Organ Systems Overview PDF

Schema Check! How many organ systems do we have? - Muscular - Respiratory - Digestive - Integumentary - Circulatory - Endocrine - Reproductive - Urinary/Excretory - Immune - Nervous - Skeletal MNEMONIC: MR. DICE RUINS ORGAN SYSTEMS OVE...

Schema Check! How many organ systems do we have? - Muscular - Respiratory - Digestive - Integumentary - Circulatory - Endocrine - Reproductive - Urinary/Excretory - Immune - Nervous - Skeletal MNEMONIC: MR. DICE RUINS ORGAN SYSTEMS OVERVIEW  LEARNING COMPETENCY Compare and contrast the following processes in plants and animals: reproduction, development, nutrition, gas exchange, transport/circulation, regulation of body fluids, chemical and nervous control, immune systems, and sensory and motor mechanisms. For more information, please read chapters 1 to 6 in your General Biology 2 textbook (Ramos, A. C., & Ramos, J.D. (2018). Exploring Life through Science General Biology 2 (K to 12 Edition). Phoenix Publishing House: Quezon City) Specific Learning Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the learners should be able to: a. discuss correctly various organ systems in plants and animals; b. compare and contrast critically the processes in plants and animals through a group presentation; and c. appreciate reflectively the importance of the different organ systems and how these systems contribute to homeostasis of the organism through recitation. Can you still recall RESPIRATION in General Biology 1? RESPIRATORY SYSTEM MAJOR TYPES OF GAS EXCHANGE SYSTEMS in ANIMALS Body surface Lungs Gills 1. BODY SURFACE INTEGUMENTARY EXCHANGE - The process of using entire outer skin to exchange gases. -insects, amphibians, fish, sea snakes, turtles. Why can’t we use our skin for gas exchange? 2. GILLS - They ventilate by waving the gills back and forth through the water. - They have gills covered by a pony plate called operculum.  3. TRACHEA AND LUNGS Steps in gas exchange in animals and humans: I. Breathing - Act of taking air in (O2) an out (CO2) of the lungs. 2. Transport of gases - Must be transported by the circulatory system. 3. Exchange of gases in cells 3. LUNGS 1. Pharynx: muscular tube in upper throat 2. Epiglottis: directs air down the respiratory path 3. Trachea: connects the larynx to the lungs. 4. Lungs - Left and right bronchi - Have tiny tubes called bronchioles - End of bronchioles are alveoli 5. Gas exchange  GAS EXCHANGE IN PLANTS LENTICELS PNEUMATOPHORES STOMATA 1. LENTICELS - permit the exchange of gases between the environment and the internal tissue spaces of the organs (stems and some fruits) 2. PNEUMATOPHORES - specialized spongy, aerial roots stemming which enable plants to utilize air in waterlogged soil habitats. 3. STOMATA - are tiny openings or pores in plant tissue that allow for gas exchange. WHAT ORGAN SYSTEM LINKS RESPIRATORY SYSTEM? CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Why is it important to continually bring in essential substances into the body and get rid of wastes? To Survive TWO BASIC TYPES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 1. OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM - Invertebrates - Fluid is transported among the cells with no distinction between the blood and interstitial fluid. 2. CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM - Invertebrates and vertebrates - blood is pumped by a heart through vessels, and does not normally fill body cavities. I. BLOOD VESSELS Veins - carry blood from the capillaries back towards the heart. Arteries - away from the heart. - Arterioles (smaller arteries) Capillaries - where the exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and the tissues. II. BLOOD - It is a collection of fluid cells by which oxygen and nutrients reach the body’s cells and waste materials are carried away. - It fights microorganisms. COMPONENTS OF BLOOD: Red blood cells (erythrocytes) White blood cells (leukocytes) Platelets (thrombocytes) Plasma WHAT ORGAN SYSTEM LINKS CIRCULATORY SYSTEM? IMMUNE SYSTEM TWO SUBSYSTEMS 1. Innate Immune system (Nonspecific) - We were born with a number of defense mechanisms which are said to be nonspecific in aiming pathogens. 2. Adaptive Immune system (Specific) - We were born with a number of defense mechanisms which are said to be specific in aiming pathogens. I. INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM A. FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE - These are holes in our body: What would happen if there is a - Skin successful invasion of pathogens inside the body? - Eyes - Mouth - Nose - Ears - Vagina - Anus I. INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM B. SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE - Lymphatic system - WBC a. Macrophages: large; ingest microorganisms through phagocytosis b. Natural Killer Cells (Large Granular Lymphocyte): viruses c. Dendritic cells: messengers between innate and adaptive immunity.  I. INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM B. SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE d. Eosinophils: target parasitic worms e. Basophils: inflammation and allergic reaction f. Mast cells: together with basophils, responsible for injury or allergic reaction I. INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM LYMPHATIC SYSTEM - network of vessels and other tissues, including the tonsils, spleen, and thymus, that maintains fluid balance and fights against infection by supplying disease-fighting cells and lymphocytes. II. ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE C. THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE - Lymphocytes: a. B-lymphocytes (B cells) - Bone marrow - Produce antibodies attached to pathogens b. T-lymphocytes (T cells) - Thymus - Destroy cells attached with antibodies Plants Immune System Plant Immunity: it is a state of defense against infectious pathogens. Mode of entry of pathogen depend on type of pathogen: Bacteria – stomata and wounds Nematode – stylet Forms of plant resistance: Antipathy – lack of interest of pests or pathogens in a plant. Ex: Resistance of Arabidopsis to insect. Hindrance – lack of pathogen’s ability to parasitize the plant because of certain plant features. Ex: higher level of calcium can macerate pathogens. Defense – plant innate immune system. WHAT ORGAN SYSTEM LINKS IMMUNE SYSTEM? DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Animal Nutrition What is nutrition? 1. What is autotroph? - Nutrition is defined as the - Organisms that can processes by which an animal or produce their own food. plant takes in and utilizes food substances. 2. What is heterotroph? - Consume food from other organisms.  Types of Digestive System in Animals 1. Intracellular digestion - Single-celled organisms process their food right inside their cells. 2. Extracellular digestion - Multicellular organisms absorbed nutrients into the bloodstream after they have digested while wastes are excreted out. Do we all have the same digestive system including animals? ??? HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM  Types of Digestion 5 Stages of Digestion Physical Digestion Ingestion: Food taken into mouth Digestion: Food broken down by teeth and digestive enzymes Absorption: into bloodstream Assimilation: the absorbed nutrients Chemical Digestion become part of the body. Excretion: Undigested material egested through anus The parts of the digestive system The mouth The oesophagus The stomach The lives The pancreas The gallbladder The small intestine The large intestine The rectum The anus  The parts of the digestive system The Mouth (Ingestion & Digestion) -Chew food to break down into smaller molecules Teeth (Physical) Salivary Amylase (Chemical) The Oesophagus (Digestion) -to take food from mouth to stomach by muscular action called peristalsis.  The parts of the digestive system ✓ Digestion The Stomach -acts as a food blender. The walls squeezes in and out to mix the food with juice (gastric juice), which makes the food like a mushy soup called chyme. Pepsin: protein digestion Gastric amylase: carbohydrate digestion Gastric lipase: lipid digestion  The parts of the digestive system ✓ Digestion The Liver -process the nutrients absorbed from the small intestine. -The liver makes bile -Function of bile: digesting fat in the small intestine The Gallbladder -it stores bile made by the liver before it released in the small intestine.  The parts of the digestive system The Pancreas (Digestion) -make enzymes that are needed to digest fats, carbohydrates, and proteins into the SI. The Small Intestine (Absorption) -Complete digestion of food. Absorb digested food into bloodstream.  The parts of the digestive system The Large Intestine (Absorption) - To absorb water from the waste food, solidifying the faeces. The nutrients that are present in the blood reach the target cells and tissues which utilize them for their activities. It helps in the cell growth and development and new cell production. (Assimilation)  The parts of the digestive system ✓ Excretion The Rectum (Excretion) -receives stool from the colon. It acts as a temporary storehouse for faeces. The Anus -an opening which the stool leaves.  Feeding Mechanisms in Animals Suspension feeders: organisms use their body parts to sift the food suspended in water. Substrate feeders: organisms eat their way through the soil while digesting and excreting their way through the soil. Fluid feeders: organisms ingest food by sucking from a living host. Bulk feeders: organisms ingest large pieces of food by means of claws, poisonous fangs, sharp teeth, etc.