d'Urberville Family History PDF

Introduction to the d'Urberville Family The conversation between Parson Tringham and John Durbeyfield reveals the discovery of the d'Urberville family's noble lineage. The parson explains that the d'Urberville family derives their descent from Sir Pagan d'Urberville, a renowned knight who came from...

Introduction to the d'Urberville Family The conversation between Parson Tringham and John Durbeyfield reveals the discovery of the d'Urberville family's noble lineage. The parson explains that the d'Urberville family derives their descent from Sir Pagan d'Urberville, a renowned knight who came from Normandy with William the Conqueror. The d'Urberville Family History The parson provides a detailed account of the d'Urberville family's history, including their: Ancestral roots: The family's ancestors were part of the twelve knights who assisted the Lord of Estremavilla in Normandy. Manors and estates: The family held manors in various locations, including Kingsbere, Sherton, Millpond, Lullstead, and Wellbridge. Titles and honors: The family was made Knights of the Royal Oak for their loyalty during the reign of Charles the Second. The Significance of the d'Urberville Family The parson explains that the d'Urberville family's history is of interest to local historians and genealogists. He notes that: The fact that the d'Urberville family is extinct as a county family means that they no longer hold any significant power or influence in the region. The d'Urberville Family Tree The following table summarizes the information provided by the parson about the d'Urberville family tree: Family Member Title Notable Achievements Sir Pagan Came from Normandy with William the Knight d'Urberville Conqueror  Summoned to Westminster to attend the great Brian d'Urberville Forefather Council Lineal Discovered to be a member of the d'Urberville John Durbeyfield representative family John Durbeyfield's Reaction After learning about his family's noble lineage, John Durbeyfield is filled with a sense of pride and importance. He: Orders a youth to take a message to The Pure Drop Inn to send a horse and carriage to carry him home. Instructs his wife to stop doing the washing and wait for him to come home with news to tell her. Offers the youth a shilling as payment for his services. Key Terms The following terms are important to understanding the conversation between Parson Tringham and John Durbeyfield: Lineal representative: A person who is a direct descendant of a particular family or individual. Genealogist: A person who studies family histories and lineages. Local historian: A person who studies the history of a particular region or area.## Introduction to the Vale of Blackmoor The Vale of Blackmoor, also known as the Forest of White Hart, is a region of historic and topographical interest. It is located in the north-eastern part of the country, surrounded by hills and mountains. The vale is characterized by its fertile and sheltered landscape, with green fields and springs that never dry up. Geography of the Vale The Vale of Blackmoor is bounded by a bold chalk ridge that includes prominences such as Hambledon Hill, Bulbarrow, Nettlecombe-Tout, Dogbury, High Stoy, and Bubb Down. The traveller from the coast is surprised to see the contrasting landscape of the vale, with its small fields, narrow lanes, and languorous atmosphere. History of the Vale The Vale of Blackmoor has a rich history, with legend and custom playing a significant role in its development. The Forest of White Hart was known for its dense woods, which have now largely disappeared. However, traces of the forest still remain, including old oak copses and hollow-trunked trees. The Club-Walking Ceremony The club-walking ceremony, also known as the May-Day dance, is a traditional event in the Vale of Blackmoor. It is a processional march of women, dressed in white gowns, carrying peeled willow wands and white flowers. The ceremony is a survival from Old Style days, when cheerfulness and May-time were synonymous. The following table summarizes the key elements of the club-walking ceremony: Element Description Participants Women, dressed in white gowns Accompaniments Peeled willow wands, white flowers Route Processional march around the parish Significance Survival from Old Style days, celebration of May-time The Women's Club The women's club in Marlott is a unique organization that has walked for hundreds of years. It is a votive sisterhood that has maintained its traditions and customs over time. The club is characterized by its white gowns, peeled willow wands, and white flowers. As one observer noted: The club of Marlott alone lived to uphold the local Cerealia. It had walked for hundreds of years, if not as benefit-club, as votive sisterhood of some sort; and it walked still. Key Figures The following are key figures in the story: Tess Durbeyfield: A young and handsome girl, with a mobile peony mouth and large innocent eyes. Durbeyfield: Tess's father, who is proud of his family vault at Kingsbere and his knighted forefathers. The women of the club: A group of women, including Tess, who participate in the club-walking ceremony and maintain the traditions of the club. Some key characteristics of the women in the club include: Youth: The young girls form the majority of the band, with their luxuriant hair and beautiful eyes. Cheerfulness: The women are cheerful and merry, with a private little sun for their soul to bask in. Simplicity: The women, including Tess, are simple and unassuming, with a strong sense of loyalty to their family and community.## Introduction to Tess Durbeyfield Tess Durbeyfield is a young woman who is a mere vessel of emotion untinctured by experience. She is from a rural area and has a distinct dialect that is native to her district. The characteristic intonation of this dialect is approximately rendered by the syllable UR, which is a rich and unique utterance. Physical Description of Tess Tess has a pouted-up deep red mouth and a lower lip that thrusts the middle of her top one upward when they close together after a word. Her childhood still lingers in her aspect, and her youthfulness is evident in her bouncing handsome womanliness. The Dancing on the Green The story takes place on a Whitsun holiday, where Tess and other girls are dancing on the green without male partners. A group of three young men, who are brothers, arrive at the scene. The eldest brother is a curate, the second is an undergraduate, and the youngest is a desultory tentative student. Description of the Brothers Brothe r Description Eldest Wears a white tie, high waistcoat, and thin-brimmed hat of the regulation curate Second Normal undergraduate Younge Has an uncribbed, uncabined aspect in his eyes and attire, implying that he has st hardly found his professional groove The Dancing Continues As the village young men arrive, the couples become leavened with rustic youth. The church clock strikes, and the student says he must leave to join his companions. As he falls out of the dance, his eyes light on Tess Durbeyfield, who wears a faint aspect of reproach that he had not chosen her. Key Events The student dances with a girl, but not Tess The student leaves to join his companions Tess is hurt by the student's oversight The student wishes he had asked Tess to dance and inquired her name The incident has a profound effect on Tess, who does not easily dislodge it from her consideration. She is heart-whole as yet, but the encounter with the student has left a lasting impression on her. Aftermath of the Incident Tess does not dance again for a long time, but eventually shakes off her temporary sadness and participates in the dancing with a certain zest. She remains with her comrades till dusk and enjoys treading a measure purely for its own sake. The struggles and wrangles of the lads for her hand in a jig are an amusement to her, but she rebukes them when they become fierce. Key Terms Dialect: a regional or social variety of a language Whitsun holiday: a Christian holiday that is celebrated on the seventh Sunday after Easter Curate: a clergyman who is responsible for a church or a group of churches Undergraduate: a student who is pursuing a degree at a university or college Desultory: lacking a clear or consistent plan or purpose## Introduction to the Durbeyfield Family The Durbeyfield family is introduced, with Tess returning home to  her mother, Joan Durbeyfield, and finding her rocking a cradle and singing a song called "The Spotted Cow". The scene is set in a small cottage, with a stone floor and a candle providing the only light. The Family's Situation The family is struggling, with Tess's mother doing all the household chores, including washing and ironing, while Tess's father is out at a public house. The family's situation is described as one of poverty and hardship. The family's poverty is evident in the worn-out cradle-rockers and the flagstone floor, which has been worn down by years of use. The