Path of Knowledge Stage 1 Review.pptx

Path of Knowledge Stage 1 Review  Knowledge refers to the set of information, ideas, and skills that an individual acquires throughout their life. Gnoseology analyzes human knowledge itself. Epistemology deals with analyzing scientific knowledge. What is Knowledge and How Does it Ar...

Path of Knowledge Stage 1 Review  Knowledge refers to the set of information, ideas, and skills that an individual acquires throughout their life. Gnoseology analyzes human knowledge itself. Epistemology deals with analyzing scientific knowledge. What is Knowledge and How Does it Arise?  The subject is the person who knows. The object of knowledge is what you want to know. The operation is the act of knowing. The representation is the reproduction in the mind of the subject. Elements of knowledge How is Knowledge Acquired? Main Conceptions Empiricism holds that all knowledge comes from sensory experience. Rationalism holds that knowledge comes from reason and abstract thought.  Types of knowledge Philosophical knowledge seeks more profound and universal explanations of reality. Religious knowledge is based on the belief in a supreme being and the teaching and scriptures of particular religion. Everyday knowledge is acquired to daily experience. Mythical knowledge is based on the legends and myths of different cultures. Scientific knowledge focuses on understanding world through systematic observation, experimentation and hypothesis. Mathematical, logical knowledge is acquired through process of abstraction  Scientific knowledge is demonstrated with evidence, so it is more reliable knowledge. Objective is based on verifiable data and facts. Verifiable is verified through repeated experimentations and observations. Systematic is a methodological process of research and analysis. Precise is presented clearly and concisely. Universal is valid anywhere at anytime. Explanatory seeks to interpret natural penomena. Predictive allows making forecasts about future phenomena. Fallible may be refuted or corrected. Science and types of sciences Science is a set of empirical, theoretical, and methodological knowledge to understand and explain the natural and social phenomena of the universe. Formal sciences based on logic and abstract reasoning. Factual sciences based on empirical observation and experimentation. (Natural and Social sciences)  Logic Logic studies the ways of thinking and the rules that govern correct reasoning. Thinking is to form ideas, concepts, and judgements from sensory or memory information. Reasoning is the mental process that uses logical rules to conclude form previous information. Concept is an abstract idea. Concept formation is a cognitive process that begins with observation and experience. Judgement is a proposition affirmed o denied about an object or subject. Argument is a series of judgements that are presented to support or refute a conclusión. Deductive and Inductive Reasoning Deductive reasoning goes from general to the specific. Inductive reasoning relies on the observation of particular facts to arrive general conclusion.  Syllogism A syllogism is a deductive reasoning that consists of two premises and a conclusion. Major premise is general statement. Minor premise is a specifc statement. The conclusion follows from the two previous premises. Logical principles Non- contradiction: two statements cannot be true or false simultaneously. Identify: determines that everything is identifcal to itself. From the excluded third refers that a statement is true or false; there is no middle ground. Causality: every evento has a cause or several causes to explain. By analogy: the principle states that two things that resemble each other in one respect may have other similarities.  Fallacies reasoning or argument unfounded Attack on the person Of authority Hasty generalization Appeal to feelings From the slippery slope Of the false dichotomy Strawman From the request of principle Incomplete evidence Of false causality From the Iceman Pseudoscience is a set of beliefs or claims presented as scientific but lacking empirical basis or solid evidence to be considered Examples: Astrology Homeopathy Chiropractic