partners further complicate collaborative efforts. Siegel et al. (2003) echoed a similar view, highlighting differences in institutional goals, insufficient understanding of operational methods, varying timeframes, disparities in reward structures and funding mechanisms, and conflicts of interest as additional obstacles to successful collaboration efforts. Research Framework / Conceptual Framework Theories (literature review) are created by researchers to explain events, connect ideas, and make predictions. A framework shows how the key concepts and variables/factors in a study are related from the researcher’s point of view. A conceptual framework outlines what you expect to discover in your research. It identifies the key variables/factors and shows how they might be connected. Quantitative Example Barriers to Successful University-Industry Collaboration Financial Constraints Unsuccessful University- Cultural Differences Industry Collaboration Communication Barriers Qualitative Example Barriers and Solutions to Successful UIC Collaboration Barriers Solutions A E Successful University- B F Industry Collaboration C G D H  Theoretical Framework In the theoretical Before starting Since there may By clearly framework, you your research, be many different framing your explain the you need to theories on your research, you theories that explore the topic, you need help readers support your theories and to evaluate, understand the research, models other compare, and assumptions showing that researchers have choose the most behind your your work is developed. relevant ones. approach and based on the reasons for established your choices. ideas. Different scholars/authors may employ different theories for the same topic. Choose one that you can describe best and make sure it is relevant to your study. How to find the most appropriate theory? Read several related papers and see which one theory that is most used. Ensure to cite the ‘original author(s)’ of the theory to be used. Examples: UIC - Triple Helix Model by Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff (2000) SME Internationalisation - Dynamic Capabilities by Teece (1997) HR related - Human Capital Theory by Becker (1960) Literature Review