Geol 40310 Fossil Fuels & CCS Lecture D1 PDF

Answers 1. What is the main focus of Geol 40310 Fossil Fuels and Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) Lecture D1? A. Global energy supply B. Renewable energy in the global energy mix C. Atmospheric CO2 concentrations D. Marine Sequestration Answer: Marine Sequestration (D) The main focus of the lectur...

Answers 1. What is the main focus of Geol 40310 Fossil Fuels and Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) Lecture D1? A. Global energy supply B. Renewable energy in the global energy mix C. Atmospheric CO2 concentrations D. Marine Sequestration Answer: Marine Sequestration (D) The main focus of the lecture is on different types of carbon sequestration including marine sequestration. 2. What is the goal of UN Sustainable development Goal 7? A. Reduce fossil fuel consumption by 50% B. Double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency C. Both a and b D. Increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix Answer: Both a and b (C) UN Sustainable development Goal 7 aims to increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix and double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency. 3. According to the IEA Net Zero Scenario, what is the projected percentage of fossil fuels in the global energy supply by 2050? A. Less than 25% B. Exactly 100% C. Around 50% D. More than 80% Answer: Less than 25% (A) The IEA Net Zero Scenario projects that by 2050, the global energy supply will have less than 25% fossil fuels. 4. What is the main trend in global energy efficiency from 1850 to 2050? A. Stagnation B. Continuous increase C. Fluctuating pattern D. Continuous decrease Answer: Continuous increase (B) The main trend in global energy efficiency from 1850 to 2050 is a continuous increase. 5. What type of carbon sequestration involves sub-surface mineralisation? A. Mineral sequestration B. Lake-type C. Dissolution-type D. Surface mineralisation Answer: Mineral sequestration (A) Sub-surface mineralisation is associated with mineral sequestration. 6. In the IEA Net Zero Scenario, what is the projected change in net emissions by 2050? A. Net emissions remain the same B. Net emissions decrease by 25% C. Net emissions fall by 100% D. Net emissions increase by 50% Answer: Net emissions fall by 100% (C) The IEA Net Zero Scenario projects that net emissions will fall by 100% by 2050. 7. What is the main source of historical data for the Global energy Efficiency from 1850 to 2050? A. IEA Net Zero Scenario 2020 B. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2018 C. UN Sustainable development Goal 7 D. The Economist 2011 Answer: The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2018 (B) The main source of historical data for the Global energy Efficiency from 1850 to 2050 is The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2018. 8. What percentage of total CO2 emissions reduction does CCS contribute in the IEA Net Zero Scenario? A. 10% B. 5% C. 25% D. 15% Answer: 15% (D) CCS contributes about 15% of total CO2 emissions reduction in the IEA Net Zero Scenario. 9. What is the extra revenue by oil and gas producers in 2022 relative to 2021 used for? A. Investing in new oil and gas exploration B. Distributing dividends to shareholders C. Paying off existing debts D. Financing the low emission fuel investment required by the net zero scenario Answer: Financing the low emission fuel investment required by the net zero scenario (D) The extra revenue by oil and gas producers in 2022 relative to 2021 is enough to finance the low emission fuel investment required by the net zero scenario. 10. What is the capacity of electrolysers for hydrogen production intended for in the years 2010-2022? A. Natural gas extraction B. Hydrogen production C. Methane production D. CO2 capture Answer: Hydrogen production (B) The capacity of electrolysers for hydrogen production is intended for hydrogen production. 11. What percentage of total global CO2 emissions do carbon pricing incentives cover in 2023? A. 23% B. 10% C. 35% D. 15% Answer: 23% (A) Carbon pricing incentives cover approximately 23% of total global CO2 emissions in 2023. 12. What does the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) establish? A. A voluntary emissions reduction system B. A carbon tax system C. A direct regulation system D. A cap and trade system Answer: A cap and trade system (D) The European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) establishes a 'cap and trade' system. 13. What was the price of carbon in Euro per tonne of CO2 as of 26th Sept 2023? A. €23.82 B. €48.5 C. €82.51 D. €70.22 Answer: €82.51 (C) The price of carbon was €82.51 per tonne of CO2 as of 26th Sept 2023. 14. Which of the following is not a CO2 storage option according to the IPCC Report, 2005? A. Depleted oil/gas fields B. Ocean Storage C. Mineral carbonation D. Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Answer: Ocean Storage (B) According to the IPCC Report, 2005, Ocean Storage is not listed as a CO2 storage option. 15. What type of system is the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS)? A. Carbon tax system B. Cap and trade system C. Voluntary emissions reduction system D. Command and control system Answer: Cap and trade system (B) The European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) is a 'cap and trade' system. 