APK Past Book 1 PDF - Head, Neck, Back, Spine & Upper Extremity

 APK PAST BOOK 1 (Head, Neck, Back, Spine and Upper Extremity) PLP PT BOARD REVIEW HEAD, NECK, BACK, AND SPINE 1. In a third class lever: a. None of these b. The weight arm is longer than the force arm c. The weight arm and force arm are equal d...

 APK PAST BOOK 1 (Head, Neck, Back, Spine and Upper Extremity) PLP PT BOARD REVIEW HEAD, NECK, BACK, AND SPINE 1. In a third class lever: a. None of these b. The weight arm is longer than the force arm c. The weight arm and force arm are equal d. The force arm is longer than the weight arm Answer: B 2. A muscle of facial expression: a. Digastric c. masseter b. Temporalis d. platysma Answer: D 3. The highest content of elastic fiber is found in the ligament: a. Posterior longitudinal ligament c. anterior longitudinal ligament b. Ligamentum flavum d. interspinous ligament Answer: B PLL:Connects the posterior vertebral bodies(Inside spinal canal( ALLL:Connect anterior vertebral bodies Ligamentum flavum:Connect the lamina of adjacent vertebra Interspinous ligament:In between spinous process 4. This does not describe the 7th rib: a. Typical rib c. longest rib b. Has two demifacets on its head d. most oblique rib Answer: D 1-7 :Attached to costal cartilage 8-10:attached anteriorly to each other 11-12:FLOATING RIBS 9th rib-Most oblique Typical:Twisted,long,flat bone having rounded, Smooth superior border and sharp thin border Atypical: 1st rib(rib flattened from above downward) 5. A shunt muscle: a. Is exemplified by the biceps and brachialis b. Generate very little force c. Will usually have a long lever arm like the brachioradialis 2 Copyright. © The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  APK PAST BOOK 1 (Head, Neck, Back, Spine and Upper Extremity) PLP PT BOARD REVIEW d. Is chiefly rotatory in its effect on moving bone Answer: C SHUNT: O: Near The Joint I: Far From The Joint For Stabilizing Spurt O: Far From The Joint I: Near The Joint For Mobility Example: BICEPS”SPURT MUSCLE” O:Short head coracoid process of the scapula Long:supraglenoid tubercle I:Radial tuberosity(near the elbow joint) 6. This is a movement in the transverse plane: a. Circumduction c. abduction b. Lateral flexion d. external rotation Answer: D CIRCUMDUCTION:Combination of (Flexion,extension,abduction and adduction) Lateral flexion and abduction:Frontal plane 7. The axis for subtalar abduction and adduction is: a. Transverse c. oblique b. Longitudinal d. vertical Answer: D Ratio: Since the question specifically asks for subtalar abduction and adduction, choice D is the best answer. Reference: Hunt, G. C., & McPoil, T. G. (1995). Physical therapy of the foot and ankle. New York: Churchill Livingstone. 8. Muscle power is greatest at approximately % of the maximum load: a. 20 c. 10 b. 30 d. 40 Answer: B The peak of the muscle power is 30% of maximum load. 9. The most superficial muscle in the posterior trunk: a. Semi-spinalis c. multifidus muscles b. Longissimus d. rotation and suboccipital muscles Answer: B The muscles of the back are divided into three layers: superficial, intermediate, and deep. The deep layer is further subdivided into superficial, intermediate, deep, and deepest. See the table below for the muscles found in each specific layer. 3 Copyright. © The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  APK PAST BOOK 1 (Head, Neck, Back, Spine and Upper Extremity) PLP PT BOARD REVIEW 10. Neck side flexion isometric movements is a test for muscles innervated by roots: a. C3-C4 c. C5-C6 b. C1-C2 d. C4-C5 Answer: A SCM:C2-C3 SCALENE:C4-C6 11. Facets of thoracic spine are oriented in what plane: a. Frontal c. horizontal b. Sagittal d. transverse Answer: A Cervical: Perpendicular to sagittal Thoracic:Frontal Lumbar:Sagittal 12. The strongest extensors of the lumbar spine in strengthening up from a forward flexed bending position are the: a. Multifidus muscles c. gluteus maximus muscles b. Hamstring muscles d. latissimus dorsi muscle Answer: A gluteus maximus muscles-Strongest hip extensor latissimus dorsi muscle-Crutch walking muscle 13. Posterior border of the posterior triangle of the neck: a. Trapezius c. splenius capitis b. Sternocleidomastoid d. latissimus dorsi Answer: A POST TRIANGLE: ANTERIOR:SCM POSTERIOR:Trapezius BASE:MID 1/3 clavicle ANT TRIANGLE: ANTERIOR: Medial Neck Line POSTERIOR:SCM BASE:Mandible 14. Flexion-extension of the thoracic spine totals how much? a. 30 degrees c. 15 degrees b. 60 degrees d. 40 degrees Answer: A 4 Copyright. © The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  APK PAST BOOK 1 (Head, Neck, Back, Spine and Upper Extremity) PLP PT BOARD REVIEW Reference: Trefler, E. (1993). Seating and mobility for persons with physical disabilities. Tucson, Ariz: Therapy Skill Builders. 15. The bandage muscle, wrapping around other neck muscles: a. Sternocleidomastoid c. splenius b. Trapezius d. serratus anterior Answer: C Serratus Anterior: Boxer’s muscle 16. The swaying of the arms when walking occurs around this axis: a. Anteroposterior/horizontal c. sagittal b. Vertical d. frontal Answer: D 17. The superficial group of the muscles of the back includes: a. Serratus posterior c. longissimus b. Levator scapulae d. splenius capitis Answer: B Deep muscle of the back may be classified as Superficial: ERECTOR SPINAE: Iliocostalis Longgisimus Spinalis Transversospinalis Semi spinalis Multifidus Rotatores Connected with the shoulder girdle 18. Expulsive form of cough requires which of the following muscle to contract most forcefully: a. Sternocleidomastoid c. diaphragm b. Abdominals d. scalene Answer: B During coughing the muscles responsible for forceful expiration are required to contract. Muscles for forceful expiration: 5 Copyright. © The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  APK PAST BOOK 1 (Head, Neck, Back, Spine and Upper Extremity) PLP PT BOARD REVIEW Abdominals 19. In lowering yourself to a chair from standing to sitting, the quadriceps are doing: a. Isometric contraction c. positive work b. Eccentric contraction d. concentric contraction Answer: B Eccentric contraction of the quadriceps is needed during the activity to control the movement. 20. The plane of progression during ambulation: a. The horizontal plane c. the sagittal plane b. The frontal plane d. the vertical plane Answer: C During ambulation flexion and extension of the hip happens at the sagittal plane. 21. A facet oriented in the sagittal plane allows what motion? a. Gliding b. Flexion-extension c. lateral flexion d. rotation Answer: B Ratio: Meanwhile, a facet oriented in the HORIZONTAL OR TRANSVERSE PLANE allows LATERAL FLEXION AND ROTATION. Reference: Lawrence, P. F., & Goldman, M. H. (1993). Essentials of surgical specialties, oral examinations. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. 22. Point at the root of the nose where the frontonasal suture crosses the median plane: a. Nasion c. lambda b. Nasal septum d. bregma Answer: A BREGMA- the midline bony landmark where the coronal and sagittal sutures meet, between the frontal and two parietal bones. LAMBDA-The occipital angle is rounded and corresponds with the point of meeting of the sagittal and the lambdoid suture. NASAL SEPTUM-Separates the left and right airways of the nasal cavity, dividing the two nostrils 23. If the motor root of the trigeminal nerve is injured, paralysis occurs in: a. Buccinator c. tensor tympani b. All of these d. posterior belly of digastric muscles Answer: C TRIGEMINAL NERVE ✓ Sensation from face ✓ Sensation from cornea ✓ Sensation from tongue ✓ Muscle of mastication ✓ DAMPENS SOUN(TENSOR TYMPANI) 24. Intervertebral discs are located between vertebral bodies from: 6 Copyright. © The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  APK PAST BOOK 1 (Head, Neck, Back, Spine and Upper Extremity) PLP PT BOARD REVIEW a. C1 to S1 c. C2 to L5 b. C1 to L5 d. C2 to S1 Answer: D The thickest IV disc is at the cervical and lumbar since most of movement at the spine happens at the cervical and lumbar level. 25. The external jugular vein is found at the: a. Submandibular triangle c. anterior triangle of the neck b. Posterior triangle of the neck d. carotid triangle Answer: B Formed by the retromandibular and posterior auricular veins, the external jugular vein lies superficially, entering the posterior triangle after crossing the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Within the posterior triangle, the external jugular vein pierces the investing layer of fascia and empties into the subclavian vein. Reference: https://teachmeanatomy.info/neck/areas/posterior-triangle/ Additional notes: The neck is divided into anterior and posterior triangles. The anterior triangle is further subdivided into submandibular, submental, muscular, and carotid triangles; whereas the posterior triangle is further subdivided into occipital and supraclavicular triangles. 26. The following statements are true of the Closed Kinematic Chain, EXCEPT: a. Stair climbing is an alternating closed-chain motion during the support phase of the extremity b. The distal segment of the chain move sin space c. All segments are required to move in the movement of one segment d. The distal segment is fixed and proximal parts move Answer: B The distal segment of the chain move sin space 27. When applied, third class lever, the most common found in the human body can be: a. All of these b. Levers that work at a mechanical advantage c. Levers that operate at a mechanical disadvantage but one of speed d. Levers of stability and speed Answer: C LEVER 1:Stability/Balance LEVER 2:Power LEVER 3:Speed 28. Rotation around the vertical axis occur in this plane, and divides the body into upper and lower parts: a. Horizontal plane c. None of these b. Sagittal plane d. Frontal plane Answer: A Horizontal plane /transverse plane: Divides the body into upper and lower. Sagittal plane:Divides the body into right and left. Frontal:Divides the body into anterior and posterior. 