History of Civilizations and Figures PDF

Nicolaus Copernicus - Formulated the theory of "Heliocentric Theory" - He wrote "De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium" - Against theory is formulated by Ptolemy, the "Geocentric Theory" - Ptolemy authored "Almagest" Charles Darwin - English naturalist that proposed "Natural Selection" ✓ The resource...

Nicolaus Copernicus - Formulated the theory of "Heliocentric Theory" - He wrote "De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium" - Against theory is formulated by Ptolemy, the "Geocentric Theory" - Ptolemy authored "Almagest" Charles Darwin - English naturalist that proposed "Natural Selection" ✓ The resources of the natural world are limited. ✓ Living things must compete for food and space ✓ Must evade the revages of predators and diseases while dealing with weather and climate change. ✓ No individuals that are totally alike. ✓ All organisms have a tendency to overproduce. ✓ Even with overproduction, the total population of the world seems to remain the same. ✓ The organisms that survived and produce offspring, they will be inheriting the traits that make them survive. - Darwin authored "On the Origin of Species" Sigmund Freud - Theorist of Development of Personality - Proposed the Five Psychosexual Stages ✓ Oral - Birth to 18 months - Mouth/sucking, biting, chewing - Overly dependent upon others, gullible, and followers ✓ Anal - 18 months to 3 years - Anal and Bowel Control - Obsessed on cleanliness, perfection, and control ✓ Phallic - 3 years to 6 years - Pleasure Zone in Genitals - Oedipus Complex or sexual desires for their mother ✓ Latency Stage - 6 to Puberty - Repression of Sexual Feelings - Interact and play mostly with same sex peers ✓ Genital Stage - Puberty on - Maturation of sexual orientation - Adolescents direct their sexual urges to the opposite sex. Mesoamerican Civilization - Olmec, Maya, Aztec, and Inca Olmec - means "rubber people" - they create rubber from the extract of Castilla Elastica with juice of Ipomoea Alba - They had an elaborate water and drainage system. - Manufactured chocolate drinks - They practice human sacrifice and cannibalism - The calendar of Mexico originated from Olmec - They are obsessed with the timing of religious rituals. Maya - They made tall pyramids of limestone with small temples on the top. - They planted corn, beans, squash, and cassava. - Their patron planet of warfare is Venus - The ritual calendar is known as "Tzolkin" ✓ it has 260 days - Haab Calendar ✓ Eighteen months of 20 days Aztec - Established in Tenochtitlan City. - Violent people and expanded through ruthless warfare - Human sacrifices specifically the removal of beating hearts to appease their gods. - Tools made of obsidian and chert stone - Made drills made of reed or bone - Made water transport vehicle called canoes. Inca - Machu Picchu the surviving archaeological sites. - Moderate amounts of Coca leaves used to lessen hunger and pain during work. - Mummification was an important part of Inca funerary rites. - Textiles and clothes were woven out of wool of dried llamas and alpaca. - Inca Calendars were tightly tied to astronomy, lunisolar, equinoxes, solstices, and Venus. - Knotted strings aka Quipu used as mnemonic devices to record numerical data.