16. What is the main driving factor of the sharp carbon price increase in 2021-22? A. Decrease in global CO2 emissions B. Introduction of new carbon pricing legislation C. High cost of gas leading to a greater use of coal D. Reforms in 2018 resulting in more rapid decreases in annual allowances Answer: High cost of gas leading to a greater use of coal (C) The sharp carbon price increase in 2021-22 was mainly driven by the high cost of gas leading to a greater use of coal. 17. What is the method of CO2 storage that involves the chemical conversion of CO2 to solid stable inorganic carbonates? A. Mineral carbonation B. Ocean storage C. Enhanced oil recovery D. Subsurface mineralisation Answer: Mineral carbonation (A) Mineral carbonation involves the chemical conversion of CO2 to solid stable inorganic carbonates by bringing high concentrations of CO2 into contact with alkaline and alkaline-earth oxides. 18. Which type of rocks are considered prospective for mineral sequestration due to their efficient mineral dissolution rates? A. Limestone and dolomite B. Sandstone and shale C. Granite and gneiss D. Basalts and peridotites Answer: Basalts and peridotites (D) Mafic and ultramafic rocks, such as basalts and peridotites, are distributed globally and are prospective for mineral sequestration due to their efficient mineral dissolution rates. 19. Which experiment successfully mineralized 95% of injected CO2 as carbonates within two years? A. Natural mineral CO2 sequestration through travertine formation B. CarbFix experiment in Iceland C. Black Lake Mine surface mine tailing experiment in Quebec D. Geothermal power plant experiment in Turkey Answer: CarbFix experiment in Iceland (B) The CarbFix experiment in Iceland successfully mineralized 95% of 200 tonnes of injected CO2 as carbonates within two years, and later scaled up to injecting 12,000 tonnes of CO2 annually. 20. Where are geothermal power plants exploring CO2 sequestration by injecting captured CO2 into basalt and metamorphosed limestone formations? A. Iceland and Turkey B. Japan and China C. USA and Canada D. Australia and New Zealand Answer: Iceland and Turkey (A) Geothermal power plants in Iceland and Turkey are exploring CO2 sequestration by injecting captured CO2 into basalt and metamorphosed limestone formations. 21. What is the total capacity of surface mineral sequestration in mine tailings, such as those from the Black Lake Mine in Quebec? A. 5 Mt B. 10 Mt C. 3 Mt D. 1 Mt Answer: 3 Mt (C) Surface mineral sequestration in mine tailings, such as those from the Black Lake Mine in Quebec, has shown potential to sequester large amounts of CO2, with a total capacity of 3 Mt. 22. How much faster does CO2-saturated fluid through peridotites react compared to ground rock or volcanic ash in soil? A. 100,000 times faster B. 1,000 times faster C. 10,000 times faster D. 100 times faster Answer: 10,000 times faster (C) Sub-surface mineralisation rates vary, with CO2-saturated fluid through peridotites reacting 10,000 times faster than ground rock or volcanic ash in soil. 23. What has evolved from 2005 to 2020, indicating advancements in carbon capture and storage technologies? A. CO2 storage options B. CO2 mineral sequestration methods C. Maturity of CCS system components D. International policies Answer: Maturity of CCS system components (C) The maturity of CCS system components has evolved from 2005 to 2020, indicating advancements in carbon capture and storage technologies. 24. What percentage of total CO2 emissions reduction does Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) contribute in the net zero scenario? A. 5% B. 15% C. 10% D. 20% Answer: 15% (B) CCS contributes about 15% of total CO2 emissions reduction in the net zero scenario. 25. What is the aim of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) by 2050 in terms of ramping up from 2020 levels? A. Ramp up by a factor of 50 B. Ramp up by a factor of 200 C. Ramp up by a factor of 150 D. Ramp up by a factor of 100 Answer: Ramp up by a factor of 200 (B) CCS aims to ramp up by a factor of ca. 200 by 2050, from 40 million tonnes in 2020 to 5000-17,000 million tonnes in 2050. 26. Which of the following is an example of CCS application mentioned in the text? A. Wind energy production in the North Sea B. Natural gas processing in Barents Sea C. Solar power generation in Sahara Desert D. Coal mining in Appalachia Answer: Natural gas processing in Barents Sea (B) Examples of CCS application include natural gas processing in Barents Sea and power generation in Boundary Dam, Canada. 27. By approximately how much does CCS technology reduce greenhouse gas emissions per year? A. 0.5 MtCO2 B. 2 MtCO2 C. 1 MtCO2 D. 1.5 MtCO2 Answer: 1 MtCO2 (C) CCS technology reduces greenhouse gas emissions by about 1 MtCO2 per year. 28. What is the efficiency reduction of the retrofitted CCS plant compared to a conventional coal plant? A. 20% reduction in energy production B. 40% reduction in energy production C. 10% reduction in energy production D. 30% reduction in energy production Answer: 20% reduction in energy production (A) The retrofitted CCS plant is less efficient than a conventional coal plant, with a 20% reduction in energy production. 29. Which of the following is not considered a CO2 storage option mentioned in the text? A. Atmospheric storage B. Ocean storage C. Enhanced oil recovery D. Geological storage Answer: Atmospheric storage (A) CO2 storage options include ocean storage, geological storage, and enhanced oil recovery. 30. Why is marine sequestration not considered a long-term solution according to the text? A. It has no impact on marine life B. It is too expensive to implement C. It has a detrimental impact on marine life and the carbon cycle D. It requires extensive maintenance Answer: It has a detrimental impact on marine life and the carbon cycle (C) However, marine sequestration is not considered a long-term solution due to its potential detrimental impact on marine life and the carbon cycle.