29. Nerve supply to sternocleidomastoid: a. Dorsal occipital nerve c. Greater occipital nerve b. Lesser occipital nerve d. Spinal accessory nerve Answer: D GREATER OCCIPITAL NERVE SKIN,POST SCALP,OCCIPUT,TEMPORAL,VERTEX LESSER OCCIPITAL NERVE 7 Copyright. © The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  APK PAST BOOK 1 (Head, Neck, Back, Spine and Upper Extremity) PLP PT BOARD REVIEW SCALP,LATERAL AREA OF HEAD AND POSTERIOR OF EAC 30. Muscles achieve its greatest strength when muscles contract in the elongated position, and as the muscles shorten, torque decreased: a. First statement is true, second is false c. Both statement are false b. First statement is false, second statement is true d. Both statements are true Answer: D The elongated position is optimal position to produce the greatest strength. 31. When a muscle contracts to eliminate some undesired movement that would otherwise be produced by the prime mover, it is said to be a a. Antagonist c. Synergist b. Prime Mover d. Fixators Answer: C Antagonist-Produce the action opposite to the action produced by prime mover. Prime mover- “agonist” Fixator-stabilizer 32. The line of fusion between the External Oblique is called: a. Linea Alba c. None of these b. Inguinal Ligament of Poupart d. Aponeurosis Answer: A LINEA ALBA Connects the right and left obliques Attachment: Xiphoid process INGUINAL LIGAMENT Attached from ASIS to pubic tubercle 33. This muscle is innervated by the facial nerve: a. Risorius c. Frontalis b. Masseter d. Mentalis Answer: B Masseter is supplied by trigeminal nerve 34. By placing the finger just under the zygomatic arch and over the ramus of the mandible, the superficial part of this muscle may be palpated when the subject bites down: a. Medial Pterygoid c. Temporalis b. Masseter d. None of these Answer: B The DEEP PART OF THE MASSETER can be palpated by placing a gloved index finger inside the mouth between the teeth and the cheek, then having the subject bite down gently. Reference: Houglum, P. A., Bertoti, D., & Brunnstrom, S. (2012). Brunnstrom's clinical kinesiology. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis. 35. The innermost muscle of the abdominal wall and encloses the abdominal cavity like a corset: a. External Abdominal Oblique c. Internal Abdominal Oblique b. Transverse Abdominis d. Rectus Abdominis Answer: B SA:Boxer’s muscle Trapezius:Shawl muscle Splenius:Bandage muscle Latissimus dorsi:Crutch walking muscle 8 Copyright. © The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  APK PAST BOOK 1 (Head, Neck, Back, Spine and Upper Extremity) PLP PT BOARD REVIEW 36. Which of the following muscles are innervated by the fifth cranial nerve and close the jaw: a. Medial pterygoid c. Temporalis b. All of these d. Masseter Answer: B 5TH CRANIAL NERVE(MANDIBULAR BRANCH): Medial pterygoid Lateral pterygoid Temporalis Masseter 37. The posterior triangle of the neck is bounded by: a. The Scalenes, Levator Scapulae, and Splenius c. None of these b. Splenius Capitis, Sternohyoid and clavicle d. The sternomastoid, anterior border of Trapezius, and the clavicle Answer: D 38. When all the body parts move in the same direction with equal velocity, the movement is termed as: a. Translatory Motion c. Parallel Motion b. Rotary Motion d. Angular Motion Answer: A Linear/ Translatory motion:Motion that occurs along or parallel to an axis Curvilinear: Curved path Rotatory or Angular motion: Occurs around an axis(example ceiling fan) Periodic motion: Mortion repeated in equal intervals of time(example: Grandfather clock) 39. This muscle draws the mandible forward and toward the midline: a. Pterygoid c. Masseter b. Temporalis d. Orbicularis oris Answer: A Pterygoids-Protrusion,LD Temporalis ANT & SUP:CLOSING OF MOUTH POST:RETRUSION MASSETER:CLOSING OF MOUTH ORBICULARIS ORIS:COMPRES LIPS TOGETHER 40. The first to seventh ribs attached to sternum, the 8th to 10th ribs are joined by cartilage; 11th and 12th ribs have free ends: a. All statements are true b. All statements are false c. Last statement is true, first two statements are false d. First two statements are true, last statement is false Answer: A 9 Copyright. © The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  APK PAST BOOK 1 (Head, Neck, Back, Spine and Upper Extremity) PLP PT BOARD REVIEW RED-8TH-10TH GREEN-11TH AND 12TH 41. This structures pass through transverse foramen: a. Spinal column arteries c. Cervical nerve plexus b. None of these d. Vertebral arteries Answer: D Structures passing through transverse foramen: ✓ Vertebral Artery ✓ Vertebral vein ✓ Symphathetic nerve 42. Motor nerve to the muscles of mastication: a. Facial nerve c. Spinal accessory nerve b. Trigeminal nerve d. Vagus nerve Answer: B Muscle responsible for muscle mastication ✓ Temporalis ✓ Pterygoids ✓ Masseter 43. In an open-packed or loose packed position, EXCEPT: a. The ligamentous and capsular structures are slack b. The ovoid joint surfaces are incongruent c. Allows spinning, rolling and sliding, thereby increasing joint friction d. Joint surfaces may be distracted several millimeters Answer: C Open-packed positions allow the necessary motions of spin, roll, and slide typically with an increase in accessory movements and decreased joint friction. 44. This type of joint is formed by the talus and tibia: a. Pivot c. Hinge b. Saddle d. Ball and Socket Answer: C PIVOT: RADIO-ULNAR JOINT ATLANTO AXIAL SADDLE 1ST CMC SC JOINT BALL AND SOCKET GH JOINT HIP JOINT 45. These muscles separate the neck into the posterior and anterior triangle. It is also protects the great vascular and nerve trunks: a. Sternocleidomastoid c. Levator Scapulae b. Sternothyroid d. Scalenes Answer: A 10 Copyright. © The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  APK PAST BOOK 1 (Head, Neck, Back, Spine and Upper Extremity) PLP PT BOARD REVIEW 46. The height of this specific vertebrae may be used to determine the corresponding landmark: a. All of these b. T10 body - tip of the xiphoid process c. S2 - height of posterior superior iliac spines d. L4 spinous process - level with the highest portion of the crest of the ilium Answer: A T2-Superior angle of scapula T3-Spine of scapula T7-Inferior angle of scapula L5-Tubercle iliac crest S2-SI joint/Posterior superior iliac spine 47. This opening is a triangular-shaped defect in the external oblique aponeurosis that lies above and medial to the public tubercle: a. Cremasteric Ring c. Femoral Ring b. Superficial Inguinal Ring d. External Spermatic Fascia Answer: B Reference: Snell, R. S. (1986). Clinical anatomy for medical students. Boston: Little, Brown. 48. The following extraocular muscles are supplied by cranial nerve III, EXCEPT: a. Inferior rectus c. Superior rectus b. Inferior oblique d. Superior oblique Answer: D Superior oblique is supplied by CN IV Deep Inguinal ring: Is an oval opening in the fascia of transversalis lies above inguinal ligament Superficial Inguinal Ring:. This opening is a triangular-shaped defect in the external oblique aponeurosis that lies above and medial to the public tubercle: 49. This muscle can be palpated by placing the fingers over the temporal fossa. This muscle contracts as the subject bites down: a. Temporalis c. Medial Pterygoid b. None of these d. Masseter Answer: A 11 Copyright. © The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  APK PAST BOOK 1 (Head, Neck, Back, Spine and Upper Extremity) PLP PT BOARD REVIEW TEMPORALIS:This muscle can be palpated by placing the fingers over the temporal fossa. This muscle contracts as the subject bites down MASSETER: To palpate the superficial part of the muscle, place the index finger just under the zygomatic arch and over the ramus of the mandible and then ask the subject to bite down. MEDIAL PTERYGOID: The medial pterygoid may be palpated extraorally by placing the index finger just superior to the ramus at the level of the mandibular angle and having the subject gently close the jaw. 50. As the Brachialis extends a flexed elbow by slowing the movement of extension which is performed by gravity, this muscle acts as a: a. Fixators c. Antagonist b. Prime mover d. Synergist Answer: B 1. BRACHIALIS:ECCENTRIC *During eccentric contraction the action produced by gravity is greater than the movement produced by the contraction of brachialis Red arrow: Movement produced by the contraction of brachialis. Brown arrow: During eccentric contraction the movement is producee by pull of gravity. 2.BRACHIALIS:CONCENTRIC *During CONCENTRIC contraction the action produced by contraction of muscle is greater than the movement produced by the pull of gravity. Red arrow: Movement produced by the contraction of brachialis. Brown arrow: During eccentric contraction the movement is produced by pull of gravity 51. Flexion and extension occurs in this plane, and divides the body into right and left sides: a. Frontal Plane c. Sagittal Plane b. Horizontal Plane d. None of these Answer: C Horizontal plane /transverse plane: Divides the body into upper and lower. Sagittal plane: Divides the body into right and left. Frontal: Divides the body into anterior and posterior. 