Philippines: Barangay, Spanish Colonialism, Struggles

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Questions and Answers

Which event directly catalyzed Andres Bonifacio to found the Katipunan?

  • The martyrdom of GomBurZa.
  • The Spanish Revolution of 1868.
  • Rizal's death. (correct)
  • The Pact of Biak-na-Bato.

The Biak-na-Bato Constitution aimed to establish a monarchy in the Philippines.

False (B)

What was the primary method used by the Propagandists to advocate for reforms in the Philippines?

writings/publications/articles

The Tejeros Convention resulted in Aguinaldo being elected as president and Bonifacio as director of the ______.

<p>interior</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each event or organization with its primary goal or outcome.

<p>Katipunan = To unite Filipinos and fight for independence Propaganda Movement = To pressure the Spanish Government for reforms Pact of Biak-na-Bato = Attempted reconciliation between Spanish government and revolutionaries Tejeros Convention = Formation of a revolutionary government</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key factor that contributed to the rise of Filipino nationalism during the late 19th century?

<p>Opportunities for Ilustrados to travel and gain education in Europe. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary justification cited by Marcos for declaring martial law in 1972?

<p>Rising civil disobedience (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Governor-General Primo De Rivera chose to suppress the rebellion using military force rather than reconciliation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Marcos implemented a parliamentary-style government known as the Batasang Pambansa after abolishing the 1935 constitution.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the two primary objectives of the Katipunan, as envisioned by Andres Bonifacio?

<p>to unite the Filipinos into one solid nation and to fight for Philippine independence from Spain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action did Marcos take to demonstrate a return to normalcy after lifting martial law, according to the content?

<p>He called for a presidential election</p> Signup and view all the answers

After the lifting of Martial Law and the shift to a parliamentary government, Pres. Marcos appointed _____ as Prime Minister.

<p>Cesar A. Virata</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following events with their corresponding dates:

<p>Declaration of Martial Law = September 23, 1972 End of Martial Law = January 17, 1981 Presidential Election After Lifting of Martial Law = June 16, 1981</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Marcos do to businesses that did not comply with his orders?

<p>He ordered their facilities shut down. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, the Philippine economy improved significantly immediately after the declaration of martial law.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one political figure whose assassination is mentioned in the content.

<p>Benigno Aquino Jr.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary function of a 'barangay' during the pre-colonial era in the Philippines?

<p>The smallest administrative and governing body, typically a village or district. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Spanish only exerted physical control over Filipinos during their colonial period.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term was used to refer to Spaniards born in Spain during the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines?

<p>Peninsulares</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Americans utilized the educational system, particularly the use of ______ as a medium of instruction, to influence Filipino culture during their colonial period.

<p>English</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following elements of resistance with their descriptions:

<p>Nativism = Emphasis on indigenous culture and traditions as a form of resistance against colonial influence. Local Clergy's Demand for Equality = Efforts by Filipino priests to gain equal status and rights within the Catholic Church. People's Protest = Public demonstrations and uprisings against Spanish oppression and injustices. Economic Transformation = Changes in the economic landscape that fueled resistance, as Filipinos sought greater control over their resources and trade.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contributed most significantly to the development of a 'Filipino' consciousness during the Spanish colonial period?

<p>Exposure to liberal ideas from around the world through increased trade and education. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Constantino, which of the following is a characteristic of contemporary Filipino consciousness that resulted from American colonization?

<p>A tendency towards corruption due to limited public opportunities and a consumerist attitude. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Propaganda Movement, which advocated for reforms in the Philippines, was ultimately successful in achieving its goals during the Spanish colonial period.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization's final tally of votes contrasted with the COMELEC's declared results in the 1986 snap election?

<p>National Movement for Free Elections (NAMFREL) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 1986 snap election results were widely accepted by the Filipino people without contention.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one consequence of Aquino's call for strikes and boycotts against Marcos's cronies.

<p>Crony banks, corporations, and media suffered losses; Shares plummeted in the stock market</p> Signup and view all the answers

Before Corazon Aquino was inaugurated as President, snipers fired at reformists from the top of the government-owned Channel ______ tower.

<p>9</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the individuals with their roles during Corazon Aquino's inauguration:

<p>Corazon Aquino = Inaugurated as President Claudio Teehankee = Administered the oath of office to Aquino Aurora Aquino = Held the Bible during Aquino's oath Vicente Abad Santos = Administered the oath of office to Laurel</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action did the 50 opposition members of Parliament take in response to Marcos being proclaimed the winner?

