Prosthetics and Orthotics - Introduction PDF

PROSTHETICS AND ORTHOTICS Prosthetics and Orthotics by Shurr, Donald G., Michael, John W. 2nd edition Chapter 1: Introduction to prosthetic and orthotics  Ch1. INTRODUCTION Prosthesis: it is a device designed to replace a missing part of the body or to make pa...

PROSTHETICS AND ORTHOTICS Prosthetics and Orthotics by Shurr, Donald G., Michael, John W. 2nd edition Chapter 1: Introduction to prosthetic and orthotics  Ch1. INTRODUCTION Prosthesis: it is a device designed to replace a missing part of the body or to make part of the body work better. A prosthesis is designed for functional or cosmetic reasons or both. Prosthetics: branch of mechanical and medical science that deals with developing artificial replacements (Prosthesis) for body parts Prosthetist: A medical Practioner who prescribes the prosthesis Orthoses: it is a device that support or correct of the limb or torso Introduction Amputation refers to the process whereby part is severed from the body. The portion of the limb remaining following the amputation is referred as the residual limb. The portion of the prosthesis that is fitted over the residual limb is called the prosthetic socket.  Introduction In 2007, there were approximately 1.7 million persons living with limb loss in the U.S In (U.S.), the American Academy of Orthotists and Prosthetists projects that The number of persons using orthoses is expected to increase from 5.6 million in 1995 to 7.3 million by 2020; The number of persons using prosthesis is expected to increase from 1.6 million in 1995 to 2.4 million by the year 2020 Yu-an Jina,b,*, Jeff Plotta,, Roland Chena, Jeffrey Wensmanc , Albert Shih a,d“Additive Manufacturing of Custom Orthoses and Prostheses – A Review” Conference: CIRP 25th Design Conference Innovative Product Creation  a 3,000-year-old false toe made of wood, which was found attached to a female mummy in an ancient Egyptian grave site. 5 https://www.livescience.com/59581-ancient-prosthetic-toe-found-in-egyptian-grave.html New Thought-Controlled Prosthetics Restore the Sensation of Touch https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zg-FH1Gn2Ls Engineers Created A New Bionic Arm That Can Grow With You https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=luHmXHEpF7w&feature=youtu.be How a new surgical procedure is helping some amputees walk without pain https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f0lWv2jtz4k&feature=youtu.be  Top Advancements in Prosthetics in 2020 Consciously controlled limbs: This technology is still in the early stages, with a brain implant having to be used for the user to control the limb. 3D printing: 3D printing is allowing for the cost-effective creation of functioning, prosthetics, which is allowing both children and adults the opportunity to utilize lightweight, futuristic limbs in everyday life. Bionic Prosthesis /arms: The state-of-the-art prosthetics use muscle sensors connected to the skin, allowing the user to operate the limb effectively. Nerve detectors: nerve detectors control the prosthetic, utilizing the user’s mind to think they are actually moving the limb. (The technology behind it operates via spinal motor neurons) https://www.fishinsurance.co.uk/thehub/categories/prosthetics/top-advancements-in-prosthetics-in-2020/ The Modular Prosthetic Limb (MPL), developed by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory with funding from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency provides 26 degrees of motion, including independent movement of each finger, in a package that weighs about nine pounds and has the dexterity of a natural limb. ©JHU/APL WITH FUNDING FROM DARPA’S REVOLUTIONIZING PROSTHETICS PROGRAM https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnJmgNhJ25w? https://dianerehm.org/shows/2013-05-16/scientific-advances-prosthetic-limbs  Level of amputation: Amputation may occur through joints or long bone  The site of amputation is described by the joint or long bone through which the amputation has been made. Ex. Above knee, bellow elbow, elbow disarticulation Syme amputation amputation of the foot at the ankle joint. https://www.physio-pedia.com/Amputations  Scapula https://www.mccleveop.com/you-have-a-choice-arizona-amputee-prosthetic-facilities/levels-of-amputation/ Cause of Amputation Cause of Amputation Diseases: The main cause of acquired limb loss is poor circulation in the limb owing to vascular diseases including diabetes, arterial sclerosis, with more than half of all the amputations occurring among people with diabetes. Blood supply is not sufficient leads to necrosis or dry gangrene Trauma: traumatic events like car accidents, firearms, freezing….. Tumor: From the treatment of cancer, mainly bone cancer Congenital malformation: Small percentage of individuals born without limbs or deformed limbs. Incidents of Congenital deficiencies around 3.6 per 10,000 infants. Orthoses Orthoses, known as braces, support and modify the structural and functional characteristics of human neuromuscular and musculoskeletal systems. Orthoses apply force to the body for biomechanical needs of patients with impairments contributed to functional limitations  Encyclopedia of Biomedical Engineering, 2019, 352–367 Yu-an Jina,b,*, Jeff Plotta,, Roland Chena, Jeffrey Wensmanc , Albert Shih a,d“Additive Manufacturing of Custom Orthoses and Prostheses – A Review” Conference: CIRP 25th Design Conference Innovative Product Creation Orthosis function Purposes : 1) maintain or correct the alignment of a body segment 2) assist or resist joint motion during key phases of patient’s gait 3) relieve or distribute distal weight-bearing forces 4) protect from external stimuli 5) restore mobility 6) minimize risk of deformities. Specification for ideal prosthesis/orthotics 1. Function: a) Meet need of the user b) Simple c) Easy learned d) Dependable 2.Comfort: a) Fits well. b) Easy to put on take off c) Light weight d) Adjustable 3. Cosmesis a) Looks, smells, sounds normal b) Easily cleaned c) Stain resistance 4.Fabrication: a) Fast, modular b) Readily and widely available 5. Economics: a) Affordable b) Cost effective