52. The following structure is a modified skin that lines not only the inner surfaces of the lids but also reflected on to the eyeball: a. Lacrimal c. Conjunctiva b. Tarsal Gland d. Canaliculus Answer: C 12 Copyright. © The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  APK PAST BOOK 1 (Head, Neck, Back, Spine and Upper Extremity) PLP PT BOARD REVIEW Reference: Basmajian, J. V. (1976). Primary anatomy. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. 53. This ligament of the vertebral column is a series of 23 intersegmental ligaments that connect the lamina of two adjacent vertebrae from C-2 to the sacrum: a. Supraspinous ligament c. Ligamentum flavum b. Intertransverse ligament d. Interspinous ligament Answer: C PLL: Connects the posterior vertebral bodies(Inside spinal canal( ALL: Connect anterior vertebral bodies Ligamentum flavum: Connect the lamina of adjacent vertebra Interspinous ligament: In between spinous process Intertransverse: In between transverse process 54. The thoracolumbar fascia provides humans the ability to lift heavy weights overhead; it also stabilizes the trunk for throwing objects with high velocities: a. Both statements are false c. First statement is true, second statement is false b. Both statements are true d. First statement is false, second statement is true Answer: B Anterior layer:Attaches to the transverse process of lumbar v. Middle Layer: Composed of strong,transverse fibers ,attaching to the lumbar transverse process,12th rib and transverse abdominis. Posterior Layer: Covers back attaches to spinous process and the supraspinous ligament. 55. This specialized joint of the craniovertebral area are formed by one centrally located articulation and two facet whose axis of motion is vertical through the dens, accounting for 50 % of rotation in the cervical area: a. None of these c. Cervical vertebral articulation b. Atlanto-occipital joint d. Atlanto-axial joint Answer: D Antlanto-Occipital FLEXION-EXTENSION CONDYLOID Atlanto-Axial ROTATION PIVOT 56. In this class of lever, force is applied at one end of the lever arm; the weight to be moved is at the other, and the fulcrum is at some point intermediate between the two, as exemplified by a see-saw: 13 Copyright. © The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  APK PAST BOOK 1 (Head, Neck, Back, Spine and Upper Extremity) PLP PT BOARD REVIEW a. Second class lever c. None of these b. First class lever d. Third class lever Answer: B F-----------0 -------- W F=Force 0=Fulcrum W= Weight 57. When applied, first class levers can be: a. Levers that work at a mechanical advantage b. Levers that operate at a mechanical disadvantage but one of speed c. All of these d. Levers of stability and speed Answer: D ocean=weight force=movement produced by the old man fulcrum=The one that connects the paddle to the boat LEVER 1 F-----------0 -------- W F=Force 0=Fulcrum W= Weight PICTURE:OLD MAN------CONNECTION-----WATER OLD MAN:FORCE CONNECTION:FULCRUM WATER:RESISTANCE 58. Characteristic of isometric contraction: a. All of these c. Change in muscle tension b. Performs work d. Change in muscle length Answer: C ISOMETRIC:Producing pulling force while maintaining a CONSTANT LENGTH. ISOTONIC-SAME TENSION ISOKINETIC-CONSTANT RATE OF MOVEMENT 59. If two forces are pulling from the same point: a. The resultant force reaches a maximum when the forces are on the same line and acting in opposite direction b. The resultant force is the sum of the two forces c. The resultant force is the diagonal of the parallelogram d. The resultant force increase as the angle between the two forces decreases Answer: C A parallelogram is made up of two vector forcers, and their resultant force demonstrates graphically how two force vectors acting on one point creates a resultant vector force. If 2 forces are pulling from the same point, the resultant force can be found graphically by constructing a parallelogram. 14 Copyright. © The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  APK PAST BOOK 1 (Head, Neck, Back, Spine and Upper Extremity) PLP PT BOARD REVIEW 60. A synovial joint possess which distinguishing feature/s: a. A potential cavity b. A capsule of fibrous tissue line with synovial membrane c. A lubricated articular cartilage d. All of these Answer: D ARTICULAR DISC CARTILAGE JOINT CAPSULE SYNOVIAL FLUID FOUND ASSOCIATED WITH SYNOVIAL JOINT 61. Functional of ligaments include: a. Protect or hold in position some more important structure usually a nerve b. Prohibits movements in undesired plane c. All of these d. Limit the range or extent of normal movement Answer: C The varieties of movement that it is possible to perform at any given joint depend on two factors: *The shape or configuration of the articulating surfaces *The presence of restraining ligaments 62. Unilateral contraction of this muscle combines rotation of the head to the opposite side, lateral flexion to the same side, and head and cervical vertebrae extension: a. Scalenes c. Sternocleidomastoid b. Erector Spinae d. Longus Capitis and Longus Colli Answer: C Reference: Brunnstrom's clinical kinesiology. (1994). Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis 63. Synovial joints have the most complex structure and permit maximus mobility, and include: a. All of these c. Joint capsule e. Synovial membrane and cavity b. None of these d. Articular cartilage Answer: A MATERIALS ASSOCIATED WITH LIGAMENTS: Articular disc Cartilage Joint Capsule Synovial fluid Found associated with synovial joint 64. The following statements apply to the scalene muscles, EXCEPT: a. Extends the cervical spine with bilateral contraction b. Produce lateral flexion and rotation to the same side with unilateral contraction c. Increases cervical lordotic curve with bilateral contraction in the absence of longus colli d. Elevate the first and second ribs when the cervical spine is stabilized Answer: A Ratio: The scalene muscles FLEX THE CERVICAL SPINE with bilateral contraction. 15 Copyright. © The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  APK PAST BOOK 1 (Head, Neck, Back, Spine and Upper Extremity) PLP PT BOARD REVIEW Reference: Brunnstrom's clinical kinesiology. (1994). Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis. 65. This ligament of the vertebral bodies limits backward bending, and supports the anterior convexity in the lumbosacral area. a. Lateral longitudinal ligament b. Medial longitudinal ligament c. Anterior longitudinal ligament d. Posterior longitudinal ligament Answer: C PLL: Connects the posterior vertebral bodies(Inside spinal canal ALL: Connect anterior vertebral bodies Ligamentum flavum: Connect the lamina of adjacent vertebra Interspinous ligament: In between spinous process Intertransverse: In between transverse process 67. Example of syndesmosis: a. Tarsals articulating with each other c. Talus articulating with calcaneus bone b. Tibia articulating with fibula in the ankle d. Fibula articulating with tibia in the knee Answer: B Distal tibiofibular joint syndesmosis jt Syndesmosis joint is only for stabilization 68. Two forces whose points of application occur on opposite sides of an axis and in opposite direction to produce rotation of the body: a. Isometric Torque c. Force couple b. Antagonists d. Isokinetic Torque Answer: C UPWARD ROTATION OF SCAPULA: Lower trapezius: The direction of pull is downward Upper trapezius and SA: The direction of pull is downward The contraction of the 3 muscles will produce UR of scapula. 69. The muscle mastication: a. Temporalis, Masseter, Medial Pterygoid and Lateral Pterygoid b. Lateral Pterygoid, Medial Pterygoid, Stylohyoid and Mylohyoids c. None of these 16 Copyright. © The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  APK PAST BOOK 1 (Head, Neck, Back, Spine and Upper Extremity) PLP PT BOARD REVIEW d. Temporalis, Masseter, Mylohyoid and Digastrics Answer: A TEMPORALIS: -POSTERIOR:RETRUSION -ANTERIOR:CLOSING -SUPERIOR:CLOSING INTERNAL PTERYGOIDS: CLOSING ,PROTRUSION MASSETER:CLOSING,PROTRUSION EXTERNAL PTERYGOIDS:OPENING PROTRUSION 70. A fibrous type of joint that tightly connects the articular surfaces of two bones but permits minimal movement: a. Syndesmosis c. None of these e. Sutures b. Cartilaginous d. Synovial Answer: A Syndesmosis joint is only for stabilization. Example:Distal tibifibular joint 71. This type of contraction stabilizes joints and produces force with no gross change in the joint angle: a. Eccentric c. Isometric b. Concentric d. Isokinetic Answer: C ISOMETRIC:Producing pulling force while maintaining a CONSTANT LENGTH. ISOTONIC-SAME TENSION ISOKINETIC-CONSTANT RATE OF MOVEMENT Concentric:Shortening of muscle Eccentric: Lengthening of muscle 72. When muscle contracts to oppose and so regulate the speed and power of another prime mover its is said to be a: a. Prime mover c. Synergist b. Antagonist d. Fixators Answer: B Reference: Basmajian, J. V. (1998). Primary anatomy. Champain, Ill: Stipes Pub. L.L.C. 73. Which of the following is true of the Atlanto-Occipital joints: a. All of these b. The anterior and posterior aches of the atlas are united to the margins of the foreman magnum c. These are bi- axial, synovial paired joints d. Nodding or “Yes” movement occur in this joint 17 Copyright. © The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  APK PAST BOOK 1 (Head, Neck, Back, Spine and Upper Extremity) PLP PT BOARD REVIEW Answer: A All of the above statements are true. See the photo below for reference. Reference: Basmaijan, p. 84 74. This type of muscle has a great stabilizing component: a. Spurt d. Shunt b. Isotonic e. Concentric c. Isometric Answer: D Reference: LeVeau, B. F., & Williams, M. (1992). Williams & Lissner biomechanics of human motion. