Joints and Movements PDF

JOINTS and MOVEMENTS Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 1 Articulations Articulations (joints) are where two bones come together. Joints can be classified structurally as fibrous, ca...

JOINTS and MOVEMENTS Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 1 Articulations Articulations (joints) are where two bones come together. Joints can be classified structurally as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial, according to the major connective tissue type that binds the bones together and whether a fluid-filled joint capsule is present. Joints are also be classified in functional categories according to their degree of motion as synarthroses, amphiarthroses, or diarthroses. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 2 Structural Classification of Joints Fibrous joint: united by fibrous connective tissue; permit little movement subclasses are sutures, syndesmosis, and gomphoses Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 3 Sutures – occurs between adjacent bones in the cranium. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 4 Gomphosis – is a fibrous mobile peg-and-socket joint. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 5 Structural Classification of Joints Cartilaginous: united by means of cartilage subclasses are synchondroses and symphysis Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 6 Syndesmosis - are immovable joints that are held together with ligaments. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 7 Synchondrosis - means “junction of cartilage”. These joints are joined via plates of hyaline cartilage. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 8 Symphysis - means “growing together". The bone of these joints are connected using fibrocartilage. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 9 Structural Classification of Joints Synovial: joined by a fluid cavity Most joints of the appendicular skeleton Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 10 Synovial Joint Synovial joints are surrounded by fluid filled joint cavity. The cavity is created by the joint capsule and is full of synovial fluid. The joint capsule helps hold the bones together while still allowing for movement. The joint capsule consists of two layers: an outer fibrous capsule and an inner synovial membrane. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 11 Structure of a Synovial Joint Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 12 Functional Classification of Joints Synarthrosis: non-movable joint Example – skull bone articulations Amphiarthrosis: slightly movable joint Example - between vertebrae Diarthrosis: freely movable joint Example - knee, elbow, and wrist articulations Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 13 Types of Synovial Joints TABLE 6.4 Synovial Joints Class and Example Bones Joined Movement of Joint Plane Intervertebral Between articular processes of Uniaxial; slight adjacent vertebrae Acromioclavicular Acromion process of scapula and Uniaxial; slight Carpometacarpal clavicle Uniaxial; slight Costovertebral Carpals and metacarpals 2–5 Uniaxial; slight Intercarpal Ribs and vertebrae Uniaxial; slight Intermetatarsal Between carpal bones Uniaxial; slight Intertarsal Between metatarsal bones Uniaxial; slight Sacroiliac Between tarsal bones Uniaxial; slight Plane Intervertebral Between sacrum and hip bone (complex joint with several planes and Tarsometatarsal synchondroses) Uniaxial; slight Tarsal bones and metatarsal bones Saddle Carpometacarpal pollicis Carpal and metacarpal of thumb Biaxial Sternoclavicular Manubrium of sternum and clavicle Multiaxial; slight Saddle Carpometacarpal Hinge Cubital (elbow) Humerus, ulna, and radius Uniaxial Knee Femur and tibia Uniaxial Interphalangeal Between phalanges Uniaxial Talocrural (ankle) Talus, tibia, and fibula Multiaxial; one predominates Hinge Cubital Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 14 Types of Synovial Joints 2 TABLE 6.4 Synovial Joints Class and Example Bones Joined Movement of Joint Pivot Atlantoaxial Atlas and axis Uniaxial rotation Proximal radioulnar Radius and ulna Uniaxial rotation Distal radioulnar Radius and ulna Uniaxial rotation Pivot Proximal radioulnar Ball-and-Socket Glenohumeral (shoulder) Scapula and humerus Multiaxial Hip Hip bone and femur Multiaxial Ball-and-socket Glenohumeral Ellipsoid Atlantooccipital Atlas and occipital bone Biaxial Metacarpophalangeal (knuckles) Metacarpal bones and phalanges Biaxial Metatarsophalangeal (ball of foot) Metatarsal bones and phalanges Biaxial Radiocarpal (wrist) Radius and carpal bones Multiaxial Ellipsoid Atlantooccipital Temporomandibular Mandible and temporal bone Multiaxial; one predominates Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 15 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 16  Types of Movement Flexion: bending Extension: straightening Abduction: movement away from midline Adduction: movement toward the midline Pronation: rotation of the forearm with palms down Supination: rotation of the forearm with palms up Rotation: movement of a structure about the long axis Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 17 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 18 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 19 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 20 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 21 Types of Movement (a, d–f) ©Eric Wise (b, c) Tamara Klein/McGraw-Hill Education Figure 6.39 Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 22  Because learning changes everything. ® www.mheducation.com Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.