Discovery of the Family's Heritage Tess's mother reveals that the family has discovered that they are actually descendants of the d'Urberville family, a noble family with a long history. This discovery is expected to bring great things to the family. The family's pedigree is discussed, with Tess's father having learned about it on his way home from Shaston. The family's coat of arms and crest are mentioned, with Tess's mother being excited about the prospect of being part of a noble family. The Family's Health Tess's father is revealed to be in poor health, with a heart condition that is expected to shorten his life. Condition Description Fat around the A condition where fat accumulates around the heart, putting pressure on heart it. A condition that was previously thought to be affecting Tess's father, but Consumption is now ruled out. The Compleat Fortune-Teller The Compleat Fortune-Teller is an old book that Tess's mother uses to tell fortunes. It is described as being worn out from use. The Compleat Fortune-Teller is a book that provides guidance on fortune-telling and divination, and is used by Tess's mother to gain insight into the future. Tess's Relationship with Her Mother Tess is shown to be concerned about her mother's behavior, particularly her decision to go to the public house to fetch Tess's father. Tess is described as being impetuous and emotional, with a strong sense of responsibility towards her family. Tess's mother is shown to be defensive and touchy, with a tendency to avoid conflict.## Introduction to the Durbeyfield Family The Durbeyfield family is a working-class family living in the village of Marlott. The family consists of parents, John and Joan Durbeyfield, and their children, including Tess, Abraham, 'Liza-Lu (Eliza-Louisa), Hope, Modesty, a three-year-old boy, and a baby. Family Dynamics The Durbeyfield family is described as being shiftless, meaning they lack direction or purpose. The parents' decisions often put the family in difficult situations, and the children are left to deal with the consequences. The term shiftless refers to a person or family that lacks initiative, direction, or purpose, often leading to a life of poverty and instability. The Family's Social Status The Durbeyfield family is considered to be of a lower social class. They are not well-off financially and are often struggling to make ends meet. The family's ancestral discovery of being related to the d'Urberville family is seen as a potential way to improve their social status. The d'Urberville Family The d'Urberville family is a wealthy and influential family in the area. They are considered to be of a higher social class than the Durbeyfields. The family's matriarch, a rich lady, lives in a large house on the edge of The Chase. Rolliver's InnRolliv er's Inn is the local alehouse in Marlott. It is a gathering place for the villagers, where they can socialize and drink. The inn is owned by Mrs. Rolliver, who has a limited license to sell alcohol. The Family's Plan The Durbeyfield family comes up with a plan to send Tess to claim kin with the d'Urberville family. They hope that this will lead to an improvement in their social status and financial situation. Key Characters and Their Roles Character Role The eldest daughter of the Durbeyfield family, who is sent to claim kin with the Tess d'Urberville family John The father of the Durbeyfield family, who is often absent and irresponsible Durbeyfield Joan The mother of the Durbeyfield family, who is determined to improve their social Durbeyfield status Abraham The youngest son of the Durbeyfield family, who is curious and eager to please Mrs. Rolliver The owner of Rolliver's Inn, who provides a gathering place for the villagers Key Events The Durbeyfield family discovers their ancestral connection to the d'Urberville family The family comes up with a plan to send Tess to claim kin with the d'Urberville family Tess is sent to the d'Urberville family to claim kin and potentially improve the Durbeyfield family's social status The family gathers at Rolliver's Inn to discuss their plan and socialize with the other villagers Themes Social class: The novel highlights the differences between the wealthy d'Urberville family and the poor Durbeyfield family  Family dynamics: The novel explores the complex relationships within the Durbeyfield family and their struggles with poverty and instability Identity: The novel touches on the theme of identity, particularly in relation to Tess and her place within the Durbeyfield family and the wider community.## Introduction to the Durbeyfield Family The Durbeyfield family is a central focus of the story, with Tess being the eldest daughter. The family's social status is a significant aspect of their lives, with her father, John Durbeyfield, often boasting about their supposed noble ancestry. The Family's Financial Situation The Durbeyfields are not well-off financially, and their poverty is a recurring theme. They rely on farming and trading to make a living, with Tess and her brother Abraham often helping with the family business. The family's financial struggles are evident in their need to deliver beehives to retailers in Casterbridge before the Saturday market begins. The Journey to Casterbridge The journey to Casterbridge is a significant event in the story, with Tess and Abraham embarking on a long and challenging trip. The following table outlines the details of their journey: Destination Distance Mode of Transport Casterbridge 20-30 miles Horse and waggon The Conversation Between Tess and Abraham During their journey, Tess and Abraham have a conversation about their family's social status and their potential connections to a rich lady at Trantridge. The key points of their conversation are: Abraham mentions that their mother, Joan Durbeyfield, talked about a rich lady who could help Tess marry a gentleman Tess is skeptical and unsure about the existence of this rich lady Abraham is fascinated by the idea of being gentlefolk and the potential benefits it could bring The Themes of Social Status and Poverty The story highlights the themes of social status and poverty, with the Durbeyfield family's struggles being a central focus. The following bullet points summarize the key aspects of these themes: The family's poverty is a recurring theme, with their financial struggles being a significant challenge The idea of social status is closely tied to the family's noble ancestry, with John Durbeyfield often boasting about their supposed connections The potential connection to a rich lady at Trantridge raises questions about the family's social status and their potential for improvement## Introduction to the Durbeyfield Family's Hardship The Durbeyfield family's life is marked by poverty and struggle. The family's horse, Prince, is a crucial part of their haggling business, which is their primary source of income. The Accident A tragic accident occurs when the mail-cart collides with the Durbeyfield's waggon, resulting in the death of Prince. This event sets off a chain of consequences that further exacerbate the family's financial difficulties. The mail-cart is described as speeding along the lanes like an arrow, highlighting the speed and force of the collision. Consequences of the Accident The consequences of the accident are severe: The family loses their primary source of income The haggling business becomes disorganized Distress and penury loom in the distance The family is forced to consider selling Prince's carcase to the knacker and tanner The Family's Reaction The family's reaction to the accident is emotional and varied: Family Member Reaction Tess Feels guilty and responsible for the accident Abraham Is deeply saddened and asks if Prince has gone to heaven Refuses to sell Prince's carcase and instead decides to bury him in the Durbeyfield garden The Children Sob and discharge their griefs in loud blares Definition of Key Terms Haggling business: a business that involves traveling from place to place, selling goods, and negotiating prices. Knacker: a person who buys and sells the bodies of dead animals, often to be used as food or other products. Tanner: a person who treats and processes animal hides to produce leather. Penury: a state of extreme poverty or destitution. The Family's Financial Situation The family's financial situation is precarious: Income Source Status Haggling business Disorganized Prince's carcase Sold for a low price Other sources Unknown or unreliable The accident and its consequences have a profound impact on the Durbeyfield family, exacerbating their existing financial difficulties and forcing them to confront the reality of their poverty.