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co. 75. Waddell’s nonorganic signs assess a patient’s pain behavior in response to certain maneuvers. Which of the following signs indicate a positive simulation test? a. Cogwheeling of many muscle groups that cannot be explained on a neurological basis b. Marked improvement of straight leg raising of distraction as compared with formal testing c. Back pain is reported with the first 30 degrees when the pelvis and shoulders are passively rotated in the same plane as the patient stands d. Deep tenderness left over a wide area, not localized to one structure e. Disproportionate verbalization, facial expression, muscle tension and tremor Answer: C Lumbar pain elicited through light vertical loading over the patient’s skull while he or she is standing is also an example of a positive simulation test. See the table below for more specific details about the different tests and their associated signs. 18 Copyright. © The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  APK PAST BOOK 1 (Head, Neck, Back, Spine and Upper Extremity) PLP PT BOARD REVIEW 76. The McKenzie system is a commonly used method of examining and treating patients who have low back pain. McKenzie has defined the following, EXCEPT: a. The lateral shift is considered to be clinically relevant when a single-glide test does not alter the location or intensity of the pain reported by the patient b. If the lateral shift is determined to be clinically relevant, then the lateral shift must be corrected prior to the use of other treatment procedures or the symptoms may worsen c. The progress of lateral shifts is determined during the postural examination d. The use of a two-step procedure is used to determine when clinically relevant lateral shift are present e. A lateral shift is a lateral displacement of the patient’s trunk in relation to the pelvis Answer: A The lateral shift is considered to be clinically relevant when a single-glide test ALTERS THE LOCATION OR INTENSITY OF THE PAIN reported by the patient. Reference: Donahue, M. S., Riddle, D. L., & Sullivan, M. S. (1996). Intertester reliability of a modified version of McKenzie's lateral shift assessments obtained on patients with low back pain. Physical therapy, 76(7), 706-716. 77. The following statements characterize flexion in the lumbar spine, EXCEPT: a. Flexion in the low back produces kyphosis b. Involves relaxation of the anterior longitudinal ligament and stretching of the supraspinal and interspinal ligaments the ligamentum flavum and the posterior longitudinal c. To test, the subject bends as far forward as he can with knees straight, and try to touch the toes d. There is no reversal of the normal lordosis during flexion, the low back merely flattens out e. Limited by the size of the vertebral bodies Answer: A Flexion in the low back produces kyphosis Kyphosis “flexion of thoracic spine” Involves relaxation of the anterior longitudinal ligament and stretching of the supraspinal and interspinal ligaments the ligamentum flavum and the posterior longitudinal ALL is taut during extension PLL, Supraspinal, and interspinal: taut duiring flexion 78. Forward bending is a complex movement of combined lumbar and hip motion, and many of the tasks that occur during everyday activities require trunk flexion. The following statements apply to this movement, EXCEPT: a. Stretching short hamstring may affect lumbar motion during forward bending b. Excessive lumbar motion decreases tensile loads on the spine 19 Copyright. © The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  APK PAST BOOK 1 (Head, Neck, Back, Spine and Upper Extremity) PLP PT BOARD REVIEW c. Short hamstring muscles, because of their attachment to the posterior leg and to the ischial tuberosity, may limit hip flexion ROM d. LBP could result from excessive lumbar motion due to their influence on lumbopelvic rhythm during forward bending e. Restricted hip motion is coupled with excessive lumbar motion Answer: B *The most mobile area is the lumbar area *Excessive lumbar motion increases tensile loads on the spine *lumbar spine carries the weight of your entire upper body, plus biomechanical stresses that occur with movement. 79. The only two muscles inserted into the back part of the sclera: a. Superior Oblique and Inferior Oblique b. Superior Rectus and Medial Rectus c. None of these d. Lateral Rectus and Inferior Rectus Answer: A Reference: Basmaijan, p. 350 80. In getting a laminectomy patient out of bed, the following procedures are observed, EXCEPT: a. Raise herself to a standing position by pushing against the bed with her palm, reminding to keep the back straight and to look straight ahead b. The incision site need not be splinted c. Help lower herself slowly into a chair, keeping the back straight; make sure the knees are elevated to hip level or slightly higher to avoid stress on the lumbar spine d. Raise the head of the bed to low Fowler’s position. e. Raise herself into sitting position by pushing against the mattress with her upper hand as she swings her legs over the side of the head Answer: C The knees should not be elevated to hip level or higher. Avoid: bending, twisting, lifting, push/ pull of 20 lbs or more for 2 weeks. Also, limit sitting for > 30 minutes. Extension and rotation exercises are also prohibited for 8 weeks. 81. This anatomical area involves the highest percentage of symptoms among physical therapists reporting musculoskeletal symptoms: a. Wrist/hands d. Low back b. Neck e. Upper back c. Shoulders Answer: D Low back pain is the most common complaint of patients. 20 Copyright. © The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  APK PAST BOOK 1 (Head, Neck, Back, Spine and Upper Extremity) PLP PT BOARD REVIEW 82. In root compression syndrome, the following statements are true, EXCEPT: a. Paresthesia are common and are usually experienced distally, in the hand or foot b. Stretch reflexes whose arcs are largely or entirely incorporated in the involved root will be exaggerated c. Pain in the segment distribution of a root is the hallmark of these syndrome d. Weakness and atrophy in the corresponding myotomal distribution result from prolonged or severe root compression e. Findings to confirm the syndrome are those which relate spinal movement to the radiating pain Answer: B Stretch reflexes whose arcs are largely or entirely incorporated in the involved root will be DIMINISHED OR LOST. Reference: Evans, R. C., & Dunlap, M. C. (1994). Illustrated essentials in orthopedic physical assessment. St. Louis: Mosby. 83. When applied, second class levers can be: a. Levers that operate at a mechanical disadvantage but one of speed b. Levers that work at a mechanical advantage c. Levers of stability and speed d. All of these Answer: B In second-class levers the resistance force always has the mechanical advantage since its lever arm is always longer than the force arm. 84. A frame of reference for balance and head control that gives information about body position with respect to the environment: a. Geosynchronous d. Exocentric b. Egocentric e. proprioceptive c. Ecocentric Answer: D FRAME OF REFERENCE FOR BALANCE AND HEAD CONTROL: EGOCENTRIC- Reference frame provides spatial coordinates for limb and body segment positions. GEOCENTRIC-Reference system maintains posture with respect to the gravity. 85. The following statements are true of laminectomy, EXCEPT: a. Involved a surgical removal of a portion of the lamina b. Spinal fusion may be performed along with laminectomy for additional vertebral stability. c. The protruding disc fragments are removed to relieve pressure on the nerve root. 21 Copyright. © The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  APK PAST BOOK 1 (Head, Neck, Back, Spine and Upper Extremity) PLP PT BOARD REVIEW d. Spinal fusion can only be performed in laminectomy. e. In laminectomy with spinal fusion, the spine is reinforced by using bone chips or inserting a metallic rod, screw or plate. Answer: D A patient may have a spinal fusion without having a laminectomy. As you may know, a laminectomy involves the surgical removal of a portion of the lamina. When that’s accomplished, the protruding disc fragments are removed to relieve pressure on the nerve root or spinal cord. But, suppose your patient requires additional vertebral stability because of his occupation, or the extent of the injury. A spinal fusion may be performed along with laminectomy. Note: A patient may have a spinal fusion without having a laminectomy. During a spinal fusion, the doctor will reinforce the patient’s spine by fusing bone chips (from the patient’s anterior or posterior iliac crests, or tibia) or by inserting a metallic rod, screw, or plate. Reference: Working with orthopedic patients. (1983). Springhouse, Pa: Intermed Communications. 