<p>They walked out in protest. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Corazon Aquino and Ferdinand Marcos held their inaugurations at the same location.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way did the COMELEC's actions lead to controversy during the snap election?

<p>Declared Marcos the winner; Manipulated election results</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which color was prominently associated with Corazon Aquino's campaign for the presidency?

<p>Yellow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Foreign dignitaries attended Marcos' inauguration ceremony for security reasons.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the title of the popular folk song often sung as an unofficial national anthem of protest during Aquino's oath-taking?

<p>Bayan Ko</p> Signup and view all the answers

Marcos conducted his inauguration at ______.

<p>Malacañang</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the status of the 'bill of rights' in the 1987 Constitution, according to the text?

<p>It is guaranteed by the state but often ignored by the government. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the figures with their roles during the inauguration ceremonies:

<p>Ramos = Promoted to General Enrile = Attended Aquino's oath-taking Imelda Marcos = Sang 'Dahil Sa Iyo'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What chant were Marcos loyalists shouting at the Palace balcony?

<p>&quot;Marcos, Marcos, Marcos pa rin!&quot; (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

News of Marcos's arrival on February 26 led to immediate celebrations in the streets.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason Ninoy Aquino decided to return to the Philippines after his self-imposed exile?

<p>To negotiate with President Marcos. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Agrava Board's reports concluded that Rolando Galman acted alone in the assassination of Ninoy Aquino.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symbol became associated with protesters calling for the resignation of Marcos and the restoration of justice and freedom?

<p>Yellow ribbons (and clothes)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Due to the economic crisis, the exchange rate of the peso against the US dollar reached P______ to one dollar.

<p>14</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following events with their direct consequences:

<p>Ninoy Aquino's assassination = Demonstrations and rallies protesting the death, and economic instability Economic crisis = Foreign banks refused to grant loans to the Philippines Withdrawal of foreign investors = Decrease in tourism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Ninoy Aquino's political status during his imprisonment during Martial Law?

<p>He successfully ran for a seat in the Senate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The investigation into Ninoy Aquino's death was immediately solved, leading to swift justice.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the amount of unpaid debts that the Philippines had which caused foreign banks to refuse to grant loans?

<p>$27B</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Barangay

The smallest administrative division in the Philippines; native term for village or district.

Spanish Colonial Controls

Forced relocation into larger communities and religious conversion to Christianity.

Struggles Against Colonialism

Resistance movements against Spanish oppression driven by nativism, clergy demands, and economic transformation.

Development of Filipino Identity

Exposure to global trade and liberal ideas led to a growing sense of 'Filipino' identity.

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American Colonial Education

Nationwide public schools using English to promote American values and distort Philippine history.

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Contemporary Consciousness

Acceptance of foreign values, vague national loyalty, corruption, alien culture, and consumerism.

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Campaigns for Reforms

Filipinos sought reforms through propaganda but ultimately failed, leading to revolution.

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Philippine Revolution of 1896

The collective action taken by the Filipino people to claim independence from Spain.

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Nationalism

Devotion to one's country, or struggle for its freedom.

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Causes of Nationalism

New ideas abroad, opportunities for education, racial prejudice, Spanish Revolution of 1868, Martyrdom of GomBurZa.

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Propaganda Movement

A reform movement by Filipino ilustrados using writing and publications to pressure the Spanish government for change.

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Katipunan (KKK)

A secret revolutionary society founded by Andres Bonifacio to fight for Philippine independence.

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Katipunan Goals

To unite Filipinos into one solid nation and fight for independence from Spain.

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Aguinaldo vs. Bonifacio

Aguinaldo advocated for a revolutionary government, leading to a power struggle with Bonifacio.

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Tejeros Convention

The establishment of a revolutionary government to replace the Katipunan's Supreme Council.

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Pact of Biak-na-Bato

Declared the separation of the Philippines from Spain and established a republican government.

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Martial Law

The imposition of military rule over a civilian population, usually during a time of emergency or rebellion.

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Batasang Pambansa

A legislative body established by Ferdinand Marcos to replace the 1935 Constitution, resembling a parliamentary system.

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Personality Cult

A system where a leader uses propaganda and manipulation to create an idealized public image, often suppressing dissent.

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Embezzle

To steal or misappropriate funds entrusted to one's care, often public money.

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Proclamation No. 2045

An official public announcement declaring the end of a state of emergency or martial law.

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1981 Presidential Election

An election called by Marcos to demonstrate a return to normalcy and democracy after the declaration of Martial Law.

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April 7, 1981 Government Shift

Shifted the Philippines to a parliamentary form of government under Marcos' rule.