## Introduction to the Durbeyfield Family The Durbeyfield family, particularly Tess Durbeyfield, is the focus of this segment. Tess's life has been shaped by her family's circumstances, and she has taken on a significant amount of responsibility to support them. The Family's Financial Situation The Durbeyfields are struggling financially, and Tess's mother, Joan Durbeyfield, has devised a plan to claim kin with a wealthy relative, Mrs d'Urberville. This plan is met with hesitation by Tess, who is proud and does not want to be a burden on others. The concept of claiming kin refers to the practice of establishing a familial relationship with someone in order to receive financial or social benefits. In this case, the Durbeyfields hope to receive assistance from Mrs d'Urberville due to their supposed familial connection. Tess's Journey to the d'Urberville Mansion Tess travels to the d'Urberville mansion, The Slopes, which is located in the Vale of Blackmoor. The mansion is a grand, modern estate with extensive grounds and luxurious features. Feature Description Crimson brick The entrance to the estate, surrounded by dense evergreens lodge Glass-houses Acres of greenhouses stretching down the inclines to the copses Dignified and well-equipped stables, partly screened by Austrian pines and Stables evergreen oaks Ornamental tent A decorative tent standing on the extensive lawn The d'Urberville Family The d'Urbervilles are a wealthy and influential family, but their connection to the original d'Urberville family is questionable. Parson Tringham has stated that John Durbeyfield is the only true lineal representative of the old d'Urberville family in the county. The d'Urbervilles have a complex and potentially fabricated family history They are a prominent family in the area, with significant wealth and influence Their estate, The Slopes, is a symbol of their wealth and status Tess's Thoughts and Feelings Tess is overwhelmed by the grandeur of the d'Urberville mansion and feels out of place. She is also hesitant about claiming kin and potentially receiving assistance from Mrs d'Urberville. Tess's feelings of unease and hesitation are rooted in her pride and desire to maintain her independence. She is unsure about the morality of claiming kin and is worried about being a burden on others.## Introduction to the d'Urberville Family The d'Urberville family is a key part of the story, with Mr. Alec d'Urberville being a central character. The family's history is complex, with Mr. Simon Stoke being the one who originally changed his name to d'Urberville. The name change was done to give the family a more prestigious and aristocratic sound, as Mr. Stoke wanted to settle in the South of England and be seen as a county man. The Meeting Between Tess and Alec The meeting between Tess Durbeyfield and Alec d'Urberville is a pivotal moment in the story. Tess visits the d'Urberville estate, hoping to connect with her supposed relatives and potentially find help for her family. Tess is hesitant and unsure of herself, but Alec is charming and welcoming Alec is immediately drawn to Tess's luxuriance of aspect, which makes her appear more womanly than she really is The two spend time together, walking around the estate and getting to know each other The d'Urberville Family Tree The d'Urberville family tree is complex, with Mr. Simon Stoke being the one who originally changed his name. The family's crest and arms are also important symbols of their identity. Family Member Relationship to Tess Mr. Simon Stoke Original name-changer and ancestor of Alec Alec d'Urberville Central character and supposed relative of Tess Tess Durbeyfield Main character and supposed relative of the d'Urbervilles Key Symbols and Motifs The story features several key symbols and motifs, including: The ramping lion on a shield and castle on the d'Urberville crest and arms The old silver spoon with the same castle symbol, which is used by Tess's mother to stir pea-soup The strawberries and roses that Alec gives to Tess, which symbolize their growing connection and Alec's interest in Tess The Significance of the Meeting The meeting between Tess and Alec has significant implications for the rest of the story. Alec's interest in Tess and his desire to help her family set in motion a chain of events that will have far-reaching consequences. The meeting between Tess and Alec is a turning point in the story, marking the beginning of a complex and potentially tragic relationship between the two characters.## Introduction to Tess's Dilemma Tess is faced with a difficult decision after meeting Alec d'Urberville, a wealthy and charming man who claims to be a distant relative. Her family is struggling financially, and her mother, Joan Durbeyfield, is eager for Tess to secure a position at the d'Urberville estate to improve their circumstances. The d'Urberville Family The d'Urberville family is an old and respected family in the area, with a long history of wealth and prestige. Mrs. d'Urberville is the matriarch of the family and is known for her love of poultry farming. Her son, Alec, is a charming but potentially troublesome young man who has taken an interest in Tess. Tess's Options Tess has several options to consider: Accept the position at the d'Urberville estate and work on the poultry farm Decline the offer and stay with her family in Marlott Try to find alternative employment in the area to support her family The Decision-Making Process Tess is torn between her desire to help her family and her reservations about working for the d'Urberville family. Her mother is eager for her to accept the position, but Tess is unsure if it is the right decision for her. A poultry farm is a type of farm that specializes in the raising of domesticated birds, such as chickens and turkeys, for their meat and eggs. The Role of Social Class Social class plays a significant role in the novel, with the d'Urberville family representing the wealthy and aristocratic class, and the Durbeyfield family representing the poor and working class. The following table highlights the key differences between the two families: Family Social Class Occupation d'Urberville Wealthy/Aristocratic Landowners/Poultry Farmers Durbeyfield Poor/Working Class Laborers/Farmers The Potential Consequences The potential consequences of Tess's decision are significant, and could impact not only her own life but also the lives of those around her. Some possible consequences include: Improved financial circumstances for the Durbeyfield family Increased social status for Tess and her family Potential romantic involvement with Alec d'Urberville Loss of independence and autonomy for Tess Strained relationships with her family and friends## Introduction to Tess's Journey Tess, the protagonist, is about to embark on a journey to work for her wealthy relatives, the d'Urbervilles. Her family, the Durbeyfields, are struggling financially and see this as an opportunity for Tess to earn money and improve their situation. The Decision to Leave Tess's decision to leave is met with a mix of emotions from her family. Her mother, Joan Durbeyfield, is excited about the prospect of Tess potentially marrying into a wealthy family, while her father, Sir John Durbeyfield, is more neutral. The family's financial situation is a major factor in their decision, as they are in need of a new horse. Preparations for Departure As Tess prepares to leave, her mother helps her get ready by washing and styling her hair, and dressing her in her best clothes. The goal is to make a good impression on the d'Urbervilles. A d'Urberville is a member of a wealthy and aristocratic family who are relatives of the Durbeyfields. The following table summarizes the key events leading up to Tess's departure: Event Description Decision to Tess agrees to work for the d'Urbervilles leave Tess's mother helps her get ready by washing and styling her hair, and dressing Preparations her in her best clothes Family Tess's family is emotional about her leaving, with her mother being excited and her reaction father being neutral The Journey Begins As Tess sets out on her journey, she is accompanied by her mother and younger siblings. They walk together until they reach the point where the spring-cart sent by the d'Urbervilles is waiting to take Tess to her new destination.  The spring-cart is a vehicle sent by the d'Urbervilles to transport Tess and her luggage. The d'Urbervilles are Tess's wealthy relatives who she will be working for. The following are key characters involved in the journey so far: Tess Durbeyfield: The protagonist of the story Joan Durbeyfield: Tess's mother Sir John Durbeyfield: Tess's father The d'Urbervilles: Tess's wealthy relatives who she will be working for Unexpected Events As Tess is about to depart, another vehicle appears, causing her to look up in surprise. This unexpected event marks the beginning of a new and potentially challenging phase in Tess's journey. A plot twist is an unexpected event that changes the direction of the story. In this case, the appearance of the second vehicle is a plot twist that adds uncertainty to Tess's journey.