86. A dome shaped bump that lies in the occipital region on the midline and marks the center of the superior nuchal line: a. Lanula d. Cricoid ring b. None of these e. Inion c. Cricoid tubercle Answer: E Inion-“External Occipital protruberance” “Bump of knowledge” 87. The following statements characterize extension in the lumbar spine, EXCEPT: a. To test, the subject is instructed to bend backward as far as he can, using the examiner’s hand on the posterior superior iliac spine as fulcrum b. Increase in lumbar lordosis is resisted by the rectus abdominis muscles c. Stretches the anterior longitudinal ligament and relaxes the posterior ligaments d. When testing extension, the examiner must not assist the subject manually by pushing gently on his chest e. Motored by the intrinsic muscles of the back Answer: D The examiner may or may not assist the subject manually by pushing gently on his chest 88. The following relationships are true of the low back, EXCEPT: a. Lumbar lordosis I unrelated of hip and trunk flexibilities b. Longer abdominal muscles and shorter erector spinae muscles are associated with an increased lumbar curve c. Individuals with exaggerated lumbar curvature while standing tend to have short hamstrings, rotating the pelvis posteriorly, resulting in concurrent reduction of lumbar lordosis d. There is no correlation among hip extension ROM, standing pelvic tilt, standing lumbar lordosis and abdominal muscle performance variables e. The length of the hamstring muscles are negatively related to the lumbar curve Answer: C Individuals with DECRESED lumbar or FLAT BACK curvature while standing tend to have short hamstrings, rotating the pelvis posteriorly, resulting in concurrent reduction of lumbar lordosis 89. Type of contraction when the muscle shortens but the tension remains constant: a. Isometric c. Isotonic b. None of these d. Isokinetic Answer: C ISOMETRIC:Producing pulling force while maintaining a CONSTANT LENGTH. ISOTONIC-SAME TENSION 22 Copyright. © The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  APK PAST BOOK 1 (Head, Neck, Back, Spine and Upper Extremity) PLP PT BOARD REVIEW ISOKINETIC-CONSTANT RATE OF MOVEMENT 90. The perpendicular distance from the pivot point to the line of action of the weight is called the: a. Lever Arm c. Force Arm b. Mechanical Advantage d. Weight Arm Answer: D 91. A combination of the four primary movements in which flexion, abduction, extension and adduction succeed one another: a. Circumduction b. Lateral rotation in the horizontal or transverse plane c. Medial rotation on the coronal plane d. Adduction in the coronal or frontal plane Answer: A Circumduction can only be seen n Ball and socket joint. 92. The following statements are true of herniated disc, EXCEPT: a. The most common areas of disc herniation are the L4 to L5 and L5 to S1 interfaces b. Only about 5% of disc herniation occur in the cervical area c. It is caused by strain, degenerative joint disease, or trauma which may force all of part of the nucleus pulposus through the disc’s weakened of torn outer ring d. Disc herniation does not cause loss of sensation of motor function in the area innervated by the compressed nerve root e. Symptoms include low back pain, sometimes accompanied by muscle spasms which may radiate to the buttocks, legs and feet Answer: D Herniated disc: More common in lumbar area than cervical area since lumbar area is more mobile than cervical area. Disc herniation can cause loss of sensation due to compression of nerve. 93. Which eye muscles are contracting when the subject is looking downward and to the left: a. Left superior rectus and right inferior oblique b. Right inferior rectus and left superior oblique c. Right superior rectus and left inferior oblique d. Left inferior rectus and right superior oblique Answer: D 94. Decrease in lumbar lordosis results in: a. Downward tilt of pelvis b. Forward tilt of pelvis c. Backward tilt of pelvis d. No change in pelvic tilt Answer: C 23 Copyright. © The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  APK PAST BOOK 1 (Head, Neck, Back, Spine and Upper Extremity) PLP PT BOARD REVIEW 95. Repeated use of body mechanics is a major cause of back injuries. Some of the common mistakes include the following, EXCEPT: a. Insufficient strength b. Handling the load too far c. Using fast but not jerking motion d. Lifting with the back bent forward and the legs straight e. Bending and twisting at the same time Answer: C Jerking motion-These movement interrupt the person's normal movement or posture. 96. Action of the External Abdominal Oblique: a. Unilateral contraction causes side bending and trunk rotation with the opposite shoulder b. Both of these c. Unilateral contraction causes trunk rotation to the opposite side and side bending to the same side d. None of these Answer: A Bilateral contraction - Trunk flexion, compresses abdominal viscera, expiration Unilateral contraction - Trunk lateral flexion (contralateral), trunk rotation (contralateral) 97. Arthrokinematically, these types of motions can occur between two surfaces on joint movement: a. All of these c. Spinning b. Sliding or Gliding d. Rolling or Rocking Answer: A Rolling(rocking) is rotary or angular motion in which each subsequent point on one surface contact new point on the other surface Sliding or Gliding is a translatory linear,motion in which movement of one joint surface is parallel to the plane of the adjoining joint. Spinning rotary or angular motion in which one point contact each surface remains in constant contact. 98. When the sum of forces acting on the body is balanced, it is said to be in a state of: a. Terminal velocity c. Equilibrium b. Inertia d. Forced Vector Answer: C INERTIA,If body is at rest,it will remain at rest &If body is in uniform motion,it will remain in motion until an outside force act upon it. TERMINAL VELOCITY,Maximum velocity attainable by an object as it falls FORCE VECTOR,Force that has magnitude and vector. 99. The following statements describe Romberg test, EXCEPT: a. The subject stands erect, with feet approximated, looking straight ahead b. Vision, if defective, substitutes substantially for deficits in posterior column and peripheral nerve function c. Assesses the ability to maintain upright posture while standing on only one leg d. When inability to balance well is based on cerebellar disease, vision is less able to correct for the difficulty in maintaining posture and the subject will sway with eyes opened or closed e. Deviation or loss of balance is toward the side of a unilateral lesion of the cerebellum Answer: C The Romberg test assesses the ability of the patient to maintain upright posture while STANDING ON A NARROW BASE. The Romberg test assesses the ability of the patient to maintain upright posture while standing on a narrow base. This ability rests on sufficient strength for the job, on accurate information about position and about rate and direction of 24 Copyright. © The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  APK PAST BOOK 1 (Head, Neck, Back, Spine and Upper Extremity) PLP PT BOARD REVIEW deviations in position as they occur, and on ability to make quick and appropriate compensations for threatened loss of balance. The patient stands erect, with feet approximated, and looking straight ahead. Reference: Van, A. M. W., & Rodnitzky, R. L. (1988). Van Allen's pictorial manual of neurologic tests: A guide to the performance and interpretation of the neurologic examination. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers. 100. Signs of meningeal irritation include the following, EXCEPT: a. Kernig sign is elicited when stretching of the lumbar roots consequent to extension of the leg on the thigh produces painful limitation of this movement b. The best sign is a demonstration of stiffness of the neck on flexion, usually accompanied by fever c. In severe meningitis, there may even be a rigid hyper-extension of the neck and back, but generally, it does not limit lateral rotation of the neck d. Probably based on a heightened sensitivity of irritated sensory roots to stretching e. Brudzinski sign is absent when flexion of the knees follows as attempt to flex the neck Answer: E The Brudzinski sign is PRESENT when flexion of the knees follows an attempt to flex the neck. The signs of meningeal irritation are probably based on a heightened sensitivity of irritated sensory roots to stretching. Infection in the meninges (meningitis), chemical irritation from injected drugs, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and, infrequently, neoplastic invasion of the meninges and roots are manifested by these signs. The best sign is the demonstration of stiffness of the neck on flexion. The conditions that cause meningeal irritation sufficient to produce a stiff neck are usually accompanied by fever. The Brudzinski sign (Fig 80, B) is present when flexion of the knees follows an attempt to flex the neck. The Kernig sign is elicited as shown in Figure 80, C. The stretching of lumbar roots consequent to extension of the leg on the thigh produces painful limitation of this movement. A boardlike stiffness may be found, and in severe meningitis there may even be a rigid hyperextension of the neck and back. The degree of stiffness is only a rough guide to the severity of meningitis. Generally, meningeal irritation does not limit lateral rotation of the neck but degenerative arthritis does. Reference: Van, A. M. W., & Rodnitzky, R. L. (1988). Van Allen's pictorial manual of neurologic tests: A guide to the performance and interpretation of the neurologic examination. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers. 101. The following are muscles of mastication, EXCEPT: a. Medial and lateral pterygoid b. Masseter c. Temporalis d. Orbicularis oris Answer: D Orbicularis oris- Closing of lips/kissing muscle 102. The act of inspiration increases the capacity of the thoracic cage in which principal direction: a. Increase in the transverse diameter due to the ribs swinging outwards b. Increase in the anteroposterior diameter by the sternal body which is hinged at the sternal angle, swinging forwards c. Increase in vertical diameter due to the descent and flattening of the dome of the diaphragm d. All of these movements Answer: D Increase in the transverse diameter due to the ribs swinging outwards- the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, causing the rib cage to expand and move outward, and expanding the thoracic cavity and lung volume 103. Abduction and adduction occurs in this plane, and divided the body into front and back. a. Sagittal Plane c. None of these b. Horizontal plane d. Frontal plane Answer: D Horizontal plane /transverse plane: Divides the body into upper and lower. 