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Cesar A. Virata

Appointed by Marcos as Prime Minister in the shift to a parliamentary government.

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Bayan Ko

Popular folk song used as an unofficial anthem of protest during Aquino's oath-taking.

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1987 Constitution's Bill of Rights

Guarantees rights, but often ignored by the government and viewed as enabling "tyranny of the majority."

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Restored Democratic Institutions

Institutions restored after authoritarian rule, used to challenge political clans and develop democracy.

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Marcos Pa Rin!

Marcos loyalists' shout, meaning "Marcos, Marcos, still Marcos!"

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February 26

Marcos departure date from the Philippines.

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Yellow

Color associated with Aquino's campaign for presidency.

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Malacañang

Oath-taking location for Marcos' controversial inauguration.

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"Dahil Sa Iyo"

Theme song of Marcos and Imelda, sung tearfully during his last days in power.

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Who was Ninoy Aquino?

Former Senator and vocal critic of Marcos, assassinated upon return to the Philippines after self-imposed exile.

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Who was Rolando Galman?

The individual initially identified by the military as the assassin of Ninoy Aquino.

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What characterized the protests post-Ninoy's assassination?

Public displays of protest using yellow as a symbol, demanding Marcos' resignation after Ninoy's assassination.

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Who was Corazon 'Cory' Aquino?

Ninoy Aquino's widow, who led street protests in Makati City following his assassination.

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What was the Economic Crisis post-Ninoy's assassination?

The economic downturn in the Philippines triggered by Ninoy Aquino's assassination.

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Who was Corazon Agrava?

Committee Head appointed by Marcos to investigate Aquino's assassination.

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What was the 1st Agrava Board Report?

Report stating Aquino was shot by a soldier, implicating military officials.

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What was the 2nd Agrava Board Report?

The other report stated military officials were responsible for the double murder of Aquino and Galman, implicating 26 soldiers.

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1986 Snap Election

Elections held on February 7, 1986, marked by controversy over the declared winner.

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COMELEC

The official election body that declared Marcos the winner of the 1986 snap election.

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NAMFREL

An accredited poll watcher that declared Aquino the winner of the 1986 snap election.

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Election Issues of 1986

The 1986 election was affected by violence and tampering of results, leading to protests.

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Marcos' Proclamation

Declared Marcos as the winner on February 15, amidst controversy, rejected by the Filipino people.

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Aquino's Inauguration

Inaugurated as President of the Philippines at Club Filipino on February 25.

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Club Filipino

The location of Corazon Aquino's inauguration as President

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Claudio Teehankee

The Senior Associate Justice who swore in Corazon Aquino as president.

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Study Notes

  • Barangay is the smallest administrative division in the Philippines
  • It is the native Filipino term for a village/district/ward
  • It is the smallest governing body there
  • It is also known as balangay
  • Head of the Barangay is called Datu

Spanish Colonial Experience (1521-1898)

  • Two controls used by the Spaniards: physical and psychological
  • Physical control involved forcing small communities to form larger ones
  • Psychological control involved making all Filipinos believe in the God of friars

Struggles Against Colonialism

  • Spanish repression triggered resistance
  • Nativism
  • Locals wanted growth of the clergy, and demand for equal status within the church
  • Loyalist civilians attended the ceremony
  • "Marcos, Marcos, still Marcos!" was heard on the Palace balcony
  • Marcos took his oath as President, being broadcast by IBC-13 and GMA-7
  • Imelda Marcos sang "Dahil Sa Iyo" tearfully
  • Liberal learning through education led to clamor for attention to the sources of discontent
  • The population increased
  • The rise of a subgroup within the
  • Spaniards were called peninsulares, while natives were called indios
  • Rebel troops captured the other stations

American Colonial Period (1898-1946)

  • Barricades amassed along Mendiola
  • Activists were prevented from storming the Palace
  • Angry demonstrators were pacified by priests
  • There was distortion of the history of the American occupation, with glorification of the American way of life
  • Marcos arrived on February 26
  • News of Marcos being overthrown caused people to celebrate
  • Looting by overly angry protesters occurred
  • Decisions changed inside the Palace
  • A vague loyalty to the motherland and concerned over the reactions of the colonial power
  • A 10-peso coin commemorates the People Power Revolution
  • The 1987 Constitution's third article is titled the "bill of rights"
  • The "bill of rights" is guaranteed by the state, but largely ignored by the government
  • The revolution restored democratic institutions after thirteen years of authoritarian rule
  • Institutions have been used to challenge the entrenched political clans and develop Philippine democracy

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