Pharmacology 1 Summative Exam 1 Study Guide 2025 PDF

**Study Guide: Summative Exam 1** **Pharmacology 1, Spring Semester 2025 (PA2026)** ------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------- **Lecture Topic** **Number of questions** Definition...

**Study Guide: Summative Exam 1** **Pharmacology 1, Spring Semester 2025 (PA2026)** ------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------- **Lecture Topic** **Number of questions** Definitions 7 ADME 16 Intro to Biopharmaceutics and Drug Dosage forms/Intro to Drug Databases 16 Drug Dosing in Special Populations 11 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------- - Define the following terms: absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic window (wide vs narrow), pharmacology, drug, biopharmaceutics, bioequivalence, bioavailability. - Describe the relationship between the dose-response curve of a drug and its therapeutic index. - Explain what the angle of the slope means in the dose-response curve. - Compare and contrast the effects of various routes of administration on the onset, intensity and duration of pharmacologic effect. - Describe the first pass effect and the consequences for drug bioavailability. - Describe factors that affect drug absorption. - Identify where in the GI tract that most absorption takes place. - Discuss how diffusion and transporter-mediation affect drug absorption. - Identify a very common over-the-counter (OTC) medication that can affect drug absorption. - Describe factors that affect drug distribution including particle size and ionization. - Explain how tissue permeability affects drug distribution. - Describe the pharmacokinetic consequences of drug metabolism. - Recognize the major enzymatic reactions within Phase I and Phase II processes. - Discuss the concept of a prodrug. - Describe the contributions of filtration, secretion, and reabsorption on renal excretion of drugs - Predict route(s) of drug excretion based on molecular properties of drugs. - Describe the relationships between drug elimination and steady-state drug concentrations. - Explain the concept of half-life. - Explain the relationship of pharmaceutical equivalence, bioequivalence and therapeutic equivalence and the relationship to generic drugs. - Discuss what the FDA allows with regard to differences between brand name and generic drugs? - Identify pertinent counseling points and prescribing considerations for various outpatient dosage forms including capsules/tablets, oral solutions/suspensions/elixirs, transdermal preparations. - Based on a vignette, determine what form of medication will work best for a patient including the counseling you would provide to the patient. - Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of different drug forms. - Explain when you might need to change the drug form being used. - Explain the advantages, disadvantages, and when to avoid the use of modified or extended-release drugs. - Discuss the advantages, disadvantages, patient counseling, adverse effects, and safe handling/discarding of transdermal medications. - Explain the concept of a "do not crush" drug and where you would find information on whether or not a drug can be crushed. - Describe the processes by which drugs are eliminated from the body, including the organs involved and the forms of elimination. - Describe how renal disease and hepatic disease can change the elimination or metabolism of drugs. - Determine if a drug needs to be renally dosed based on a given CrCl and/or eGFR. - Define the lab tests and clinical symptoms used to calculate a Child-Pugh score. - Provide generalized recommendations on hepatic related dose reduction given a Child-Pugh score. - Describe the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes seen in a geriatric population and what special considerations need to be made when prescribing medications to geriatric patients. - Identify risk factors for adverse drug events in a geriatric population and strategies to mitigate that risk. - Explain the concept of an adverse drug events (ADE) prescribing cascade.