Exam 1 Pharm Study Guide PDF

[CH 2: Principles of Drug Action] Define routes of administration, enteral, parenteral (IV, IM, IO, SC), transdermal, inhalation, topical **Routes of administration -- the portal of entry for a drug into the body, such as oral (Enteral), injectable, or inhalation** - Tablet - Capsule - Su...

[CH 2: Principles of Drug Action] Define routes of administration, enteral, parenteral (IV, IM, IO, SC), transdermal, inhalation, topical **Routes of administration -- the portal of entry for a drug into the body, such as oral (Enteral), injectable, or inhalation** - Tablet - Capsule - Suppository - Elixir - Suspension - IV (intravenous) - IM (intramuscular) - IC (subcutaneous) - IT (intrathoracic) - IO (intraosseous) - Patch, paste - Gas, aerosol - Powder, lotion, ointment Drug Administration Phase - Identifies drug dosage forms and routes of administration - **Routes of administration** -- the portal of entry for a drug into the body - **Drug dosage form** -- the physical state of the drug in association with non-drug components. Define drug dosage form**, **and provide examples - **Drug dosage form -- the physical state of the drug in association with non-drug components.** - Tablets - Capsules - Solutions Define Pharmacokinetic Phase - **Pharmacokinetic Phase -** the time, course and disposition of a drug in the body, based on its absorption, disposition, metabolism, and elimination. Identify the components of the pharmacokinetic phase:  - **Absorption -** how a drug reaches the bloodstream - **Distribution -** The process by which a drug is transported to its sites of action, eliminated, or stored - **Metabolism (Liver) -** Drug biotransformation (how the body transforms/process the drug into its action potential - **Elimination (Kidney) -** Plasma Clearance - how is this chemical, drug, or medication eliminated or evacuated from the body Know the differences between **local **and **systemics **effects - Local effects -- a certain area in the body (like if a drug targets the lungs) - Systemic effects -- get into the blood and travel through the body What is the **L/T Ratio**, what does is quantify/signify and what factors can increase the L/T ratio  - L/T ratio - Proportion of drug available from the lung, out of the total systemically available drug - Local vs systemic effects - Quantifies-\> Formula= (Lung dose)/(Lung dose + GI dose) - Factors that increase L/T: - Efficient delivery devices - Inhaled drugs with high first-pass metabolism - Mouth washing, rinsing, spitting - Use of a reservoir device Define the following terms:  - **Pharmacodynamic Phase (how does the meds work) --** mechanisms of drug, what the drug does to the body, based on its absorption, disposition, metabolism, and elimination. - **Structure-Activity Relationship -** relationships between a drug's chemical structure and the outcome it has on the body - **Receptor --** cell component that combines with a drug to change or enhance the function of the cell - **Agonist (stimulates a receptor) --** chemical or drug that binds to a receptor and creates an effect of the body - **Antagonist (blocks receptors) --** chemical or drug that binds to a receptor but does not create an effect on the body; it blocks the receptor - **Synergism --** a drug interaction that occurs from combined drug effects that are greater than if the drugs were given alone - **Additivity -** occurs when two drugs act on the same receptors and the combined effect is the simple linear sum of the effects of the two drugs, up to a maximal effect** ** - **Potentiation -** a special case of synergism in which one drug has no effect but can increase the activity of the other drug [CH 4: Calculating Drug Dosages] Know metric system values, conversions and base units for length, volume and mass, and how to convert by **moving the decimal point** - Converting [from SMALLER] substance [to LARGER] substance - move decimal point to the **LEFT** - Converting [from LARGER] substance [to SMALLER] substance - move decimal point to the **RIGHT** - **km** -- 3 times larger than meters (move 3 places to the **right**) - **hm** -- 2 times larger than meters (move 2 places to the **right**) - **dam** -- 1 time larger than meters (move 1 place to the **right**) - **dm** -- 1 time smaller than meters (move 1 place to the **left**) - **cm** - 2 times smaller than meters (move 3 places to the **left**) - [**mm** -- 3 times smaller than meters (move 3 places to the **left**)] - **µm** -- 6 times smaller than meters (move 6 places to the **left**) - **kL** -- 3 times larger than liters (move 3 places to the **right**) - **hL** - 2 times larger than liters (move 2 places to the **right**) - **daL** -- 1 time larger than liters (move 1 place to the **right**) - **dL** -- 1 time smaller than liters (move 1 place to the **left**) - **cL** -- 2 times smaller than liters (move 2 places to the **left**) - [**mL** -- 3 times smaller than liters (move 3 places to the **left**)] - **µL** - 