## Introduction to Tess Durbeyfield's Journey Tess Durbeyfield's life is about to take a dramatic turn as she leaves her family to start a new life with her kinsman, Alec d'Urberville. The story begins with Tess's family, the Durbeyfields, who are struggling to make ends meet. Tess's mother, Joan Durbeyfield, is eager to improve their situation and sees an opportunity for Tess to marry into a wealthy family. The Meeting with Alec d'Urberville Alec d'Urberville is a young, wealthy, and charming man who is immediately taken with Tess's beauty. He is described as a dandy, wearing a drab jacket, breeches, and a dandy cap. As they meet, Tess is unsure of what to make of Alec's charming but also somewhat reckless behavior. A dandy is a man who prioritizes his appearance and mannerisms, often to the point of excess. In this context, Alec's dandyism is a reflection of his wealth and social status. The Journey Begins As Tess and Alec set off on their journey, they travel in a dog-cart, a type of carriage that is highly varnished and equipped. The journey is marked by Alec's reckless driving, which makes Tess uneasy. She is also intimidated by the horse, Tib, who has a queer temper. Character Description Tess Durbeyfield The protagonist, a young and beautiful woman from a poor family Alec d'Urberville A wealthy and charming young man who is Tess's kinsman Joan Durbeyfield Tess's mother, who is eager to improve their family's situation Tib The horse that Alec is driving, known for her queer temper Key Events Tess and Alec set off on their journey in a dog-cart Alec's reckless driving makes Tess uneasy Tess is intimidated by the horse, Tib Alec tries to kiss Tess, who is reluctant and unsure of how to react Themes Social class: The story highlights the differences between the wealthy d'Urberville family and the poor Durbeyfield family Beauty and appearance: Tess's beauty is a central theme, and Alec's dandyism is a reflection of his wealth and social status Recklessness and impulsivity: Alec's behavior is marked by recklessness and impulsivity, which puts Tess in uncomfortable and potentially dangerous situations Definitions Kinsman: A relative, especially a male one. In this context, Alec is Tess's kinsman, and she is expected to show him respect and deference. Dog-cart: A type of carriage that is highly varnished and equipped, often used for short journeys. Dandy cap: A type of hat that is worn by men who prioritize their appearance and mannerisms.## Introduction to Tess and d'Urberville Tess, a young cottage girl, is traveling with a young man, d'Urberville, who is trying to persuade her to let him kiss her again. However, Tess is not interested and tries to distance herself from him. The Journey to Trantridge As they journey to Trantridge, d'Urberville's bad temper is revealed, and he tries to intimidate Tess. However, Tess stands up for herself and refuses to be bullied. The two eventually arrive at the poultry farm, where Tess is to work as a supervisor and caregiver for the fowl. The Poultry Farm The poultry farm is located in an old thatched cottage that has been converted into a fowl house. The cottage is surrounded by a wall and has a garden that is now used for the fowl. The fowl are kept in coops and are cared for by Tess and the other maids. Mrs. d'Urberville Mrs. d'Urberville is the owner of the estate and is a blind woman. She is very attached to her fowl and has a deep understanding of their behavior and needs. She is able to recognize each fowl by touch and can determine their health and well-being. A blind person is someone who has lost their sight or has impaired vision. In Mrs. d'Urberville's case, she has lost her sight due to age or disease. The Fowl The fowl on the farm include: Hamburghs Bantams Cochins Brahmas Dorkings These breeds are known for their unique characteristics and traits. Mrs. d'Urberville is particularly fond of these breeds and has a deep understanding of their needs and behaviors. Tess's Responsibilities Tess's responsibilities on the farm include: Caring for the fowl Feeding the fowl Cleaning the coops Monitoring the health of the fowl She is also expected to whistle to the fowl every day, as Mrs. d'Urberville believes that whistling has a calming effect on the fowl. Breed Characteristics Traits Hamburghs Large and heavy Friendly and docile Bantams Small and light Active and curious Cochins Fluffy and soft Gentle and affectionate Brahmas Large and sturdy Intelligent and active Dorkings Medium and hardy Friendly and outgoing Conclusion In conclusion, Tess is a young cottage girl who is working on a poultry farm owned by Mrs. d'Urberville. She is responsible for caring for the fowl and is expected to whistle to them every day. The fowl on the farm include a variety of breeds, each with their own unique characteristics and traits.## Introduction to Tess's New Life Tess Durbeyfield has started her new life at the d'Urberville estate, where she is tasked with whistling to the bullfinches. The old lady, Mrs. d'Urberville, is blind and relies on Tess to care for her birds. Tess's First Day On her first day, Tess meets Alec d'Urberville, who is charming and playful. He offers to teach her how to whistle to the bullfinches, and Tess is initially hesitant. However, with his guidance, she eventually learns to produce a clear note. Whistling to the Bullfinches The art of whistling to the bullfinches is a crucial part of Tess's new role. As Alec d'Urberville explains, the key to whistling is to: Screw up the lips too harshly Relax the lips to produce a clear note The ability to whistle to the bullfinches is a skill that requires patience and practice. It is a unique form of communication that allows Tess to connect with the birds and provide them with musical education. Life at the d'Urberville Estate Tess soon settles into her new life at the estate, where she is responsible for caring for the bullfinches and interacting with Alec d'Urberville. The estate is characterized by: Characteristic Description Isolation The estate is located in a remote area, surrounded by countryside Wealth The d'Urberville family is wealthy, with a large estate and luxurious furnishings The estate is governed by a strict social hierarchy, with the d'Urberville family at the Social hierarchy top The Village of Trantridge The village of Trantridge, where Tess lives, has its own unique culture and traditions. The villagers are known for their: Levity and love of entertainment Drinking habits, with many villagers visiting the inns in Chaseborough on Saturday nights Economic struggles, with many villagers relying on parish relief rather than saving money Tess's Social Life Tess eventually joins the villagers on their weekly pilgrimages to Chaseborough, where she experiences: Hilariousness and contagious laughter Sly regards from loungers in the streets Protection from her fellow villagers, who accompany her on the journey home Key Events The story takes a turn when a fair and market coincide in Chaseborough, drawing in large crowds and creating a lively atmosphere. Tess's occupations make her late in setting out, and she arrives in town after her comrades.## Introduction to Tess's Evening Tess walked leisurely along a low-lit mistiness on a fine September evening, just before sunset. The atmosphere itself formed a prospect without aid from more solid objects, except the innumerable winged insects that danced in it. The Market and Fair She did not discover the coincidence of the market with the fair till she had reached the place, by which time it was close upon dusk. Her limited marketing was soon completed, and then as usual she began to look about for some of the Trantridge cottagers. The Private Little Jig At first, she could not find them, and she was informed that most of them had gone to what they called a private little jig at the house of a hay-trusser and peat-dealer who had transactions with their farm. The key characteristics of this event are: A reel was being played by fiddlers The dancers were overshoe in "scroff", the powdery residuum from the storage of peat and other products The turbulent feet of the dancers created a nebulosity that involved the scene The Dancing Scene As Tess approached the outhouse, she beheld indistinct forms racing up and down to the figure of the dance. The scene can be described as: A sort of vegeto-human pollen, formed by the mixture of peat and hay, perspirations, and warmth of the dancers. The dancers were: Coughing as they danced Laughing as they coughed Spinning to the music, with emotion being the matter of the universe, and matter but an adventitious intrusion likely to hinder them from spinning where they wanted to spin The Music and Dance The fiddlers played with varying techniques, including: Playing on the wrong side of the bridge Playing with the back of the bow The dancers did not vary their partners if their inclination were to stick to previous ones. Changing partners simply meant that a satisfactory choice had not as yet been arrived at by one or other of the pair. The Incident and Aftermath Suddenly, there was a dull thump on the ground: a couple had fallen, and lay in a mixed heap. The next couple, unable to check