25 Copyright. © The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  APK PAST BOOK 1 (Head, Neck, Back, Spine and Upper Extremity) PLP PT BOARD REVIEW Sagittal plane: Divides the body into right and left. Frontal: Divides the body into anterior and posterior. 104. Ligament and capsular structures work as a system, interdependent and related to one another. Functional stability is provided by the following factors, EXCEPT: a. Joint geometry b. Active restraints generated by the muscles c. Passive restraints of the ligaments d. Passive restraints by muscles e. Joint compressive forces that occur with activity and force the joint together Answer: D It should be ACTIVE RESTRAINTS BY MUSCLES. Reference: Mean, W. D. T. R. Knee Ligament Tests. 105. The following may be observed upon examination of the patient’s lumbar spine, EXCEPT: a. Soft, doughy lipomata appearing as lumps in the area of the low back may be a sign of spina bifida b. Any reddened dislocation may indicate infection, and skin markings may denote underlying neurologic or bone pathology. c. Pedunculated tumors indicate the presence of neurofibromatosis and are often accompanied by café-u-lait spots which may impinge upon the spinal cord and nerve roots d. An unusual patch of hair on the back may be evidence of some body defect in the spine such as a congenital bony bar e. Gibbus deformity may bone present secondary to a herniated disc Answer: E Skin markings such as lipomata, hairy patches, café-au- lait spots, or birthmarks often denote underlying neurologic or skeletal pathology. Lipomata, appearing as soft, doughy lumps in the area of the low back, may be a sign of spina bifida (nonunion of the vertebral arch at the spinous process) or of a dumbbell-shaped lipoma extending into the cauda equina through a bony defect. Pedunculated tumors indicate the presence of neurofibromatosis and are often accompanied by secondary skin markings (café-u-lait) spots. Neurofibromatosis, like lipomata, may impinge on the spinal cord and the nerve roots. Birthmarks or unusual patches of hair are also frequently associated with bony or neural abnormalities. Reference: Camins, M. B., & O'Leary, P. F. (1987). The Lumbar spine. New York: Raven Press. 106. The forces at the pelvis in bilateral stance is an example of: a. Second Class Lever c. First Class Lever b. Fourth Class Lever d. Third Class Lever Answer: A Second class is for stability. 107. Following are example of Force Couple, EXCEPT: a. Abduction at the glenohumeral joint from the deltoid and supraspinatus contracting together b. None of these c. Abduction and upward rotation of the scapula from the combined forces of the trapezius, serratus anterior d. All of these Answer: B During elevation, there are two primary force couples acting on the shoulder complex: one acts on the glenohumeral joint while the other acts on the scapulothoracic joint. The scapulothoracic force couple includes the upper and lower trapezius and the serratus anterior contracting together to produce upward rotation of the scapula. The glenohumeral force couple consists of the deltoid and the rotator cuff - the deltoid and supraspinatus contract together to produce elevation (abduction or flexion) at the glenohumeral joint while the infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis work to pull the humeral head down into the lower part of the glenoid fossa. References: Brunnstrom, p. 203-205 26 Copyright. © The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  APK PAST BOOK 1 (Head, Neck, Back, Spine and Upper Extremity) PLP PT BOARD REVIEW 108. The upper extremity is attached to the trunk only at this joint: a. Glenohumeral c. Acromio clavicular b. Sternoclavicular d. Scapulothoracic Answer: B SC joint connects the UE to the trunk. 109. A patient has been admitted to your hospital with severe lower back pain. The patient will be placed in a pelvic belt for intermittent traction. The following applies to proper pelvic belt application, EXCEPT: a. Although pelvic traction may be applied directly on the skin, it may also be applied over clothing made of cotton (for better traction) and wrinkle-free (to avoid excessive pressure on the skin) b. The patient may be placed in Williams position with hips flexed 300 and knees flexed 300 as part of daily care c. The straps must be parallel to each other and to the patient’s thighs when attached to the traction cords d. The free ends of the belt are wrapped around the hip bone so the iliac crests are covered Answer: D Important: Some hospitals require that pelvic traction be applied directly on the skin. But, if you’re applying the belt over the pajama bottoms or underwear, make sure the clothing is cotton (for better traction) and wrinkle-free (to avoid excess pressure on the skin). Next, correctly align the belt positioning the strap sets over her hips. Make sure the straps will be parallel to each other and to Ms. Squire’s thighs when attached to the traction cords. Provide the following daily care for your patient: Place your patient in Williams position, with her hips flexed 30° and her knees flexed 30° ( or the foot of the bed elevated 30°). Encourage her to keep her back flat against the mattress during traction as shown above. Instruct her to lie prone or on her side with the bed flat when she’s not in traction. Reference: Working with orthopedic patients. (1983). Springhouse, Pa: Intermed Communications. 110. The height of a specific vertebrae may be used to determine the following landmarks: a. C3-level with hyoid bone b. T4-height of the manubrium and body of sternum c. C4 and C5-level with thyroid cartilage d. All of these Answer: D All are correct Sternum: MANUBRIUM:T3-T4 BODY:T2-T7 111. Upon inspection of the lumbar spine from the side, which of the following observations is not TRUE? a. If the spine exhibits an exaggerated curve, the anterior abdominal muscles may be weaken b. Increased lumbar lordosis may also be caused by a fixed flexion deformity of the hip c. An absence of the normal lordosis may suggest paravertebral muscle spasms d. Pelvis obliquity is evident when the two dimples overlying the posterior iliac spine directly above the buttocks lie along the same horizontal plane e. Excessive lordosis occasionally substitutes for true hip extension F: None of the above Answer: D Pelvic obliquity is best observed from the posterior aspect, not from the lateral aspect. In addition, pelvic obliquity becomes evident when the two dimples overlying the posterior iliac spines directly above the buttocks do not lle along the same horizontal plane. 27 Copyright. © The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  APK PAST BOOK 1 (Head, Neck, Back, Spine and Upper Extremity) PLP PT BOARD REVIEW 112. At the atlanto-occipital joint, the head is balanced by the pull of neck extensor muscles. This is an example of: a. First Class Lever c. Third Class Lever b. Second Class Lever d. Fourth Class Lever Answer: A A-O joint:Fulcrum Pull of neck extensor: Force Weight of head: Resistance 113. An example of a synovial pivot joint: a. Glenohumeral joint b. Juncture between the thumb’s metacarpal bone and the wrist’s trapezium c. Joint between the atlas and axis d. Juncture between the radius and carpal bone of the wrist Answer: C a. Glenohumeral joint(ball and socket) b. Juncture between the thumb’s metacarpal bone and the wrist’s trapezium(saddle) c. Joint between the atlas and axis(pivot) d. Juncture between the radius and carpal bone of the wrist (condyloid) 114. Which of the following is NOT true of the Temporomandibular joint: a. The center of this movement is near the midpoint of the ramus and not at the joint b. When the mouth is closed, the convex condyle rides forwards on to the articular eminence c. As the mouth is opened, the head of the mandible moves forwards and the ankle moves backwards d. The joint can be felt and its movement appreciated by the palpating finger. Answer: B When the mouth is closed, the convex condyle rests in the concave part of its socket; when the mouth is opened, the condyle rides forward onto the articular eminence. See the photo below for reference. Reference: Basmaijan, p. 82 115. When a muscle is the principal agent in producing a desired movement, it is said to be a: a. Antagonist b. Fixators c. Prime mover d. Synergist Answer: C Antagonist-Produce the action opposite to the action produced by prime mover. Prime mover- “agonist” Fixator-stabilizer Synergist-Remove undesired movement 28 Copyright. © The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  APK PAST BOOK 1 (Head, Neck, Back, Spine and Upper Extremity) PLP PT BOARD REVIEW 116. The spinous process of the following vertebrae lie above and below the interspace and since they do not overlap each other and mark the actual levels of the vertebral bodies, they make excellent reference points from which to identify other vertebrae: a. L4 and S1 c. L3 and L4 b. L4 and L5 d. S1 and S2 Answer: B L4 and L5 do not overlap to each other unlike the sacral vertebrae that overlaps to each other. L4 ans S1 is too far from each othe r to be a reference point. 