Introduction to AI PDF

21CSC206T-Artificial Intelligence UNIT - 1 Introduction to AI 1  Topics Introduction to AI AI Techniques Problem - solving with AI AI Models Data acquisition and learning aspects in...

21CSC206T-Artificial Intelligence UNIT - 1 Introduction to AI 1  Topics Introduction to AI AI Techniques Problem - solving with AI AI Models Data acquisition and learning aspects in AI Problem solving-Problem solving process Formulating problems Problem types and characteristics Problem space and search Toy Problems–Tic-tac-toe problems Missionaries and Cannibals Problem Real World Problem–Travelling Salesman Problem 2  Introduction to AI What is AI? ▪ Technology capable of activities that normally require human intelligence is the essence of artificial intelligence. ▪ Learning, thinking, solving problems, perception, speech recognition, and language comprehension are some of the skills involved in these tasks. ▪ Put another way, AI makes allows robots to simulate human cognitive processes. 3  Introduction to AI Definition ▪ AI is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent machines which can behave like a human, think like humans, and able to make decisions.“ ▪ According to the father of Artificial Intelligence, John McCarthy, it is “The science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs”. ▪ The purpose of AI is to empower machine to solve the problems by making machine intelligent. ▪ AI is defined by Rich and Knight as follows: “AI is the study of how to make computers do things which, at the moment, people do better” 4  Introduction to AI Why Artificial Intelligence? Following are some main reasons to learn about AI: ▪ It can solve real-world problems very easily and with accuracy. such as health issues, marketing, traffic issues, etc. ▪ It can create your personal virtual Assistant, such as Cortana, Google Assistant, Siri, etc. ▪ It can build such Robots which can work in an environment where survival of humans can be at risk. ▪ AI opens a path for other new technologies, new devices, and new Opportunities. 5  Introduction to AI Goals of Artificial Intelligence Following are the main goals of Artificial Intelligence: 1. Replicate human intelligence 2. Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks 3. An intelligent connection of perception and action 4. Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human intelligence such as: ✔ Proving a theorem ✔ Playing chess ✔ Plan some surgical operation ✔ Driving a car in traffic 5. Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new things by itself, demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user. 6  Introduction to AI Advantages of Artificial Intelligence High Accuracy with less errors High-Speed High reliability Useful for risky areas Digital Assistant Useful as a public utility 7  Introduction to AI Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence High Cost Can't think out of the box No feelings and emotions Increase dependency on machines No Original Creativity 8  Introduction to AI Birth Of Artificial Intelligence ▪ John McCarthy at Dartmouth College worked on research in the areas of automata theory, neural nets and study of intelligence. ▪ McCarthy gave a new term for AI, i.e., ‘computational rationality'. Dartmouth is a place where formal workshop and conference on AI took place. 9 Introduction to AI History of AI 10  Introduction to AI Growth and evolution of AI - Example 1 Simple mechanical intelligent system ✔Figure 1.1 depicts a small example of a traditional mechanical intelligent system. ✔Here, once the water reaches to a certain level, the water tap is closed to avoid overflow. ✔In washing machines, these systems were replaced with the sensor-based level detector. ✔Later, fuzzy logic came into the picture that allowed deciding the level of water dynamically based on the quantity of clothes. So, we are now having machines, with fuzzy logic included. 11  Introduction to AI Growth and evolution of AI - Example 2 Traffic signal 1. Control the signal traditionally 2.Manual setting for decision making 3. Individual AI controller for each signal. 4. Integrated centralized controller for all signals 12