its progress, came toppling over the obstacle. The incident led to a twitching entanglement of arms and legs, and a loud laugh from behind Tess's back. Alec d'Urberville's Appearance Alec d'Urberville appeared, standing alone in the shade of the garden, with a red coal of a cigar. He beckoned to Tess, and she reluctantly retreated towards him. The conversation between them can be summarized in the following table: Speaker Statement Alec d'Urbervill "Well, my Beauty, what are you doing here?" e She confided her trouble to him, that she had been waiting ever since he saw her to have Tess their company home, because the road at night was strange to her. Alec "Certainly do not wait. I have only a saddle-horse here to-day; but come to The d'Urbervill Flower-de-Luce, and I'll hire a trap, and drive you home with me." e The Walk Home Tess preferred to walk home with the work-folk, despite Alec's offer. The Trantridge people began to collect themselves and prepare to leave in a body. The walk home was a three-mile walk, along a dry white road, made whiter by the light of the moon. Some of the men who had partaken too freely were producing staggerings and serpentine courses, and some of the more careless women were wandering in their gait. The key characters on the walk home include: Car Darch, dubbed Queen of Spades Nancy, her sister, nicknamed the Queen of Diamonds The young married woman who had already tumbled down## Introduction to the Scene The scene describes a group of people, including Tess, walking along a road on a moonlit night. They are all in a joyful and carefree mood, with the exception of Tess, who has had painful experiences in the past. The Incident with Car As they walk, they come across Car, also known as the Queen of Spades, who is carrying a large basket on her head. The basket contains her mother's groceries, her own draperies, and other purchases. However, the basket is leaking treacle, a sweet syrup, all over Car's back. The treacle is described as a "black stream of something oozing from her basket, and it glistened like a slimy snake in the cold still rays of the moon." The group starts laughing at Car's misfortune, which irritates her and causes her to lash out at Tess. The Confrontation between Car and Tess Car starts stripping off her bodice and showing off her physical strength, which intimidates Tess. Tess tries to defend herself, but the situation escalates, and the other women in the group start attacking her as well. The Intervention of Alec d'Urberville Just as the situation is getting out of hand, Alec d'Urberville appears on horseback and offers to take Tess away from the scene. Tess accepts his offer and climbs onto the horse behind him. The Aftermath As they ride away, the group of people they left behind start laughing and joking about what happened. Car's mother makes a comment about Tess being "out of the frying-pan into the fire," suggesting that she has jumped from one difficult situation into another. Key Characters and their Relationships Character Relationship to Tess Car (Queen of Spades) Rival and antagonist Alec d'Urberville Love interest and rescuer The Queen of Diamonds Rival and antagonist Car's mother Observer and commentator Key Events Tess joins a group of people walking on a moonlit night Car has an accident with her basket, causing her to lash out at Tess Tess is attacked by the other women in the group Alec d'Urberville intervenes and takes Tess away from the scene Tess and Alec ride off together, leaving the group behind Themes The struggle for power and status among women The dangers of jumping from one difficult situation into another The complexities of relationships and love interests The importance of self-defense and standing up for oneself Symbolism The treacle represents the messy and complicated nature of relationships The moonlight represents the romantic and dreamy atmosphere of the scene The horse represents freedom and escape from difficult situations## Setting the Scene The story begins with Tess, the protagonist, riding a horse with Alec d'Urberville, a character who has been pursuing her. The atmosphere is set with a faint luminous fog that hangs in the air, making the moonlight more pervasive. As they ride, Tess becomes inexpressibly weary, having risen early and been on foot all day. The Power Dynamic The conversation between Tess and Alec reveals a power imbalance in their relationship. Alec is trying to persuade Tess to show confidence in him, while Tess is hesitant and unsure. Alec's words and actions are laced with a sense of entitlement and possessiveness, making Tess feel uncomfortable and trapped. The power dynamic between Tess and Alec is characterized by Alec's attempts to exert control over Tess, while Tess tries to maintain her autonomy and independence. Key Events The following events occur in the story:  Tess and Alec ride through the fog, which makes it difficult to navigate Alec stops the horse and tries to embrace Tess, who pushes him away Alec convinces Tess to trust him and let him hold her, but she soon realizes they are lost in the woods Alec tries to kiss Tess, who accepts his terms to wait by the horse while he goes to find their location Alec leaves Tess alone in the woods, where she becomes scared and vulnerable Character Analysis The characters in the story can be analyzed as follows: Character Traits Motivations Tess Weary, hesitant, unsure Wants to maintain autonomy and independence Alec d'Urberville Entitled, possessive, persuasive Wants to exert control over Tess and win her trust Themes The story explores the following themes: Power imbalance: The unequal distribution of power in relationships Vulnerability: The state of being susceptible to harm or exploitation Trust: The act of placing confidence in someone or something Symbolism The fog in the story can be seen as a symbol of: Uncertainty: The unclear circumstances and unknown consequences Danger: The potential risks and threats that Tess faces Isolation: The feeling of being alone and disconnected from others## Phase the First: The Maiden The story begins with a description of Tess D'Urberville, the protagonist, and her encounter with d'Urberville, a member of the wealthy and aristocratic family. The scene is set in The Chase, a forest filled with primeval yews and oaks, where Tess is sleeping soundly. The atmosphere is one of darkness and silence, with only the sounds of gentle roosting birds and hopping rabbits and hares breaking the stillness. The concept of a guardian angel is introduced, with the question of where Tess's guardian angel is, and why providence has not protected her. This leads to a discussion of the idea that the coarse often appropriates the finer, and how this is a common theme in life. The idea that the coarse often appropriates the finer refers to the way in which something or someone of lesser value or quality can take control of or dominate something or someone of greater value or quality. This can be seen in the way that d'Urberville treats Tess, and how he is able to exert his power and influence over her. The story also touches on the idea of retribution, and how the sins of the fathers can be visited upon the children. However, it is noted that this is not a morality that is accepted by average human nature. Phase the Second: Maiden No More The scene shifts to Tess walking along a road, carrying a heavy basket and large bundle. She is on her way back to her native village, after having spent time at Trantridge. The time is Sunday morning in late October, and the atmosphere is one of yellow luminosity. As Tess walks, she is met by d'Urberville, who is driving a two-wheeled vehicle. He asks her why she slipped away by stealth, and why she is encumbering herself with a heavy load. Tess replies that she will not be returning to Trantridge, and that she is determined to make her own way. The following are the key points of their conversation: D'Urberville asks Tess why she left Trantridge without telling anyone Tess replies that she will not be returning to Trantridge D'Urberville offers to drive Tess the rest of the way to her village Tess accepts his offer, but makes it clear that she does not want to be encumbered by him The conversation between Tess and d'Urberville is characterized by a sense of tension and awkwardness. Tess is clearly emotionally distressed, and d'Urberville is trying to manipulate her into feeling guilty for leaving Trantridge. The following table summarizes the key events of the story so far:  Event Description Tess meets d'Urberville Tess encounters d'Urberville in The Chase Tess leaves Trantridge Tess leaves Trantridge without telling anyone Tess meets d'Urberville again Tess is met by d'Urberville on the road to her village Tess and d'Urberville converse Tess and d'Urberville have a tense and awkward conversation The story raises important questions about power dynamics, morality, and personal responsibility. The relationship between Tess and d'Urberville is complex and multifaceted, and will continue to evolve throughout the story.