Parasitology Revision (Practical) PDF

1- Identification Genus : Capital Parasitolo Species: small gy Diagnostic stage 2- Infective stage revesion 3- Mode of transmission 4- Treatment Trematodes  Fasciola hepatica ova larva...

1- Identification Genus : Capital Parasitolo Species: small gy Diagnostic stage 2- Infective stage revesion 3- Mode of transmission 4- Treatment Trematodes  Fasciola hepatica ova larva adults  Fasciola hepatica 1- Infective stage : Metacercariae. 2- Mode of infection : Ingestion of aquatic plants, raw vegetables and watercress containing encysted metacercaria. Drinking water with floated metacercaria. Halzoan: ingestion of raw liver of infected animals. 3- Treatment : Triclabendazole by dose 10mg/ kg body wt. (DOC due to its safety, efficacy and ease to use). Bithinol (30mg/ kg for 5-10 days). Praziquantel, a common drug for treating trematode infection is not very effective against Fasciola hepatica..  Heterophyes heterophyes adult ova  Heterophyes heterophyes 1- Infective stage: Metacercariae 2- Mode of transmission: Ingesting undercooked or low salt fish containing metacercariae. 3- Treatment: Praziquantel (DOC)  Schistosoma S. haematobium egg: S. mansoni egg: Schistosoma gynecophoric canal Cercaria  Schistosoma 1- Infective stage: forked tail cercaria 2- Mode of transmission: Skin penetration by forked tail cercaria when contacted with contaminated water. 3- Treatment: Praziquantel (DOC) Nematodes Trichuris trichura Whip worm Ova Adult  Trichuris trichura Whip worm 1- Infective stage: Egg containing first stage larvae 2- Mode of transmission: feco-oral or eating food or drink water contains eggs. 3- Treatment: I. Mebendazole (DOC) & Albendazole (alternative) II. Iron supplement in case of iron deficiency anemiae Wuchereia bancrofti microfilaria  Wuchereia bancrofti microfilaria 1- Infective stage: Flariform larvae 2- Mode of transmission: Bite of infected female anopheles mosquitoes 3- Treatment: I. Antibacterial cream on wound to stop keeps swelling II. Diethylcarbamazine, Ivermectine, Albendazole. Strongyloides stercolaris adult  Strongyloides stercolaris 1- Infective stage: Filariform larvae 2- Mode of transmission: I. Filariform larvae penetrate the intact skin through bare foot or contact with soil with hand II. Autoinfection: ⮚ Internal autoinfection through the intestinal mucosa ⮚ External autoinfection through the perianal skin 3- Treatment: Ivermectin with albendazole.  Ascaris lumbercoides 1- Infactive stage: Eggs containing a second stage rhabditiform larvae 2- Method of infection:  Ingestion of mature eggs containing a second stage rhabditiform larva, contaminating food (green raw vegetables), water or hands.  House flies may carry the larvated eggs to human food (mechanical transmission).  Inhalation of the mature eggs to the nasopharynx (air borne transmission). 3- Treatment: Albendazole and mebendazole are DOC ova  Enterobius vermicularis Pin worm ova adults 1- Infective stage : Embryonated eggs 2- Mode of infection : Ingestion of eggs through contaminated food or drink Autoinfection. Retro infection. Air borne infection. Contact with patients. 3- Treatment : Medication only kill adult worms and have no effect on developing eggs and larvae Mebendazole , Pyrantel pamoate as single oral dose A second dose must be given after 2 weeks to prevent re_ infection. Local mercurial ointment is applied to the perianal area especially at night to relieve itching and kill females that come out to deposit eggs. Trichinella spiralis larvae  Trichinella spiralis larvae 1- Infective stage : Trichinella encysted (larva) 2- Mode of infection : Eating raw or undercooked pork containing the infective encysted larvae 3- Treatment : Albendazole Mebendazole  Ancylostoma duodenale Hook worm larva adults ova  Ancylostoma duodenale Hook worm 1- Infective stage : Infective filariform larva 2- Mode of infection : I. 1-Man is infected when the infective filariform larva in the top layer of soil penetrates his intact skin II. 2-Oral , transmammary or transplacental 3- Treatment : - I. Albendazole (Drug of choice) II. Pyrantel pamoate, Mebendazole can also be used. III. Anemia must be treated : iron , vitamins and high protein diet should be given , as if hookworms are eliminated without anemia correction , the hemoglobin level will not return normal for months Cestodes  