Biology Notes PDF

1. Tissue: A group of Cells working together to perform specific functions 2. Epithelial covers surfaces , lines cavities, forms glands connective: supports, protects,& binds other tissues Muscle: produces movement through contraction Nervous: transmits electrical signals for communication Part 2...

1. Tissue: A group of Cells working together to perform specific functions 2. Epithelial covers surfaces , lines cavities, forms glands connective: supports, protects,& binds other tissues Muscle: produces movement through contraction Nervous: transmits electrical signals for communication Part 2: Epithelial Tissues 2. Characteristics; closely packed cells, little extracellular matrix, avascular. high regeneration capacity in. 2. classifications: cell layers simple (one layer), stratified (multiple layers), pseudo stratified (single layer that appears multilayered) cell shape: squamous (flat) cuboidal (cube-like), columnar (tall & rectangular) 3. Locations simple squamous: Air sacs of lungs. blood vessel linings Simplecolumnar lining of uterus, stomach, galbladder, intestines simple cuboidal surface of ovaries, lining of ducts of certain glands 'stratitied squamous: lining of oral cavity esophagus, vagina and anal canal psuedostratified: Respiratory passages lining Transitional: linings of urinary bladder&uterers, partof urethra part 3: connective Tissue 1. components: cells, fibers (collagen, reticular, elastic), ground substance 2. Types: loose connective: areolar (under epithelial) , adipose (fat storage), Reticular (lymph nodes) Dense connective: regular (tendons), Irregular (dermis), elastic (arteries) specialized connective: cartilage (joints), bone (skeleton), blood (circulatory system) Adipose tissue: stores energy, provides insulation, cushions organs. Found under skin, around organs. Muscle Tissue 1. Types skeletal: voluntary, striated, attached to bones smooth: involuntary. non-striated, found in walls of hollow organs cardiac: Involuntary, striated, Found in heart 2. Locations: skeletal: muscles usually attached to bones biceps, triceps smooth: walls of hollow internal organs (intestines, blood vessels) cardiac: Heart walls (Heart) 3. Functions: skeletal, movement cardiac. pump blood smooth, moving substances Part5: Nervous Tissue 1. Function: Transmit electrical signals for communication 2. cell types: Nuerons (conduct electrical impulse) Nueroglia (support/protect nuerons) 3. Location: Brain, spinal cord, nerves levels of organization- chemical, celullar, tissue, organ, organ system, organism 2. Homeostasis-The maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes components of a feedback loop- receptor (detect Change). control center (processes information) Effector (carries out responses) EX: Negative (body temp: regulation), positive (childbirth) 3. Structure/ Function- Bones (hard structure) provide support & protection. 4 Interdependence of systems- Respiratory & circulatory system work together to deliver oxygen to tissues 5. Gradients & Flows- Gradients (differences in concentration, pressure, or charge) drive processes like diffusion & oxygen entering cells & blood flow. Part 2: chem in A&P 1. Atomic structure subatomic particles: protons positive charge (nucleus), Neutrons neutral, (nucleus), Electrons negative (orbitals) Isotope, An atom with a different number of neutrons 2. Chemical bonds lonic (transfer of electrons) covalent(sharing of electrons) Hydrogen weak attraction between polar molecules 3. Reactions: synthesis: A+B→ AB (anabolic) Decomposition: AB → A + B (Hydrolysis), (catabolic) enzymes: speed up reactions by lowering activation energy PH & Buffers- pH: A measure of hydrogen ion concentration normal/ neutral is 7.35-7.45 Buffers: substances that stabilize ph by neutralizing acids or bases, removing excess H+ Part 3: Molecules in A&P water Importance-solvent,temperature regulation, lubrication properties: high heat capacity. cohesion, adhesion, solvent abilities 2. organic molecules Lipids: store energy, form membranes (triglycerides) carbohydrates: provide energy (glucose) proteins: Enzymes, structural components (hemoglobin) Nucleic Acids: genetic material, energy transfer DNA, RNA З. АТР ATP (Adenosine triphosphate): Main energy source of cell - Generated via celluar respiration used in active transport, muscle contractions, etc. overview of cell Part 1: cell: smallest structural & functional unit of life all living organisms composed of cells.. 2. Three Main Parts plasma membrane-outer boundary of cell, selectively permeable, made of phospholipids сytoplasm - Viscous fluid containing organelles Nucleus - control center, contains DNA. 3. Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic cells prokaryotic : no nucleus, 10x smaller, no membrane-bound organelles Eukaryotic: has nucleus, 10x larger, has membrane-bound organelles Part 2: The plasma membrane 1. Fluid Mosaic Model: Describes membrane as a flexible structure made or a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. 2. Hydrophilic: water-loving (phosphate heads) Hydrophobic: water repellent or fearing (lipid tails) Transport: Move substances across membrane Receptors: Bind signaling molecules for communication Enzymes: catalyze chemical reactions cell identity markers: Help cells recognize each other Glycocalyx: A carbohydrate rich layer on the cell surface involved in cell recognition & protection organelles/their Functions: Nucleotide : stores genetic info, controls cell activities RoughER: produces proteins for export Golgi Apparatus: modifies, sorts, & packages proteins SmoothER: Synthesizes lipids, detoxifies substances Mitochondria: Produces ATP (energy) cytoskeleton:Provides structural support/facilitates movement Ribosomes: synthesizes proteins peroxisomes: detoxifies harmful substances Lysosomes: Breaks down waste & cellular debris Membrane bound-nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi, lysosome ,peroxisomes non-membrane - ribosomes, cytoskeleton, centrioles Part 4: cellular transport. 1. Passive Transport-does not require energy (diffusion, osmosis) Active Transport-Requires energy Types of passive Transport simple diffusion: Movement of small, non polar molecules (H20) Facilitated diffusion: Movement via carrier/channel proteins osmosis: Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane Types of Transport: primary-uses ATP directly secondary-uses a concentration gradient 4. osmosis lsotonic: no net water movement, cell remains same size hypotonic: water enters cell, cell grows in size Hypertonic: Water exits the cell: cell shrinks part 5; Cellular communication & division 1. Cells communicate via signaling molecules that bind to receptors, triggering intracellular responses 2. Stages of cell cycle G1: cell growth S phase: DNA replication G2 : preparation for division M: mitosis (division) 3. Steps of Mitosis prophase: chromosomes condense, spindle forms metaphase: chromosomes align at center anaphase: sister chromatids separate telophase: nuclear envelope forms, cells start to divide