## Introduction to Tess's Encounter with Alec d'Urberville Tess's interaction with Alec d'Urberville is a pivotal moment in the story. Alec, who is not Tess's cousin, attempts to persuade her to return to him. However, Tess is resolute in her decision to leave him. The Conversation Between Tess and Alec The conversation between Tess and Alec reveals the power dynamic at play. Alec tries to convince Tess to come back to him, but she refuses. He comments on her beauty, saying she can hold her own for beauty against any woman in the area. Despite his attempts to flatter her, Tess remains firm in her decision. The Parting of Ways Alec eventually leaves, and Tess continues on her way. She encounters a man, an artisan, who is painting religious texts on a stile. The text he paints is from 2 Pet. ii. 3, which reads: THY,DAMNATION,SLUMBERETH,NOT THY,DAMNATION,SLUMBERETH,NOT. This text has a profound impact on Tess, who is already struggling with her emotions. The Artisan's Beliefs The artisan believes in the importance of spreading religious messages. He says: The words are meant to be accusatory and to make people think about their actions. He also mentions that he has been traveling, painting these texts on walls, gates, and stiles throughout the district. Tess is horrified by the message and finds it crushing and killing. The Artisan's Intentions The artisan's intentions are to spread his message to as many people as possible. He targets different areas with different types of messages. For example, he has hotter messages for slums and seaports. He believes that his messages are important for rural districts and wants to make sure that people like Tess hear them. Tess's Reaction Tess is deeply affected by the artisan's message. She is already struggling with her emotions and the encounter with the artisan only adds to her distress. She eventually leaves him and continues on her way home. Tess's Home Life When Tess arrives home, she is greeted by her mother, Joan Durbeyfield. Her mother is surprised to see her and asks about her relationship with Alec. Tess explains that she has ended things with him and will not be marrying him. Her mother is disappointed and frustrated, feeling that Tess has missed an opportunity to improve her family's situation. The Durbeyfield Family's Situation The Durbeyfield family is struggling financially. Tess's father, John Durbeyfield, is weak and unable to work. Her mother is left to care for the family and manage the household. The family's situation is precarious, and Tess's decision not to marry Alec is seen as a missed opportunity to secure their financial future. The following table summarizes the key points about the Durbeyfield family's situation: Family Member Situation John Durbeyfield Weak and unable to work Joan Durbeyfield Caring for the family and managing the household Tess Durbeyfield Returned home after ending things with Alec Some key points to consider about Tess's encounter with Alec and the artisan include: Tess is resolute in her decision to leave Alec The artisan's message has a profound impact on Tess The Durbeyfield family is struggling financially Tess's decision not to marry Alec is seen as a missed opportunity to secure their financial future The artisan believes in the importance of spreading religious messages to as many people as possible## Introduction to Tess Durbeyfield's Story Tess Durbeyfield's life is a complex web of emotions, relationships, and societal expectations. The story revolves around her experiences with Alec d'Urberville, a man who has a significant impact on her life. Tess's Relationship with Alec d'Urberville Tess's mother, Joan Durbeyfield, had hoped that Alec would marry Tess, but Tess herself does not feel the same way. She has never wholly cared for him and is, in fact, repelled by his ardent manners and advantages he took of her helplessness. A person's ardent manners refer to their passionate and enthusiastic behavior, often used to describe someone who is overly flirtatious or charming. Societal Expectations and Pressures The community's perception of Tess's relationship with Alec is shaped by rumors and gossip. The young girls in the village are fascinated by Tess's supposed connection to the wealthy and reputable Alec d'Urberville. They visit Tess, dressed in their best clothes, to catch a glimpse of the girl who has allegedly captured Alec's heart. They whisper among themselves, speculating about Tess's reputation and the possibility of a dashing marriage. The community's interest in Tess's life is fueled by their own envy and curiosity. Tess's Emotional State Tess's emotional state is marked by despondency and depression. She feels trapped and alone, with no clear escape from her circumstances. Emotional State Description Despondency A feeling of hopelessness and despair Depression A state of low mood and aversion to activity Anxiety A feeling of worry and apprehension about the future Tess's Solace in Nature Tess finds solace in nature, often taking walks in the woods at night to clear her mind. Nature has a way of calming the mind and soothing the soul, providing a sense of peace and tranquility in times of turmoil.  The midnight airs and gusts among the winter twigs seem to echo her emotions, becoming a part of her story. The natural processes around her intensify her feelings, making her feel more connected to the world around her. Tess's Spiritual Struggles Tess struggles with her spiritual beliefs, questioning the existence of a higher power. She feels a sense of irremediable grief and weakness in the face of her circumstances. Her ethical being is torn between her desire for morality and her own human frailty. The concept of a higher power refers to a being or entity that is believed to have control over the universe and human destiny.## Introduction to Tess Durbeyfield Tess Durbeyfield, also known as d'Urberville, is the main character in the story. She is a country-bred girl who has been living as a stranger and an alien in her native village. After a long seclusion, she has come to a resolve to undertake outdoor work in the fields during the busiest season of the year in the agricultural world. The Harvesting Process The harvesting process is a crucial part of the story. The reaping-machine is used to cut the wheat in the field. The machine is described as a golden-haired, beaming, mild-eyed, God-like creature that gazes down upon the earth. The harvesters, including Tess, work together to bind the sheaves of wheat. The term sheaf refers to a bundle of wheat or other grains, typically tied together with a bond or string. The harvesting process involves the following steps: Cutting the wheat using the reaping-machine Gathering the cut wheat into sheaves Binding the sheaves with a bond Placing the sheaves on end against each other to form a shock or stitch The Characters The story features a range of characters, including: Tess Durbeyfield: the main character, a country-bred girl who is living as a stranger and an alien in her native village  The harvesters: a group of people, including men and women, who work together to harvest the wheat The children: a group of children, ranging in age from 6 to 14, who appear on the scene towards the end of the story The Setting The story is set in a rural village, surrounded by fields and hills. The sunrise is described as a hazy and sentient scene, with the sun being personified as a golden-haired, beaming, mild-eyed, God-like creature. The Themes The story touches on several themes, including: Nature: the story highlights the beauty and power of nature, particularly in the description of the sunrise and the harvesting process Identity: Tess's character is explored in terms of her identity and her sense of belonging in the village Work: the story emphasizes the importance of outdoor work and the harvesting process in the agricultural world The Characters' Attire The characters' attire is described in detail, with the women wearing drawn cotton bonnets and gloves to protect themselves from the stubble. The men wear print shirts and trousers supported by leather straps. Tess is described as wearing a pale pink jacket and a bonnet that is pulled down over her face. Character Attire Pale pink Tess jacket, bonnet Drawn cotton The women bonnets, gloves  Print shirts, trousers The men supported by leather straps Tess Durbeyfield is a young mother who has been working in the fields as a harvester. She is described as having a flower-like mouth and large tender eyes. Despite her difficult situation, she has decided to return to work in the fields, where she is met with a mix of sympathy and curiosity from her fellow workers. The Social Stigma of Unwed Motherhood The community views Tess's situation as a social warning, and she is often the subject of gossip and speculation. However, her fellow workers, particularly the women, are friendly and supportive, and they welcome her back to the fields. The social stigma of unwed motherhood is a pervasive theme in the novel, highlighting the double standards and hypocrisy of the community. Tess's Emotional State Tess's emotional state is complex and multifaceted. She is described as feeling gloomy and indifferent towards her child, but also passionate and loving. Her emotions are in a state of flux, and she is struggling to come to terms with her situation. She feels a sense of responsibility towards her child She is anxious about the child's well-being She is guilty about her past actions She is determined to make a better life for herself and her child The Baby's Illness The baby's illness is a turning point in the novel, highlighting the fragility of life and the uncertainty of the future. Tess is devastated by the news, and her emotions are intensified by the fact that the baby has not been baptized.  