117. Learning the trunk forward when standing from a sitting position is better accomplished because: a. Forward shifting of the line of gravity c. Center of gravity is shifted forward b. Increased posterior torque d. Increased base of support Answer: C Any change in position of a partial center of gravity produces a corresponding change in the common center of gravity. When the arms are raised overhead and lowered, the center of gravity is respectively raised and lowered within the body. When the arms are stretched forward or backward, the center of gravity is respectively moved anteriorly or posteriorly within the body. When the trunk is flexed severely forward or laterally, the center of gravity shifts outside the body. 118. The shape of articulating surfaces of bi-axial joints are either a. Plane or saddle d. hinge or pivot b. Condyloid or ellipsoid e. ball and socket c. Pivot or condyloid Answer: B UNI AXIAL- HINGE AND PIVOT BI AXIAL-CONDYLOID AND ELLIPSOID MULTI-AXIAL-BALL & SOCKET 119. When force is applied at a site intermediate between the fulcrum and the weight to be moved, this lever a. Does not exist d. can not be moved b. Is a first class lever e. is a third class lever c. Is a second class lever Answer: E 0-------FORCE----- WEIGHT 120. A frame of reference for balance and head control that provides spatial coordinates for limb and body-segment positions: a. Exocentric d. Egocentric b. Proprioceptive e. geocentric c. Gravitational Answer: D EGOCENTRIC- Reference frame provides spatial coordinates for limb and body segment positions. GEOCENTRIC-Reference system maintains posture with respect to the gravity. 121. Feedback information about the kinematic or kinetic components of the movement being attempted by the patient. a. Result Oriented d. Knowledge of Results b. Knowledge of Performance e. Performance Oriented c. Knowledge of Function Answer:B Knowledge of results: Refers how successfully a skill is performed. Ex: During the OT treatment, A CVA patient was able to shoot a 20 small beads from one cup to another cup. Knowledge of performance Feedback related to the way in which a specific skill is performed. Quality of execution. Ex: (using the previous scenario) During the activity the therapist noticed that the patient was using her pinch to pinch grip to transfer the small bead from one cup to another cup. 122. As gliding occurs, the “No” movement takes place on the surface of these joints that are nearly flat and circular. a. Axial d. axial-occipital b. Atlanto-occipital e. occipital 29 Copyright. © The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  APK PAST BOOK 1 (Head, Neck, Back, Spine and Upper Extremity) PLP PT BOARD REVIEW c. Atlanto-axial Answer: C Atlanto- occipital: “YES”. Each surface on the lateral mass of the atlas is con cave and elliptical Atlanto- axial: The surfaces are nearly flat, circular, and about W in diameter Here, on the axis, gliding movements occur but the principal movement is the one that shakes the head 123. When a muscle contracts to eliminate some undesired movement that would otherwise be produced by the prime mover, it is said to be a/an a. Primer mover d. coordinator b. Fixators e. synergist c. Antagonist Answer: E Antagonist-Produce the action opposite to the action produced by prime mover. Prime mover- “agonist” Fixator-stabilizer Synergist-Remove undesired movement 124. The following statements are true of straight leg raising test, EXCEPT: a. The normal angle between the table and the leg measures approximately 80 degrees b. At the point where the patient experiences pain, lower the leg slightly and then dorsiflex the foot – if the there is no pain, the pain induced is probably due to the sciatic nerve c. Designed to reproduce back and leg pain d. If there is a positive reaction to the straight leg raising test and the foot dorsiflexion maneuver, the pain may be either in the lumbar spine or along the course of the sciatic nerve e. The foot is lifted upward supporting the calcaneus, and with the knee remaining straight, raise the leg to the point of discomfort or pain Answer: B At the point where the patient experiences pain, lower the leg slightly and then dorsiflex the foot – if the there is no pain, the pain induced is probably due to the sciatic nerve SLR POSTIVE SIGNS: If symptoms are primarily back pain, it is most likely the result of a disc herniation applying pressure on the anterior theca of the spinal cord, or the pathology causing the pressure is more central. "Back pain only" patients who have a disc prolapse have smaller, more central prolapses. If pain is primarily in the leg, it is more likely that the pathology causing the pressure on neurological tissue(s) is more lateral. Disc herniations or pathology causing pressure between the two extremes are more likely to cause pain in both areas 125. The following apply to Distraction, EXCEPT: a. Relieves pain in the cervical spine by decreasing pressure on the joint capsule around the facet joint b. May help alleviate muscle spasm by relaxing the contracted muscle c. The test faithfully reproduce pain referred to the upper extremity from the cervical spine d. The test demonstrates the effect that neck traction might have in relieving pain e. Relieves pain due to a narrowing of the neural foramen by widening the foramen Answer: C Patient lies supine and the neck is comfortably positioned. Examiner securely grasps the patient's either by placing each hand around the patient’s mastoid processes, while standing at their head, or place one hand on their forehead and the other on the occiput. Slightly flex the patient’s neck and pull the head towards your torso, applying a distraction force Note: you cannot perform the test if the patient is not complaining any pain. (+)If pain is relieved as a result of the movement, then the test is positive for nerve root compression and facet joint pressure. Determining the grade of the pressure would be decided by the amount of pressure and pain relieved while performing the test. 126. This type of contraction occurs when muscular tension equals the opposing force a. Relaxed d. concentric b. Isometric e. eccentric c. Isotonic Answer: B During an isometric contraction, a significant amount of active tension may be developed within the muscle to maintain the joint angle in a relatively stable or static position. During an isotonic contraction, the tension remains constant as the 30 Copyright. © The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  APK PAST BOOK 1 (Head, Neck, Back, Spine and Upper Extremity) PLP PT BOARD REVIEW muscle shortens or lengthens. There are two types of isotonic contractions: concentric and eccentric. In a concentric contraction, the muscle shortens while generating force, overcoming resistance; while in an eccentric contraction, the muscle lengthens as the resistance becomes greater than the force the muscle is producing. Reference: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/control-of-muscle-tension/ “When a muscle’s tension matches the load or resistance against it, an isometric activity of the muscle occurs. However, when the resistance or load increases beyond the force that can be produced by a maximum isometric contraction of the muscle, the muscle can no longer maintain the isometric position.” Reference: Brunnstrom, p. 146 127. If a 40 kilogram force is applied over an area of four square centimeters, the pressure (in kilograms per square centimeter) is equal to a. 20 d. 160 b. 5 e. 80 c. 10 Answer: C Pressure= FORCE/AREA 128. In an open-packed or loose packed position? a. The ligamentous and capsular structures are slack b. Increased joint friction allow spinning and sliding c. Joint surface may be distracted several millimeters d. The ovoid joint surfaces are incongruent e. Allows spinning, rolling, and sliding, thereby decreasing joint friction. Answer: B DECREASED joint friction allow spinning and sliding 129. The following statements describe Closed Kinematic Chain, EXCEPT: a. The distal segment is fixed and proximal parts move b. The distal segment of the chain moves in space. c. Stair climbing is an alternation closed-chain motion during the support phase of the extremity d. Occurs in the upper extremity when performing chip up. e. All segments are required to move in the movement of one segment Answer: B Closed chain motions occur when the distal segment is fixed and the proximal segments move. Closed chain motion occurs during activities such as a chin-up, push-up, standing from a seated position, or a half-squat exercise.Movement of one segment in closed chain motion requires all the segments to move. When the ankle starts to move, the knee and hip must also move; the ankle is unable to move independently of the other two joints in the lower extremity. 