Taeniae solium saginata ova gravid segments Cysticercus cellulosae Cysticercus bovis  Taeniae T.Saginata T.Solium Infective stage Cysticercus bovis Cysticercus cllulosae Mode of transmission Ingestion of undercooked beef meat Ingestion of undercooked containing cysticercus bovis pork meat containing cysticercus cellulosae Treatment I. Niclosamide is DOC. I. Praziquantel II. Praziquantle can be used. II. Niclosamide should be III. Purgatives to expel killed worm in avoided soil Echinococcus granulosus adult ova Infective stage: Hydatid cyst Echinococcus granulosus Mode of transmission: I. Dogs acquire infection by ingestion of hydatid cyst in the viscera of herbivorous animals. II. Man and other herbivorous animals acquire infection by ingestion of eggs with contaminated foods and vegetables. Treatment: 1- Surgery: The main line of treatment with preoperative administration of mebendazole In case of unilocular cysts in accessible sites. 2- Medical treatment: Mebendazole is given orally as a high dose for a long period (3 months up to 1 year). It stops proliferation and spread of the cyst. Used when surgery is impossible or contraindicated 3- Sterilization: when surgery is impossible: This is performed by repeated aspiration of some of hydatid fluid and it is replaced by 10 % formalin for 5 minutes. Finally, wash with saline or ethanol to destroy the germinal layer, scolex and broad capsules. Hymenolepis nana 1-Infective stage: Embryonated eggs 2- Transmission of the infection: Direct or indirect contact with the infected host Internal autoinfection: when eggs hatch in small intestine and larvae continues life cycle without leaving the body. External autoinfection: eggs exit human host in stool can be carried under nails and reenter host by ingestion of food by contaminated hand Food and water contamination 3- Treatment: Praziquantel Protozoa  Entamoeba histolytica cyst if 4 nucleus then mature adults if 2 then immature  Entamoeba histolytica 1- Infective stage : Entamoeba histolytica mature cyst 2- Mode of infection : I. Feco-oral route through: Ingestion of cysts (I.S) in food or water contaminated with sewage II. From hands contaminated with feces. III. Transmission may also occur by flies feeding on feces containing cysts and contaminating food. 3- Treatment : I. For luminal infection, iodoquinol, paromomycin, or diloxanide furoate are the drugs of choice. II. For symptomatic intestinal disease, or extraintestinal, infections (e.g., hepatic abscess), the drugs of choice are metronidazole (25 mg / kg daily for 7-10 days) or tinidazole (2gm daily for three days), immediately followed by treatment with iodoquinol, paromomycin, or diloxanide furoate.  Balantidium coli Trophozoit Cyst  Balantidium coli 1- Infective stage : Balantidium coli cyst 2- Mode of infection : Feco-oral route also, B. coli is transmitted by the ingestion of cysts from hands, Food, or drink contaminated with infective faeces. 3- Treatment : Metronidazole followed by tetracyclines as supportive treatment.  Giardia intestinalis G. lamblia 1- Infective stage : Giardia intestinalis mature cysts cyst 2- Mode of infection : Through ingestion of mature cysts in fecally contaminated food, water and hands 3- Treatment : Metronidazole is the drug of choice. Trypanosoma gambiense in blood trypomastigotes  Trypanosoma gambiense in blood 1- Infective stage : Metacyclic trypomastigotes 2- Mode of infection : Mechanical or direct transmission (infected tsetse fly inject metacyclic trypomastigotes into skin tissue) 3- Treatment: I. In blood stage treated by pentamidine isethionate or suramine. II. CNS cases should be treated by Melarsoprol (organic arsenic compound)  Plasmodium malaria Ring form Schizont Gametocyte 1- Infective stage : Sporozoites 2- Mode of infection : Infected mosquito bite human and inject sporozoites. 3- Treatment: Chloroquine Trophozoite Toxoplasma gondii 1- Infective stage : I. Oocyst n stool of cat II. Tissue cyst in raw meat 2- Mode of infection : - I. Ingesting food or water contaminated with cat feces II. Ingesting undercooked meat containing tissue cysts. III. Rarely, human infection results from blood transfusion or organ transplantation. IV. Rarely , transplacental transmission from mother to fetus 3- Treatment: Combination of drugs as pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine. Virology