Event Emotional Response Baby's illness Devastation, anxiety Baby's lack of baptism Guilt, fear Father's refusal to call the parson Anger, frustration The Theme of Salvation The theme of salvation is introduced through Tess's desire to have her baby baptized. This highlights the importance of religion in the community and the fear of damnation. Salvation is the state of being saved from sin and damnation, and is often associated with baptism and religious ritual. The novel raises questions about the nature of salvation and whether it is possible for individuals to achieve redemption through their actions.## Tess's Desperation and the Baptism of Sorrow Tess, in her distress and desperation, is driven to perform a baptism on her dying baby, whom she names Sorrow. This act is motivated by her fear of the baby being condemned to hell due to its illegitimacy and lack of baptism. The concept of hell refers to a place of eternal punishment and suffering, often associated with Christian theology. In this context, Tess believes that her baby's illegitimacy and lack of baptism will lead to its condemnation to hell. The baptism is performed in a makeshift manner, with Tess using a basin and water to baptize the baby. She also uses a Prayer-Book to guide her through the baptismal service. The Baptismal Service The baptismal service performed by Tess includes the following elements: Invocation: Tess invokes the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost during the baptism. Sign of the Cross: Tess draws a cross on the baby's forehead using her forefinger. Lord's Prayer: Tess recites the Lord's Prayer during the baptismal service. Thanksgiving: Tess offers a thanksgiving prayer after the baptism, expressing her gratitude and faith. The Vicar's Response After the baby's death, Tess seeks out the Vicar to inquire about the validity of the baptism and the possibility of a Christian burial. The Vicar is initially hesitant but eventually assures Tess that the baptism will be recognized. Question Vicar's Response Will the baptism be recognized? Yes, it will be just the same as if I had baptized him. Will you give the baby a Christian burial? No, I must not, for certain reasons. Key Terms and Concepts Baptism: a Christian sacrament that involves the use of water to symbolize spiritual cleansing and rebirth. Illegitimacy: the state of being born out of wedlock, often associated with social and moral stigma. Hell: a place of eternal punishment and suffering, often associated with Christian theology. Christian burial: a funeral service that follows Christian traditions and rituals.## Tess Durbeyfield's Transformation Tess Durbeyfield's experience was of an incapacitating kind, where she had learned what to do, but who would now accept her doing? This was due to her troublesome past, which had left her with a sense of demoralization. However, she did not let her experiences define her, and instead, she reflected on her life and the choices she had made. A liberal education is an education that focuses on the development of the whole person, including their intellectual, moral, and social abilities. In Tess's case, her experiences could have been seen as a liberal education, but they had not been perceived as such by the world. As Tess philosophized about her life, she began to think about her mortality and the fact that she would eventually die. She wondered when her death day would be and how it would be perceived by others. This introspection led her to realize that she needed to make a change and start a new life. Tess's New Life Tess decided to leave her home and start a new life as a dairymaid at a dairy-house called Talbothays. She was determined to leave her past behind and start fresh, without any d'Urberville air-castles in her dreams and deeds. The dairy was located near her ancestral land, which held a special significance for her. Location Significance Talbothays New life as a dairymaid Ancestral land Connection to her forefathers and granddames Marlott Her hometown, where she had experienced trouble and hardship Some of the key factors that influenced Tess's decision to start a new life include: Her desire to escape the past and start fresh Her need to support herself and become independent Her hope to find happiness in a new place, without the memories of her past Tess's Journey Tess's journey to Talbothays was not without its challenges. She had to travel through Stourcastle and wait for a carrier's van to take her to the south-west. Along the way, she met a farmer who offered her a seat in his spring cart, which she accepted. Mode of Transportation Destination Hired trap Stourcastle Carrier's van South-west Spring cart Talbothays As Tess traveled to her new life, she was filled with a sense of hope and determination. She was ready to leave her past behind and start a new chapter in her life.## Introduction to Tess's Journey Tess Durbeyfield is on a journey to the Valley of the Great Dairies, a place where milk and butter grow to rankness. She has never visited this part of the country before, but feels a kinship to the landscape. The journey is a pilgrimage for Tess, who is seeking a new start. Description of the Landscape The Valley of the Great Dairies is distinct from the Vale of Little Dairies, with enclosures numbering fifty acres instead of ten. The farmsteads are more extended, and the groups of cattle form tribes. The river Var or Froom nourishes the grass and cows of these renowned dairies. Characteristics of the Valley The following table highlights the key characteristics of the Valley of the Great Dairies:  Characteristic Description Enclosures Fifty acres instead of ten Farmsteads More extended Groups of cattle Form tribes River Clear, rapid, and nourishing Air Clear, bracing, and ethereal Tess's Emotional State Tess's emotional state is one of hope and thankfulness. She is feeling cheered by the new landscape and the prospect of a new start. Her face has changed with her changing states of mind, fluctuating between beauty and ordinariness. The human face is a reflection of the soul, and Tess's face is no exception. Her beauty is not just physical, but also a reflection of her inner state. The Power of Nature Tess finds solace in nature, and the landscape has a profound effect on her emotional state. The following bullet points highlight the ways in which nature affects Tess:  The sun and moon bring her joy The stars inspire her to praise and magnify the Lord The green things upon the earth and the fowls of the air bring her peace The beasts and cattle remind her of the beauty of creation The Benedicite Tess chants the Benedicite, an old psalm that she has known since infancy. The Benedicite is a prayer of thanksgiving, and Tess finds comfort in its words. The Benedicite is a prayer that says: "O ye Sun and Moon... O ye Stars... ye Green Things upon the Earth... ye Fowls of the Air... Beasts and Cattle... Children of Men... bless ye the Lord, praise Him and magnify Him forever!" Arrival at the Dairy Tess arrives at the dairy, and is greeted by the sound of milking-time. The cows are being called in, and Tess follows slowly in their rear. She enters the barton by the open gate, and is surrounded by the sights and sounds of the dairy. The following table highlights the key features of the dairy: Feature Description Stretch round Long thatched sheds the enclosure Encrusts the Vivid green moss slopes of the sheds  Support the Wooden posts eaves of the sheds Are a Cows and calves common sight in the dairy The dairy farm is a place where milkers and dairymaids work together to extract milk from cows. The cows are typically divided into two groups: those that are stalled and those that are milked in the middle of the yard. The prime milchers are the best milk-producing cows and are usually found in the valley. The Milking Process The milking process involves the dairymaids and male milkers sitting on three-legged stools and milking the cows by hand. The milk is collected in pails and the cows are milked twice a day. The master-dairyman, also known as Dairyman Dick, is in charge of the dairy farm and is responsible for ensuring that the cows are milked properly. A master-dairyman is a person who is in charge of a dairy farm and is responsible for the day-to-day operations of the farm. Types of Cows There are different types of cows on the dairy farm, including: Hard-teated animals: These cows are more difficult to milk and require a stronger finger-grip. Kindlier natures: These cows are easier to milk and are usually assigned to the maids. Horned cows: These cows have horns and are believed by some to be able to keep back their milk.  