6 times smaller than liters (move 6 places to the **left**) **Mass - Grams (base unit 1)** - **kg** -- 3 times larger than grams (move 3 places to the **right**) - **hg** -- 2 times larger than grams (move 2 places to the **right**) - **dag** -- 1 time larger than grams (move 1 place to the **right**) - **dg** -- 1 time smaller than grams (move 1 place to the **left**) - **cg** -- 2 times smaller than grams (move 1 place to the **left**) - **mg** - 3 times smaller than grams (move 3 places to the **left**) - **mcg or µg** - 6 times smaller than grams (move 6 places to the **left**) - **ng** -- 9 times smaller than grams (move 9 places to the **left**) - **pg** -- 12 times smaller than grams (move 12 places to the **left**) Know household units of measure - **drop, teaspoon, tablespoon, fluid ounce** - **Drops : 16 = 1 mL** - **Teaspoon: 1 = 5mL = 60 drops** - **Tablespoon: 1 = 15mL (3 teaspoons)** - **Fluid ounce: 1 = 30 mL (8 = 240 mL (1 cup)** Terms:  - **Solution** -- physical homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances (solute) - **Solute** -- substance or active ingredient that is dissolved in a solution - **Solvent** -- substance, usually a liquid, used to make a solution - solution **Strength** -- amount of solute in a solution; usually expressed as a percent (%) - solution **Percent** -- part of the active ingredient that is in a solution containing 100 parts Know what a dosage schedule is and what is being calculated - Dosage schedule -- the dose of a drug must be obtained from a schedule, which may be based on the size of a person. - Calculating -- the dose per mg/kg of body weight Know the medication delivery frequency abbreviations - **ā:** before - **p̄ :** after - **Q or q:** every - **HR, hr, or h:** hour - Q2HR or q2h (every 2 hours) - Q4HR or q4h (every 4 hours) - Q6HR or q6h (every 6 hours) - Q2-4HR (every 2-4 hours) - **MIN:** minutes - q15min (every 15 minutes) - q30min (every 30 minutes) - Daily or Q24HR (q24h): every day (QD or qd no longer recommended in practice) - **Every other day:** write it out - **BID**: twice a day - **TID**: 3 times a day - **QID**: 4 times a day - **STAT**: immediately (time critical) - **PRN** as needed **\ ** [CH 5: The Nervous System] **Central Nervous System (CNS) ** - System that includes the brain and spinal cord; controls voluntary and involuntary acts. **Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) ** - Portion of the nervous system outside the CNS, including **sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic nerves.** - **Sensory neurons - afferent** - signals that are transmitted to the brain and spinal cord - Taking some information from the periphery of the body taking the information to the brain and spinal cord so they can interoperate and make nesacery adjustments - **Somatic (motor) neurons -** **efferent** - signals that are transmitted [from] the brain and the spinal cord - Acetylcholine is primary neurotransmitter - **Autonomic Nervous system** - consists of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic branches - generally utilizes efferent signals **Parasympathetic Branch - **Day-to-day functions - Cardiopulmonary system effects - Decrease in heart rate, decrease in blood pressure, decrease in respiratory rate, bronchoconstriction, increase mucous production. - **Parasympathomimetic** - agent causing stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system - **Parasympatholytic** - agent blocking or inhibiting the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system - **Acetylcholine (ach)** - neurotransmitter at **both** the ganglionic synapse and **neuroeffector site** - Main chemoreceptor - **Cholinergic** - refers to a drug causing stimulation of a receptor for acetylcholine **Parasympathetic Branch - **Day-to-day functions (Continued) - **Anticholinergic** - refers to a drug blocking a receptor for acetylcholine - Causes the opposite effects of Parasympathetic effects - **Muscarinic** - refers to cholinergic receptors at parasympathetic end sites **Sympathetic Branch - **Fight or flight responses - Cardiopulmonary system effects - Increase in heart rate, increase in blood pressure, increase in respiratory rate, **bronchodilation** - **Sympathomimetic** - agent causing stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system - **Sympatholytic** - agent blocking or inhibiting the effect of the sympathetic nervous system - **Acetylcholine (ach)** - neurotransmitter at the **ganglionic synapse** - **Norepinephrine (NE)** - neurotransmitter at the **neuroeffector site\\** - **Adrenergic **- refers to a drug stimulating a receptor for norepinephrine or epinephrine - **Antiadrenergic** - refers to a drug blocking a receptor for norepinephrine or epinephrine - Adrenergic receptor types (norepinephrine or epinephrine) - Alpha 1 - Peripheral Blood vessels - Alpha 2 - CNS - Beta 1 - Heart - **Beta 2 - Bronchial smooth muscle (bronchodilatation)**, cardiac muscle - Beta 3 - Lipocytes (fat cells)