130. An example of this class of level is at the atlanto-occipital joint, where the head is balanced by the peel of neck extensor muscles a. Second d. first b. Fourth e. third c. Fifth Answer: D A-O joint:Fulcrum Pull of neck extensor: Force Weight of head: Resistance 131. The combined action of these muscles is vertebral extension, are continuous from the sacrum to the occiput: a. None of these c. Transversopinal b. Erector Spinae or Sacrospinalis d. Quadratus Lumborum Answer: B Erector Spinae or Sacrospinalis ORIGIN:Spinous process of T9-T12 INSERTION:Spinous process of T1-T2 and cervical vertebrae ILIOCOSTALIS LONGGISSIMUS SPINALIS 132. In one leg standing, the gluteus medius of the supporting leg is performing: a. Isometric contraction c. Eccentric contraction b. Positive work d. No work Answer: B 31 Copyright. © The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  APK PAST BOOK 1 (Head, Neck, Back, Spine and Upper Extremity) PLP PT BOARD REVIEW In one leg standing, the gluteus medius of the supporting leg contracts concentrically in order to keep the pelvis stable and leveled. Positive work involves lifting a load a certain distance using concentric contraction, whereas negative work involves lowering the load the same distance by means of an eccentric contraction. Therefore, the gluteus medius performs a positive work during one leg standing. Reference: Brunnstrom, p. 147 133. The kinetic variable that reflects the rate of work performed at a given point. a. Torque d. Energy b. Velocity e. Power c. Strength Answer: E Torque= Force x distance Power=Work/Time 134. Dividing the body into right and left, flexion and extension occurs in this plane. a. Transagittal d. Transverse b. Horizontal e. Frontal c. Sagittal Answer: C Frontal: Anterior and Posterior Sagittal: Right and left Transverse: Superior and inferior 135. Craniosacral therapists asses these aspects of craniosacral motion, EXCEPT: a. Symmetry, whether both sides of the skull demonstrate equal amplitude and rate b. Rate, the number of cycles of flexion per minute c. Quantity, whether the rate and corresponding amplitude is of a reasonable number d. Quantity, whether the motion is smooth or uneven e. Amplitude, the magnitude of excursion of flexion and extension Answer: C and D Letter C is incorrect because the QUANTITY of craniosacral motion is NOT ASSESSED. Letter D is also incorrect as QUALITY (not quantity) DESCRIBES WHETHER THE MOTION IS SMOOTH OR UNEVEN. Both letters C and D are incorrect; however, letter C is the more appropriate answer as it came first in the choices and is not really mentioned in the actual reference. Reference: Wirth-Pattullo, V., & Hayes, K. W. (1994). Interrater reliability of craniosacral rate measurements and their relationship with subjects' and examiners' heart and respiratory rate measurements. Physical Therapy, 74(10), 908-916. 136. Stabilize joints and produces force with no gross change in the joint angle: a. Concentric d. Isokinetic b. Isometric e. Eccentric c. Isotonic Answer: B ISOMETRIC: Producing pulling force while maintaining a CONSTANT LENGTH. ISOTONIC: SAME TENSION ISOKINETIC: CONSTANT RATE OF MOVEMENT Concentric: Shortening of muscle Eccentric: Lengthening of muscle 32 Copyright. © The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  APK PAST BOOK 1 (Head, Neck, Back, Spine and Upper Extremity) PLP PT BOARD REVIEW 137. The following statements characterize the Atlanto-Axial joints, EXCEPT: a. A pair of alar ligaments serves to limit the rotation of the head b. The atlas and axis are united by three joints, two paired and one medially placed c. The gliding movement occurs on the axis d. The paired lateral atlanto-axial joints are plane joints and lie directly below the paired atlanto-occipital joints e. When the “no” movement occurs, the atlas and axis move on the skull as a unit and the median atlanto-axial joint rotates in a collar formed by the anterior arch of the atlas and the transverse ligament Answer: E When the “no” movement occurs, the skull and atlas move on the axis as a unit and the median atlanto-axial joint rotates in a collar formed by the anterior arch of the atlas and the transverse ligament. See the photo below for reference. Reference: Basmaijan, p. 84 138. An upper limb tension test is considered positive if the following are present, EXCEPT: a. The patient’s responses are different from what is expected for asymptomatic subjects b. It reproduces the patient’s symptoms c. There is tissue resistance or a decrease in the ROM on one side of the body as compared with the other d. The test responses can be altered by a sensitizing maneuver that provokes an increase in symptoms e. The symptoms are aggravated by movements that are generally towards from the site of restriction or symptoms Answer: E The symptoms are aggravated by movements that are generally AWAY FROM the site of restriction or symptoms. An upper limb tension test is considered positive if: 1.) it reproduces the patient’s symptoms, 2.) there is tissue resistant or a decrease in the ROM on one side of the body as compared with the other, 3.) the patient’s responses are different from what is expected for asymptomatic subjects, 4.) the test responses can be altered by a sensitizing maneuver that provokes an increase in symptoms, 5.) the symptoms are aggravated by movements that are generally away from the site of restriction or symptoms. Reference: Anderson, M., & Tichenor, C. J. (1994). A patient with de Quervain's tenosynovitis: a case report using an Australian approach to manual therapy. Physical Therapy, 74(4), 314-326. 139. In closed-packed position: a. Ligament attachments are farthest apart and under tension b. All of these c. The joint difficult to distract and mechanically compresse d. Maximum contact in surface Answer:B Ratio: The maximum area of surface contact occurs. Attachment of ligaments are farthest apart and under tension Capsular are taut The joint mechanically compressed and difficult to distract 140. The state when the sum of forces acting on the body is balanced a. Terminal velocity d. Gravity minimized b. Inertia e. Equilibrium c. Force Vector Answer: E INERTIA, if body is at rest, it will remain at rest &If body is in uniform motion,it will remain in motion until an outside force act upon it. TERMINAL VELOCITY, Maximum velocity attainable by an object as it falls 33 Copyright. © The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  APK PAST BOOK 1 (Head, Neck, Back, Spine and Upper Extremity) PLP PT BOARD REVIEW FORCE VECTOR, Force that has magnitude and vector 141. Cervical root compression syndromes are illustrated by the following, EXCEPT: a. There is localized paraspinal pain and tenderness which may precede extreme pain and which indicates a focus of disease proximal to the shoulder joint b. Usually involves one of the three lower cervical roots, C6, C7, or C8 c. Gentle manipulation of the neck reproduces pain felt below the elbow, and duplicates paresthesia in the hand d. If moderate pressure over the spine enhances pain felt the extremity impingement may be from other source e. Often, neck movements are restricted Answer: D Commonly called a "pinched nerve," occurs when a nerve in the neck is compressed or irritated where it branches away from the spinal cord. This may cause pain that radiates into the shoulder and/or arm, as well as muscle weakness and numbness. 142. Frowning muscle: a. Procerus c. Frontalis b. Nasalis d. Corrugator supercilli Answer: D PROCERUS=MUSCLE OF DISGUST NASALIS=NASAL FLARING FRONTALIS=RAISES EYEBROW 143. Body parts moving in the same direction with equal velocity: a. Transfer d. Translatory b. Parallel e. Angular c. Rotary Answer: D Linear/ Translatory motion:Motion that occurs along or parallel to an axis Curvilinear: Curved path Rotatory or Angular motion: Occurs around an axis Periodic motion: Mortion repeated in equal intervals of time 143. The posterior triangle of the neck is bounder by the following structures: a. The Scalene, Levator Scapulae, and Splenius b. Trapezius, Sternohyoid and Clavicle c. Sternocleidomastoid, anterior border of Trapezius, and the clavicle d. Splenius, Capitis, Sternohyoid, and clavicle e. Omohyoid, Sternocleidomastoid and Levator Scapulae Answer: C POST TRIANGLE: A:SCM P:TRAPZ B: MID 1/3 Clavicle ANT. TRIANGLE: A:Medial Neck Line P:SCM BASE: Mandible 144. Craniosacral therapy is a relatively new evaluation and treatment approach and assumes the presence of craniosacral motion to be as follows, EXCEPT: a. An inherent rhythmical motion in human and animals different from any other rhythm in the body b. Restricted craniosacral motion and presence of pathology in the body can guide corrective treatment to produce improvements in pain and dysfunction c. It is a physiological motion because it is unconscious and voluntary d. It is unstable and fluctuates in response to exercise, emotion and rest e. It is claimed to changed in response to trauma, autism or learning disability Answer: C and D Craniosacral motion is a physiological motion because it is UNCONSCIOUS AND INVOLUNTARY. It is also STABLE AND DOES NOT FLUCTUATE in response to exercise, emotion, and rest. 34 Copyright. © The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  APK PAST BOOK 1 (Head, Neck, Back, Spine and Upper Extremity) PLP PT BOARD REVIEW Reference: Wirth-Pattullo, V., & Hayes, K. W. (1994). Interrater reliability of craniosacral rate measurements and their relationship with subjects' and examiners' heart and respiratory rate measurements. Physical Therapy, 74(10), 908-916. 145. When a muscle is the principal agent in producing a desired movement, it is said to be a/an: a. Antagonist d. Postural muscle b. Synergist e. Fixators c. Prime mover Answer: C Antagonist-Produce the action opposite to the action produced by prime mover. Prime mover- “agonist” Fixator-stabilizer Synergist-Remove undesired movement 146. This muscle separates the neck into the posterior and anterior triangle and protects the great vascular and nerve trunks: a. Sternohyoid d. Sternocleidomastoid b. Scalenus anterior e. Omohyoid c. Sternothyroid Answer: D 147. In this class of lever, force is applied at one end of the lever arm, the weight to be moved is at the other end the fulcrum is at some point intermediate between the two: a. First d. Third b. Second e. Fourth c. None of these Answer: A 35 Copyright. © The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  APK PAST BOOK 1 (Head, Neck, Back, Spine and Upper Extremity) PLP PT BOARD REVIEW 148. The line of fusion between the External Oblique is the: a. Lines alba d. falx inguinalis b. Aponeurosis