Nott cows: These cows do not have horns and are believed to give less milk than horned cows. The Importance of Milking Milking is an important process on the dairy farm, as it allows the cows to produce milk. If the cows are not milked properly, they may go azew, which means that they will stop producing milk. The master-dairyman and the dairymaids and male milkers work together to ensure that the cows are milked properly and that the milk is collected and stored safely. Songs and Milking Songs are often used on the dairy farm to entice the cows to produce more milk. The milkers believe that singing to the cows will improve their milk yield. The songs are usually cheerful ballads and are sung in a business-like tone. Dairy Farm Statistics The dairy farm has: Category Number Milchers nearly 100 Cows milked by the master-dairyman 6 or 8 Male milkers several Dairymaids several Challenges on the Dairy Farm The dairy farm faces several challenges, including: Cows keeping back their milk: This can happen when there is a new hand on the farm or when the cows are stressed. Cows going azew: This can happen if the cows are not milked properly or if they are stressed. Finding enough milkers: The dairy farm needs to find enough dairymaids and male milkers to help with the milking process.## Introduction to Dairy Farming The dairy farm is where Tess begins her new life, surrounded by milkmaids and dairyman Mr. Crick. The dairy farm is a place of hard work and dedication, where the milkmaids and dairyman work together to produce high-quality milk and dairy products. The Dairyman's Story The dairyman tells a story about a man named William Dewy, who used to play the fiddle to calm down a bull. The story goes that William Dewy was being chased by the bull and had to think quickly to save his life. He started playing a jig on his fiddle, which calmed the bull down, and then played a Christmas hymn to make the bull kneel down, allowing William Dewy to escape. The Newcomer A new person arrives at the dairy farm, Mr. Angel Clare, who is a pa'son's son and is learning milking and farming. He is described as a gentleman-born and is described as being too much taken up with his own thoughts to notice girls. Characteristics of Mr. Angel Clare Pa'son's son Gentleman-born Learning milking and farming Too much taken up with his own thoughts to notice girls Plays the harp The Dairy Farm Household The dairy farm household consists of: Name Position Mr. Crick Dairyman Mrs. Crick Dairyman's wife Tess Milkmaid Mr. Angel Clare Pupil learning milking and farming Other milkmaids Various A pa'son is a clergyman or a priest, and a pa'son's son is the son of a clergyman or priest. A gentleman-born is a person who is born into a family of high social class and is considered to be a gentleman. The Reverent Mr. Clare The Reverent Mr. Clare is Mr. Angel Clare's father, who is a clergyman at Emminster. He is described as a very earnest clergyman and is said to be the last of the old Low Church sort. All of his sons, except Mr. Angel Clare, are also clergymen. Characteristics of the Reverent Mr. Clare Clergyman at Emminster Very earnest Last of the old Low Church sort Has multiple sons who are clergymen## Introduction to Angel Clare Angel Clare is a complex character with a unique background and personality. He is the youngest son of a poor parson and has arrived at Talbothays Dairy as a six-month pupil to acquire practical skills in farming. Early Life and Education Angel's early life was marked by a sense of restlessness and a desire to break away from the traditional path laid out for him. His father, a devout man, had expected him to follow in his footsteps and become a minister. However, Angel had other plans. A minister is a person authorized to perform religious rites and ceremonies, and to provide spiritual guidance to a community. Despite his father's wishes, Angel refused to take Orders, citing his inability to conscientiously do so due to his disagreements with the Church's redemptive theolatry. Redemptive theolatry refers to the doctrine of salvation through faith in a higher power, and the idea that certain actions or beliefs can lead to redemption. Career Aspirations Angel's career aspirations were shaped by his desire for intellectual liberty and his aversion to modern town life. He considered various options, including: Farming in the Colonies or America Practicing a profession or business in London Pursuing a career in agriculture or breeding Life at Talbothays Dairy Angel's life at Talbothays Dairy was marked by a sense of solitude and contemplation. He lived in a large attic room, which he had converted into a homely sitting-room. He spent his time: Reading and studying Playing the harp Observing human nature by taking his meals with the dairyman and his family Key Characteristics Some of Angel's key characteristics include: Characteristic Description Restless A sense of discontent and a desire for change Intellectual A love of learning and a desire for knowledge Independent A desire for autonomy and self-sufficiency Averse to modern town life A dislike of urban living and a preference for rural life Relationships Angel's relationships with others were shaped by his sensitive nature and his desire for honesty and authenticity. His relationship with his father was particularly significant, as it highlighted their differences in values and beliefs. Sensitivity refers to a person's ability to be aware of and responsive to the feelings and needs of others.## Introduction to Rural Life Angel Clare's experience at the dairy farm is a significant aspect of his development. Initially, he found the conventional farm-folk to be unfamiliar and even retrogressive. However, as he spent more time with them, he began to appreciate their companionship and individuality. A person's individuality refers to their unique characteristics, traits, and qualities that distinguish them from others. As Clare got to know the farm workers, he realized that they were not just stereotypical figures, but rather complex individuals with their own thoughts, feelings, and experiences. He began to see the variety and diversity among them, which challenged his initial preconceptions. The Disintegration of Stereotypes The typical and unvarying image of Hodge, a stereotypical farm worker, ceased to exist in Clare's mind. Instead, he saw a multitude of unique individuals, each with their own strengths and weaknesses. This realization is reflected in the quote by Pascal: "A mesure qu'on a plus d'esprit, on trouve qu'il y a plus d'hommes originaux. Les gens du commun ne trouvent pas de difference entre les hommes." Characteristics of the Farm Workers Some of the characteristics of the farm workers that Clare observed include: Happiness: some were happy and content with their lives Serene: others were calm and peaceful Depression: a few struggled with feelings of sadness and despair Intelligence: some were bright and intelligent, even genius-like Stupidity: others were stupid or ignorant Wantonness: some were wanton and careless Austerity: others were austere and reserved Clare's Growing Appreciation for Rural Life As Clare spent more time at the farm, he began to appreciate the outdoor life and the beauty of nature. He enjoyed the seasons, the morning and evening routines, and the sounds of the natural world. He also developed a greater understanding of the phenomena of nature, such as the winds, trees, waters, and mists. The Farm Environment The farm environment was idyllic, with a large room for breakfast, a mullioned window, and a chimney-corner where Clare could sit and read. The milk-house door led to the rectangular leads filled with milk, and the great churn could be seen revolving in the distance. The Arrival of Tess The arrival of Tess at the farm marked a significant event in Clare's life. Initially, he hardly noticed her presence, but as time passed, he began to appreciate her unique qualities and individuality. The conversation at the table, the music, and the sounds of the farm all blended together to create a harmonious atmosphere. Character Description Angel Clare The protagonist, who develops a greater appreciation for rural life Tess A new arrival at the farm, who brings a unique perspective and individuality Hodge A stereotypical farm worker, who is disintegrated into a multitude of unique individuals Mrs Crick The dairyman's wife, who holds a high regard for Clare's gentility